springcloud之網關(zuul)

微服務架構下，會存在多個服務交叉，那麼對於外界用戶來說如果需要訪問，如果只能訪問各個服務的url的話，那麼會十分不友好，同時對於服務本身來說，安全性不高。因此，springcloud引入了網關的概念，統一了服務對外的地址，簡化了服務與用戶之間的互動。本文將沿用之前的學生與老師兩個微服務，來講解網關zuul組件給微服務架構帶來的好處。

如果在沒有使用網關的時候，用戶訪問老師這個微服務時，只能http://老師微服務ip:port/xxxx，這樣的話將老師微服務所在的ip以及端口全部暴露了，這是存在安全隱患的。接下來介紹引入網關的示例，來比較兩者的差異。

1.示例架構圖

具體架構圖如下圖所示，點擊原圖可以查看，（1）用戶通過域名請求，（2）zuul網關根據域名以及從eurake服務器中獲取的服務列表，根據負載均衡機制，分配給其中的一個老師實例。(3)老師實例根據負載均衡機制(ribbon)訪問相應的學生實例，(4)學生實例則訪問數據庫獲取數據，(5)然後反向將結果返回給用戶，整個流程中所涉及的服務包括網關都會在eurake註冊中心註冊服務。以上是以下架構圖完整的請求到響應的過程。

2.示例講解

2.1microservice-eurake工程

1.pom文件

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <parent>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <version>2.1.6.RELEASE</version>
        <relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
    </parent>
    <groupId>com.carson</groupId>
    <artifactId>microservice-eureka</artifactId>
    <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <name>microservice-eureka</name>
    <description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>

    <properties>
        <java.version>1.8</java.version>
        <spring-cloud.version>Greenwich.SR2</spring-cloud.version>
    </properties>

    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter</artifactId>
        </dependency>


        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-server</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-devtools</artifactId>
            <scope>runtime</scope>
            <optional>true</optional>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

    <dependencyManagement>
        <dependencies>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
                <version>${spring-cloud.version}</version>
                <type>pom</type>
                <scope>import</scope>
            </dependency>
        </dependencies>
    </dependencyManagement>

    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>

</project>

2.application.yml

server:
  port: 8761

eureka:
  client:
    registerWithEureka: false  #表示是否註冊到Eureka Server
    fetchRegistry: false #是否從Eureka Server獲取註冊信息，集羣的時候選擇true，單點選擇false
    serviceUrl:
      defaultZone: http://localhost:8761/eureka/

3.啓動類

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.server.EnableEurekaServer;

@SpringBootApplication
@EnableEurekaServer
public class MicroserviceEurekaApplication {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(MicroserviceEurekaApplication.class, args);
    }

}

@EnableEurekaServer表示開啓註冊中心服務。

2.2microservice-student工程

服務提供者與服務消費者一文中的microservice-student工程，其中application.yml文件修改爲如下:

server:
  port: 8086

spring:
  application:
    name: microservice-student
  jpa:
    generate-ddl: false
    show-sql: true
    hibernate:
      ddl-auto: none
    datasource:
      platform: h2
      schema: classpath:schema.sql
      data: classpath:data.sql

eureka:
  client:
    serviceUrl:
      defaultZone: http://localhost:8761/eureka/ #Eureka Server
  instance:
    prefer-ip-address: true #將自己的ip註冊到Eureka Server上
logging:
  level:
    root: INFO
    org.hibernate: INFO
    org.hibernate.type.descriptor.sql.BasicBinder: TRACE
    org.hibernate.type.descriptor.sql.BasicExtractor: TRACE

2.3microservice-teacher工程

1.pom文件

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <parent>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <version>2.1.6.RELEASE</version>
        <relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
    </parent>
    <groupId>com.carson</groupId>
    <artifactId>microservice-teacher</artifactId>
    <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <name>microservice-teacher</name>
    <description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>

    <properties>
        <java.version>1.8</java.version>
        <spring-cloud.version>Greenwich.SR2</spring-cloud.version>
    </properties>

    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-ribbon</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.h2database</groupId>
            <artifactId>h2</artifactId>
            <scope>runtime</scope>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-devtools</artifactId>
            <scope>runtime</scope>
            <optional>true</optional>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

    <dependencyManagement>
        <dependencies>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
                <version>${spring-cloud.version}</version>
                <type>pom</type>
                <scope>import</scope>
            </dependency>
        </dependencies>
    </dependencyManagement>

    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>

</project>

2.application.yml

server:
  port: 8083

spring:
  application:
    name: microservice-teacher
eureka:
  client:
    serviceUrl:
      defaultZone: http://localhost:8761/eureka/ #Eureka Server
  instance:
    prefer-ip-address: true #將自己的ip註冊到Eureka Server上

microservice-student:
  ribbon:
    NFLoadBalancerRuleClassName: com.netflix.loadbalancer.RoundRobinRule

3.pojo類

public class Student {

    private Long studentid;
    private String studentname;
    private String grade;
    private Integer age;
    private String sex;
    public Long getStudentid() {
        return studentid;
    }

    public void setStudentid(Long studentid) {
        this.studentid = studentid;
    }

    public String getStudentname() {
        return studentname;
    }

    public void setStudentname(String studentname) {
        this.studentname = studentname;
    }

    public String getGrade() {
        return grade;
    }

    public void setGrade(String grade) {
        this.grade = grade;
    }

    public Integer getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    public void setAge(Integer age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    public String getSex() {
        return sex;
    }

    public void setSex(String sex) {
        this.sex = sex;
    }
}

4.controller類

@RestController
public class TeacherController {
    private static final Logger logger = (Logger) LoggerFactory.getLogger(TeacherController.class);

    @LoadBalanced
    @Autowired
    private RestTemplate restTemplate;


    @Autowired
    private LoadBalancerClient loadBalancerClient;

    @RequestMapping(value = "/student/{studentid}",method = RequestMethod.GET)
    public Student findStudentInfo(@PathVariable Long studentid){
        logUserInstance();
        return this.restTemplate.getForObject("http://microservice-student/"+studentid,Student.class);
    }


    @RequestMapping(value = "/log-student-instance",method = RequestMethod.GET)
    public void logUserInstance(){

        ServiceInstance serviceInstance = this.loadBalancerClient.choose("microservice-student");
        System.out.println("serviceId:"+serviceInstance.getServiceId()+"  host:"+serviceInstance.getHost()+"  port:"+serviceInstance.getPort());

        TeacherController.logger.info("{}:{}:{}",serviceInstance.getServiceId(),serviceInstance.getHost(),serviceInstance.getPort());
    }

}

5.啓動類

@SpringBootApplication
public class MicroserviceTeacherApplication {

    @Bean
    @LoadBalanced
    public RestTemplate restTemplate(){
        return new RestTemplate();
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(MicroserviceTeacherApplication.class, args);
    }

}

2.4microservice-zuul-server工程

1.pom文件

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <parent>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <version>2.1.6.RELEASE</version>
        <relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
    </parent>
    <groupId>com.carson</groupId>
    <artifactId>microservice-zuul-server</artifactId>
    <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <name>microservice-zuul-server</name>
    <description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>

    <properties>
        <java.version>1.8</java.version>
        <spring-cloud.version>Greenwich.SR2</spring-cloud.version>
    </properties>

    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-zuul</artifactId>
            <version>2.1.2.RELEASE</version>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-devtools</artifactId>
            <scope>runtime</scope>
            <optional>true</optional>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

    <dependencyManagement>
        <dependencies>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
                <version>${spring-cloud.version}</version>
                <type>pom</type>
                <scope>import</scope>
            </dependency>
        </dependencies>
    </dependencyManagement>

    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>

</project>

2.application.yml

server:
  port: 8040

spring:
  application:
    name: microservice-zuul-server

eureka:
  client:
    service-url:
      defaultZone: http://localhost:8761/eureka/

zuul:
  host:
    connect-timeout-millis: 60000  
    socket-timeout-millis: 60000
ribbon:
  ReadTimeout: 60000  #全局請求的超時時間
  ConnectTimeout: 60000 #全局請求連接的超時時間
  MaxAutoRetries: 1  #當前實例的重試次數
  OkToRetryOnAllOperations: false #對所有請求都進行重試
hystrix:
  command:
    default:
      execution:
        isolation:
          thread:
            timeoutInMilliseconds: 600000  #全局請求連接超時時間

其中，zuul配置可以配置具體路徑，默認路徑：http://zuul_host:zuul_port/微服務在Eureka上的serviceId/xx會被轉發到serviceId對應的微服務。

3.啓動類

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.zuul.EnableZuulProxy;

@SpringBootApplication
@EnableZuulProxy
public class MicroserviceZuulServerApplication {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(MicroserviceZuulServerApplication.class, args);
    }

}

其中zuul的註解是@EnableZuulProxy表示開啓了Zuul代理，該代理包含了負載均衡機制，該代理還整合了hystrix，實現容錯機制。

2.5啓動各工程

首先啓動microservice-eurake工程，其次啓動microservice-student兩個實例，再啓動microservice-teacher兩個實例，最後啓動microservice-zuul-server工程，然後再網址中輸入:http://localhost:8040/microservice-teacher/student/10001

得到如下響應,可以看出外界請求並沒有暴露老師服務的ip以及端口，而是通過網關統一管理，這樣的話在安全性上更有保障，而且服務域名便於統一，便於管理。

springcloud之網關(zuul)

1.示例架構圖

2.示例講解

2.1microservice-eurake工程

2.2microservice-student工程

2.3microservice-teacher工程

2.4microservice-zuul-server工程

2.5啓動各工程

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