【Python爬蟲7】驗證碼處理


驗證碼(CAPTCHA)全稱爲全自動區分計算機和人類的公開圖靈測試(Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computersand Humans Apart)。從其全稱可以看出,驗證碼用於測試用戶是真實的人類還是計算機機器人。

1.獲得驗證碼圖片

每次加載註冊網頁都會顯示不同的驗證驗圖像,爲了瞭解表單需要哪些參數,我們可以複用上一章編寫的parse_form()函數。

>>> import cookielib,urllib2,pprint
>>> import form
>>> REGISTER_URL = 'http://127.0.0.1:8000/places/default/user/register'
>>> cj=cookielib.CookieJar()
>>> opener=urllib2.build_opener(urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor(cj))
>>> html=opener.open(REGISTER_URL).read()
>>> form=form.parse_form(html)
>>> pprint.pprint(form)
{'_formkey': 'a67cbc84-f291-4ecd-9c2c-93937faca2e2',
 '_formname': 'register',
 '_next': '/places/default/index',
 'email': '',
 'first_name': '',
 'last_name': '',
 'password': '',
 'password_two': '',
 'recaptcha_response_field': None}
>>> 

上面recaptcha_response_field是存儲驗證碼的值,其值可以用Pillow從驗證碼圖像獲取出來。先安裝pip install Pillow,其它安裝Pillow的方法可以參考http://pillow.readthedocs.org/installation.html 。Pillow提價了一個便捷的Image類,其中包含了很多用於處理驗證碼圖像的高級方法。下面的函數使用註冊頁的HTML作爲輸入參數,返回包含驗證碼圖像的Image對象。

>>> import lxml.html
>>> from io import BytesIO
>>> from PIL import Image
>>> tree=lxml.html.fromstring(html)
>>> print tree
<Element html at 0x7f8b006ba890>
>>> img_data_all=tree.cssselect('div#recaptcha img')[0].get('src')
>>> print img_data_all
data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAQAAAABgCAIAAAB9kzvfAACAtklEQVR4nO29Z5gcZ5ku3F2dc865
...
rkJggg==
>>> img_data=img_data_all.partition(',')[2]
>>> print img_data
iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAQAAAABgCAIAAAB9kzvfAACAtklEQVR4nO29Z5gcZ5ku3F2dc865
...
rkJggg==
>>> 
>>> binary_img_data=img_data.decode('base64')
>>> file_like=BytesIO(binary_img_data)
>>> print file_like
<_io.BytesIO object at 0x7f8aff6736b0>
>>> img=Image.open(file_like)
>>> print img
<PIL.PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile image mode=RGB size=256x96 at 0x7F8AFF5FAC90>
>>> 

在本例中,這是一張進行了Base64編碼的PNG圖像,這種格式會使用ASCII編碼表示二進制數據。我們可以通過在第一個逗號處分割的方法移除該前綴。然後,使用Base64解碼圖像數據,回到最初的二進制格式。要想加載圖像,PIL需要一個類似文件的接口,所以在傳給Image類之前,我們以使用了BytesIO對這個二進制數據進行了封裝。
完整代碼:

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-form.py

import urllib
import urllib2
import cookielib
from io import BytesIO
import lxml.html
from PIL import Image

REGISTER_URL = 'http://127.0.0.1:8000/places/default/user/register'
#REGISTER_URL = 'http://example.webscraping.com/user/register'

def extract_image(html):
    tree = lxml.html.fromstring(html)
    img_data = tree.cssselect('div#recaptcha img')[0].get('src')
    # remove data:image/png;base64, header
    img_data = img_data.partition(',')[-1]
    #open('test_.png', 'wb').write(data.decode('base64'))
    binary_img_data = img_data.decode('base64')
    file_like = BytesIO(binary_img_data)
    img = Image.open(file_like)
    #img.save('test.png')
    return img

def parse_form(html):
    """extract all input properties from the form
    """
    tree = lxml.html.fromstring(html)
    data = {}
    for e in tree.cssselect('form input'):
        if e.get('name'):
            data[e.get('name')] = e.get('value')
    return data

def register(first_name, last_name, email, password, captcha_fn):
    cj = cookielib.CookieJar()
    opener = urllib2.build_opener(urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor(cj))
    html = opener.open(REGISTER_URL).read()
    form = parse_form(html)
    form['first_name'] = first_name
    form['last_name'] = last_name
    form['email'] = email
    form['password'] = form['password_two'] = password
    img = extract_image(html)#
    captcha = captcha_fn(img)#
    form['recaptcha_response_field'] = captcha
    encoded_data = urllib.urlencode(form)
    request = urllib2.Request(REGISTER_URL, encoded_data)
    response = opener.open(request)
    success = '/user/register' not in response.geturl()
    #success = '/places/default/user/register' not in response.geturl()
    return success

2.光學字符識別驗證碼

**光學字符識別(Optical Character Recognition, OCR)**用於圖像中抽取文本。本節中,我們將使用開源的Tesseract OCR引擎,該引擎最初由惠普公司開發的,目前由Google主導。Tesseract的安裝說明可以從http://code.google.com/p/tesseract-ocr/wiki/ReadMe 獲取。然後可以使用pip安裝其Python封裝版本pytesseractpip install pytesseract
下面我們用光學字符識別圖像驗證碼:

>>> import pytesseract
>>> import form
>>> img=form.extract_image(html)
>>> pytesseract.image_to_string(img)
''
>>> 

如果直接把驗證碼原始圖像傳給pytesseract,一般不能解析出來。這是因爲Tesseract是抽取更加典型的文本,比如背景統一的書頁。下面我們進行去除背景噪音,只保留文本部分。驗證碼文本一般都是黑色的,背景則會更加明亮,所以我們可以通過檢查是否爲黑色將文本分離出來,該處理過程又被稱爲閾值化

>>> 
>>> img.save('2captcha_1original.png')
>>> gray=img.convert('L')
>>> gray.save('2captcha_2gray.png')
>>> bw=gray.point(lambda x:0 if x<1 else 255,'1')
>>> bw.save('2captcha_3thresholded.png')
>>> 

這裏只有閾值小於1的像素(全黑)都會保留下來,分別得到三張圖像:原始驗證碼圖像、轉換後的灰度圖和閾值化處理後的黑白圖像。最後我們將閾值化處理後黑白圖像再進行Tesseract處理,驗證碼中的文字已經被成功抽取出來了。

>>> pytesseract.image_to_string(bw)
'language'
>>> 
>>> import Image,pytesseract
>>> img=Image.open('2captcha_3thresholded.png')
>>> pytesseract.image_to_string(img)
'language'
>>> 

我們通過示例樣本測試,100張驗證碼能正確識別出90張。

>>> import ocr
>>> ocr.test_samples()
Accuracy: 90/100
>>> 

下面是註冊賬號完整代碼:

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

import csv
import string
from PIL import Image
import pytesseract
from form import register

def main():
    print register('Wu1', 'Being1', '[email protected]', 'example', ocr)

def ocr(img):
    # threshold the image to ignore background and keep text
    gray = img.convert('L')
    #gray.save('captcha_greyscale.png')
    bw = gray.point(lambda x: 0 if x < 1 else 255, '1')
    #bw.save('captcha_threshold.png')
    word = pytesseract.image_to_string(bw)
    ascii_word = ''.join(c for c in word if c in string.letters).lower()
    return ascii_word

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

我們可以進一步改善OCR性能:

  • 實驗不同閾值
  • 腐蝕閾值文本,突出字符形狀
  • 調整圖像大小
  • 根據驗證碼字體訓練ORC工具
  • 限制結果爲字典單詞

3.用API處理複雜驗證碼

爲了處理更加複雜的圖像,我們將使用驗證處理服務,也叫打碼平臺

3.1 9kw打碼平臺

3.1.1 提交驗證碼

提交驗證碼參數:

  • URL: https://www.9kw.eu/index.cgi(POST)
  • action:POST必須設爲:‘usercaptchaupload’
  • apikey:個人的API key
  • file-upload-01:需要處理的圖像(文件、url 或字符串)
  • base64:如果輸入的是Base64編碼,則設爲“1”
  • maxtimeout:等待處理的最長時間(60~3999)
  • selfsolve:如果自己處理該驗證碼,則設爲“1”

返回值:

  • 該驗證碼的ID
    API_URL: https://www.9kw.eu/index.cgi
    def send(self, img_data):
        """Send CAPTCHA for solving
        """
        print 'Submitting CAPTCHA'
        data = {
            'action': 'usercaptchaupload',
            'apikey': self.api_key,
            'file-upload-01': img_data.encode('base64'),
            'base64': '1',
            'selfsolve': '1',
            'maxtimeout': str(self.timeout)
        }
        encoded_data = urllib.urlencode(data)
        request = urllib2.Request(API_URL, encoded_data)
        response = urllib2.urlopen(request)
        return response.read()

API文檔地址https://www.9kw.eu/api.html#apisubmit-tab

3.1.2 請求已提交驗證碼結果

請求結果的參數:

  • URL: https://www.9kw.eu/index.cgi(GET)
  • action:GET必須設爲:‘usercaptchacorrectdata’
  • apikey:個人的API key
  • id:要檢查的驗證碼ID
  • info:若設爲“1”,沒有得到結果時返回“NO DATA”(默認返回空)

返回值:

  • 要處理的驗證碼文本或錯誤碼

錯誤碼:

  • 0001:API key不存在
  • 0002:沒有找到API key
  • 0003:沒有找到激活的API key
  • 0031:賬號被系統禁用24小時
  • 0032:賬號沒有足夠的權限
  • 0033:需要升級插件
    def get(self, captcha_id):
        """Get result of solved CAPTCHA
        """
        data = {
            'action': 'usercaptchacorrectdata',
            'id': captcha_id,
            'apikey': self.api_key,
            'info': '1'
        }
        encoded_data = urllib.urlencode(data)
        response = urllib2.urlopen(self.url + '?' + encoded_data)
        return response.read()

3.1.2與註冊功能集成

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

import sys
import re
import urllib2
import urllib
import time
from io import BytesIO

from PIL import Image
from form import register

def main(api_key, filename):
    captcha = CaptchaAPI(api_key)
    print register('wu101', 'being101', '[email protected]', 'password.com', captcha.solve)

class CaptchaError(Exception):
    pass

class CaptchaAPI:
    def __init__(self, api_key, timeout=60):
        self.api_key = api_key
        self.timeout = timeout
        self.url = 'https://www.9kw.eu/index.cgi'

    def solve(self, img):
        """Submit CAPTCHA and return result when ready
        """
        img_buffer = BytesIO()
        img.save(img_buffer, format="PNG")
        img_data = img_buffer.getvalue()
        captcha_id = self.send(img_data)
        start_time = time.time()
        while time.time() < start_time + self.timeout:
            try:
                text = self.get(captcha_id)
            except CaptchaError:
                pass # CAPTCHA still not ready
            else:
                if text != 'NO DATA':
                    if text == 'ERROR NO USER':
                        raise CaptchaError('Error: no user available to solve CAPTCHA')
                    else:
                        print 'CAPTCHA solved!'
                        return text
            print 'Waiting for CAPTCHA ...'
        raise CaptchaError('Error: API timeout')

    def send(self, img_data):
        """Send CAPTCHA for solving
        """
        print 'Submitting CAPTCHA'
        data = {
            'action': 'usercaptchaupload',
            'apikey': self.api_key,
            'file-upload-01': img_data.encode('base64'),
            'base64': '1',
            'selfsolve': '1',
            'maxtimeout': str(self.timeout)
        }
        encoded_data = urllib.urlencode(data)
        request = urllib2.Request(self.url, encoded_data)
        response = urllib2.urlopen(request)
        result = response.read()
        self.check(result)
        return result

    def get(self, captcha_id):
        """Get result of solved CAPTCHA
        """
        data = {
            'action': 'usercaptchacorrectdata',
            'id': captcha_id,
            'apikey': self.api_key,
            'info': '1'
        }
        encoded_data = urllib.urlencode(data)
        response = urllib2.urlopen(self.url + '?' + encoded_data)
        result = response.read()
        self.check(result)
        return result

    def check(self, result):
        """Check result of API and raise error if error code detected
        """
        if re.match('00\d\d \w+', result):
            raise CaptchaError('API error: ' + result)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    try:
        api_key = sys.argv[1]
        filename = sys.argv[2]
    except IndexError:
        print 'Usage: %s <API key> <Image filename>' % sys.argv[0]
    else:
        main(api_key, filename)

Wu_Being 博客聲明:本人博客歡迎轉載,請標明博客原文和原鏈接!謝謝!
【Python爬蟲系列】《【Python爬蟲7】驗證碼處理》http://blog.csdn.net/u014134180/article/details/55508229

Python爬蟲系列的GitHub代碼文件https://github.com/1040003585/WebScrapingWithPython

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