常用shell腳本(轉)

1.用Shell編程,判斷一文件是不是字符設備文件,如果是將其拷貝到 /dev 目錄下。

    #!/bin/sh  
    FILENAME=  
    echo “Input file name:”  
    read FILENAME  
    if [ -c "$FILENAME" ]  
    then  
    cp $FILENAME /dev  
    fi   

2.設計一個shell程序,添加一個新組爲class1,然後添加屬於這個組的30個用戶,用戶名的形式爲stdxx,其中xx從01到30。

    #!/bin/sh  
    i=1  
    groupadd class1  
    while [ $i -le 30 ]  
    do  
    if [ $i -le 9 ] ;then  
    USERNAME=stu0${i}  
    else  
    USERNAME=stu${i}  
    fi  
    useradd $USERNAME  
    mkdir /home/$USERNAME  
    chown -R $USERNAME /home/$USERNAME  
    chgrp -R class1 /home/$USERNAME  
    i=$(($i+1))  
    done  

3.編寫shell程序,實現自動刪除50個賬號的功能。賬號名爲stud1至stud50。

    #!/bin/sh  
    i=1  
    while [ $i -le 50 ]  
    do  
    userdel -r stud${i}  
    i=$(($i+1 ))  
    done  

4.某系統管理員需每天做一定的重複工作,請按照下列要求,編制一個解決方案:
(1)在下午4 :50刪除/abc目錄下的全部子目錄和全部文件;
(2)從早8:00~下午6:00每小時讀取/xyz目錄下x1文件中每行第一個域的全部數據加入到/backup目錄下的bak01.txt文件內;
(3)每逢星期一下午5:50將/data目錄下的所有目錄和文件歸檔並壓縮爲文件:backup.tar.gz;
(4)在下午5:55將IDE接口的CD-ROM卸載(假設:CD-ROM的設備名爲hdc);
(5)在早晨8:00前開機後啓動。

參考答案:
解決方案:
(1)用vi創建編輯一個名爲prgx的crontab文件;
(2)prgx文件的內容:


    50 16 * * * rm -r /abc/*  
    0 8-18/1 * * * cut -f1 /xyz/x1 >;>; /backup/bak01.txt  
    50 17 * * * tar zcvf backup.tar.gz /data  
    55 17 * * * umount /dev/hdc  

(3)由超級用戶登錄,用crontab執行 prgx文件中的內容:
root@xxx:#crontab prgx;在每日早晨8:00之前開機後即可自動啓動crontab。

5.設計一個shell程序,在每月第一天備份並壓縮/etc目錄的所有內容,存放在/root/bak目錄裏,且文件名爲如下形式yymmdd_etc,yy爲年,mm爲月,dd爲日。Shell程序fileback存放在/usr/bin目錄下。

參考答案:
(1)編寫shell程序fileback:

    #!/bin/sh  
    DIRNAME=`ls /root | grep bak`  
    if [ -z "$DIRNAME" ] ; then  
    mkdir /root/bak  
    cd /root/bak  
    fi  
    YY=`date +%y`  
    MM=`date +%m`  
    DD=`date +%d`  
    BACKETC=$YY$MM$DD_etc.tar.gz  
    tar zcvf $BACKETC /etc  
    echo “fileback finished!”  

(2)編寫任務定時器:

    echo “0 0 1 * * /bin/sh /usr/bin/fileback” >; /root/etcbakcron  
    crontab /root/etcbakcron  
    或使用crontab -e 命令添加定時任務:  
    0 1 * * * /bin/sh /usr/bin/fileback  

6.有一普通用戶想在每週日凌晨零點零分定期備份/user/backup到/tmp目錄下,該用戶應如何做?

參考答案:
(1)第一種方法:
用戶應使用crontab –e 命令創建crontab文件。格式如下:

    0 0 * * sun cp –r /user/backup /tmp  

(2)第二種方法:
用戶先在自己目錄下新建文件file,文件內容如下:

    0 * * sun cp –r /user/backup /tmp  

然後執行 crontab file 使生效。

7.設計一個Shell程序,在/userdata目錄下建立50個目錄,即user1~user50,並設置每個目錄的權限,其中其他用戶的權限爲:讀;文件所有者的權限爲:讀、寫、執行;文件所有者所在組的權限爲:讀、執行。

參考答案: 建立程序 Pro16如下:

    #!/bin/sh  
    i=1  
    while [ i -le 50 ]  
    do  
    if [ -d /userdata ];then  
    mkdir -p /userdata/user$i  
    chmod 754 /userdata/user$i  
    echo “user$ilet “i = i + 1″ (或i=$(($i1))  
    else  
    mkdir /userdata  
    mkdir -p /userdata/user$i  
    chmod 754 /userdata/user$i  
    echo “user$ilet “i = i + 1″ (或i=$(($i1))  
    fi  
    done  

8、mysql備份實例,自動備份mysql,並刪除30天前的備份文件

    #!/bin/sh  

    #auto backup mysql  
    #wugk  2012-07-14  
    #PATH DEFINE  

    BAKDIR=/data/backup/mysql/`date +%Y-%m-%d`  
    MYSQLDB=www  
    MYSQLPW=backup  
    MYSQLUSR=backup  

    if[ $UID -ne 0 ];then  
    echo This script must use administrator or root user ,please exit!  
    sleep 2  
    exit 0  
    fi  

    if[ ! -d $BAKDIR ];then  
    mkdir -p $BAKDIR  
    else  
    echo This is $BAKDIR exists ,please exit ….  
    sleep 2  
    exit  
    fi  

    ###mysqldump backup mysql  

    /usr/bin/mysqldump -u$MYSQLUSR -p$MYSQLPW -d $MYSQLDB >/data/backup/mysql/`date +%Y-%m-%d`/www_db.sql  

    cd $BAKDIR ; tar -czf  www_mysql_db.tar.gz *.sql  

    cd $BAKDIR ;find  . -name “*.sql” |xargs rm -rf[ $? -eq 0 ]&&echo “This `date +%Y-%m-%d` RESIN BACKUP is SUCCESS”  

    cd /data/backup/mysql/ ;find . -mtime +30 |xargs rm -rf  

9、自動安裝Nginx腳本,採用case方式,選擇方式,也可以根據實際需求改成自己想要的腳本

    #!/bin/sh  

    ###nginx install shell  
    ###wugk 2012-07-14  
    ###PATH DEFINE  

    SOFT_PATH=/data/soft/  
    NGINX_FILE=nginx-1.2.0.tar.gz  
    DOWN_PATH=http://nginx.org/download/  

    if[ $UID -ne 0 ];then  
    echo This script must use administrator or root user ,please exit!  
    sleep 2  
    exit 0  
    fi  

    if[ ! -d $SOFT_PATH ];then  
    mkdir -p $SOFT_PATH  
    fi  

    download ()  
    {  
    cd $SOFT_PATH ;wget $DOWN_PATH/$NGINX_FILE  
    }  

    install ()  
    {  
    yum install pcre-devel -y  
    cd $SOFT_PATH ;tar xzf $NGINX_FILE ;cd nginx-1.2.0/ &&./configure –prefix=/usr/local/nginx/ –with-http_stub_status_module –with-http_ssl_module  
    [ $? -eq 0 ]&&make &&make install  
    }  

    start ()  
    {  
    lsof -i :80[ $? -ne 0 ]&&/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx  
    }  

    stop ()  
    {  
    ps -ef |grep nginx |grep -v grep |awk ‘{print $2}’|xargs kill -9  
    }  

    exit ()  
    {  
    echo $? ;exit  
    }  

    ###case menu #####  

    case $1 in  
    download )  
    download  
    ;;  

    install )  
    install  
    ;;  

    start )  
    start  
    ;;  
    stop )  
    stop  
    ;;  

    * )  

    echo “USAGE:$0 {download or install or start or stop}”  
    exit  
    esac  

10、批量解壓tar腳本,批量解壓zip並且建立當前目錄。

    #!/bin/sh  
    PATH1=/tmp/images  
    PATH2=/usr/www/images  
    for i in `ls ${PATH1}/*`  
    do  
    tar xvf  $i  -C $PATH2  
    done  

這個腳本是針對所有tar文件在一個目錄,但是實際情況中,有可能在下級或者更深的目錄,我們可以使用find查找

    #!/bin/sh  
    PATH1=/tmp/images  
    PATH2=/usr/www/images  
    for i in `find  $PATH1  -name  ”*.tar” `  
    do  
    tar xvf  $i  -C $PATH2  
    done  

如何是zip文件,例如123189.zip 132342.zip 等等批量文件,默認unzip直接解壓不帶自身目錄,意思是解壓123189.zip完當前目錄就是圖片,不能創建123189目錄下並解壓,可以用shell腳本實現

ssh 批量上傳文件

上傳文件大多數用的是ftp,但是用ftp有一點不好,就是本地和遠程的目錄要對應,這樣就要在多個目錄下去切換,這樣挺麻煩的,如果不注意的話,很有可能傳錯。所以想了個辦法利用scp來批量上傳文件或者目錄。

一,scp上傳不要輸入密碼

如果要用scp來上傳文件,第一步就要去掉scp上傳時要輸入密碼。要不然就沒辦法批量上傳了。SSH免密碼登陸:
1.在本機上生成id_rsa(私鑰文件)和id_rsa.pub(公鑰文件)

root@ubuntu:~# ssh-keygen -t rsa  

直接按回車直到完成

2.修改目錄權限

root@ubuntu:-# chmod 700 /用戶根目錄/.ssh 
root@ubuntu:-# chmod 600 /用戶根目錄/.ssh/authorized_keys  

3.上傳公鑰文件到遠程服務器,生成authorized_keys文件

root@ubuntu:-# scp /用戶根目錄/.ssh/id_rsa.pub [email protected]:/root/.ssh/authorized_keys  

此處也可以直接拷貝公鑰到要實現免密碼登陸的服務器此文件中,可以根據自己愛好選擇實現方式

二,ssh批量上傳腳本

1,要上傳的文件列表放到一個test文件中


    root@ubuntu:/home/zhangy# cat test    
    /home/zhangy/test/aaa    
    /home/zhangy/test/nginx.conf    

    /home/zhangy/test/test.sql    
    /home/zhangy/test/pa.txt    
    /home/zhangy/test/password    

上面就要上傳的文件。

2,批量上傳的腳本

vim file_upload.sh

    #!/bin/sh  

    DATE=`date +%Y_%m_%d_%H`  

    if [ $1 ]  
    then  
      for file in $(sed '/^$/d' $1)     //去掉空行  
      do  
        if [ -f $file ]                 //普通文件  
        then  
          res=`scp $file $2:$file`      //上傳文件  
          if [ -z $res ]                //上傳成功  
          then  
            echo $file >> ${DATE}_upload.log   //上傳成功的日誌  
          fi  
        elif [ -d $file ]              //目錄  
        then  
          res=`scp -r $file $2:$file`  
          if [ -z $res ]  
          then  
            echo $file >> ${DATE}_upload.log  
          fi  
        fi  
      done  
    else  
      echo "no file" >> ${DATE}_error.log  
    fi  

上傳成功後,返回的是一個空行,上傳不成功,什麼都不返回

3,上傳的格式

    ./file_upload.sh test 192.168.1.13    

test是上傳列表文件,192.168.1.13文件要傳到的地方。

1. 轉換文件大小寫:

A script to convert the specified filenames to lower case.

    #!/bin/sh  
     # lowerit  
    # convert all file names in the current directory to lower case  
    # only operates on plain files--does not change the name of directories  
    # will ask for verification before overwriting an existing file  
    for x in `ls`  
    do  
        if [ ! -f $x ]; then  
            continue  
        fi  
        lc=`echo $x  | tr '[A-Z]' '[a-z]'`  
        if [ $lc != $x ]; then  
            mv -i $x $lc  
        fi  
    done  

or

    if test $# = 0  
    then  
        echo "Usage $0: <files>" 1>&2  
        exit 1  
    fi  

    for filename in "$@"  
    do  
        new_filename=`echo "$filename" | tr A-Z a-z`  
        test "$filename" = "$new_filename" && continue  
        if test -r "$new_filename"  
        then  
            echo "$0: $new_filename exists" 1>&2  
        elif test -e "$filename"  
        then  
            mv "$filename" "$new_filename"  
        else  
            echo "$0: $filename not found" 1>&2  
        fi  
    done  

2. 看網站 Watch a Website

A script to repeated download a webpage until it matches a regex then notify an e-mail address.

For example to get e-mail when Kesha tickets (not for yourself of course) go on sale you might run:

    % watch_website.sh http://ticketek.com.au/ 'Ke[sS$]+ha' [email protected]  


    repeat_seconds=300  #check every 5 minutes  

    if test $# = 3  
    then  
        url=$1  
        regexp=$2  
        email_address=$3  
    else  
        echo "Usage: $0 <url> <regex>" 1>&2  
        exit 1  
    fi  

    while true  
    do  
        if wget -O- -q "$url"|egrep "$regexp" >/dev/null  
        then  
            echo "Generated by $0" | mail -s "$url now matches $regexp" $email_address  
            exit 0  
        fi  
        sleep $repeat_seconds  
    done  

3. 轉GIF到PNG convert GIF files to PNG

This scripts converts GIF files to PNG files via the intermediate PPM format.

    if [ $# -eq 0 ]  
    then  
        echo "Usage: $0 files..." 1>&2  
        exit 1  
    fi  

    if ! type giftopnm 2>/dev/null  
    then  
        echo "$0: conversion tool giftopnm not found " 1>&2  
        exit 1  
    fi  

    # missing "in ..." defaults to in "$@"  
    for f  
    do  
        case "$f" in  
        *.gif)  
            # OK, do nothing  
            ;;  
        *)  
            echo "gif2png: skipping $f, not GIF"  
            continue  
            ;;  
        esac  

        dir=`dirname "$f"`  
        base=`basename "$f" .gif`  
        result="$dir/$base.png"  

        giftopnm "$f" | pnmtopng > $result && echo "wrote $result"  
    done  

4. 計數 Counting

A utility script to print the sub-range of integers specified by its arguments.

Useful to use on the command line or from other scripts

    if test $# = 1  
    then  
        start=1  
        finish=$1  
    elif test $# = 2  
    then  
        start=$1  
        finish=$2  
    else  
        echo "Usage: $0 <start> <finish>" 1>&2  
        exit 1  
    fi  

    for argument in "$@"  
    do  
        if echo "$argument"|egrep -v '^-?[0-9]+$' >/dev/null  
        then  
            echo "$0: argument '$argument' is not an integer" 1>&2  
            exit 1  
        fi  
    done  

    number=$start  
    while test $number -le $finish  
    do  
        echo $number  
        number=`expr $number + 1`    # or number=$(($number + 1))  
    done  

5. 字頻率 Word Frequency

Count the number of time each different word occurs in the files given as arguments.

    sed 's/ /\n/g' "$@"|      # convert to one word per line  
    tr A-Z a-z|               # map uppercase to lower case  
    sed "s/[^a-z']//g"|       # remove all characters except a-z and '    
    egrep -v '^$'|             # remove empty lines  
    sort|                     # place words in alphabetical order  
    uniq -c|                  # use uniq to count how many times each word occurs  
    sort -n                   # order words in frequency of occurrance  

 For example

    % cd /home/cs2041/public_html/lec/shell/examples  
    % ./word_frequency.sh dracula.txt|tail  
       2124 it  
       2440 that  
       2486 in  
       2549 he  
       2911 a  
       3600 of  
       4448 to  
       4740 i  
       5833 and  
       7843 the  

6. Finding

Search $PATH for the specified programs

    if test $# = 0  
    then  
        echo "Usage $0: <program>" 1>&2  
        exit 1  
    fi  

    for program in "$@"  
    do  
        program_found=''  
        for directory in `echo "$PATH" | tr ':' ' '`  
        do  
            f="$directory/$program"  
            if test -x "$f"  
            then  
                ls -ld "$f"  
                program_found=1  
            fi  
        done  
        if test -z $program_found  
        then  
            echo "$program not found"  
        fi  
    done  

Alternative implementation using while, and a cute use of grep and ||

    if test $# = 0  
    then  
        echo "Usage $0: <program>" 1>&2  
        exit 1  
    fi  

    for program in "$@"  
    do  
        echo "$PATH"|  
        tr ':' '\n'|  
        while read directory  
        do  
            f="$directory/$program"  
            if test -x "$f"  
            then  
                ls -ld "$f"  
            fi  
        done|  
        egrep '.' || echo "$program not found"  
    done  

And another implementation using while, and a cute use of grep and ||

    if test $# = 0  
    then  
        echo "Usage $0: <program>" 1>&2  
        exit 1  
    fi  
    for program in "$@"  
    do  
        n_path_components=`echo $PATH|tr -d -c :|wc -c`  
        index=1  
        while test $index -le $n_path_components  
        do  
            directory=`echo "$PATH"|cut -d: -f$index`  
            f="$directory/$program"  
            if test -x "$f"  
            then  
                ls -ld "$f"  
                program_found=1  
            fi  
            index=`expr $index + 1`  
        done  
        test -n $program_found || echo "$program not found"  
    done  
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