文章的主要內容：
（1）文章主要研究了三種情緒狀態（緊張、恐懼和興奮）下面部熱特徵的變化；
（2）文章簡單的提出了一個功能紅外成像(Functional Infrared Imaging) 這樣一個概念及其特徵（可供替代的、非接觸的、非侵略性）；
（3）實驗對象（10名健康的志願者）、實驗儀器（數字紅外攝像機、PowerLab ADInstruments system (機能實驗系統)）、試驗方法（ground thru measurements）和環境要求
（4）疼痛刺激引起的痛苦和恐懼：對每個實驗者進行5-8次突然的電擊刺激，相鄰兩次的時間間隔是隨機的。根據實驗分析測試者的皮膚泌汗反應（SSR）和交感神經熱反應（STR）。
實驗結果表明：每次刺激的反應時間爲（0.3 ± 0.2S），每個測試者的總反應時間爲（2 ± 1.5S），手掌和麪部溫度分別下降（0.2 ± 0.2C）和（0.6 ± 0.3C），交感神經熱反應（STR）持續的時間要比面部泌汗系統反應（SSR）持續的時間平均要長3秒或者更多，STR的反應時間在3.5±1秒內變動，而溫度下降的持續時間大約爲3-4秒；
（5）心理不適引起的情緒性發汗（緊張）：主要是誘導測試對象通過斯特魯測試產生一種緊張和尷尬情緒。測試過程：根據顯示器上的指示點擊鼠標左右鍵。當指示物爲緊張狀態時，從中可以觀察測試者是否會由於按錯鍵而皮電反應增強並且心跳率增加。
實驗結果：錯誤的任務執行並不會對面部溫度產生明顯的影響，皮電反應和心跳率都沒有發生明顯的增加。相反，當測試者面對該情況感到明顯不適時將表現出很強的情緒性發汗，尤其是在嘴部。
（6）性喚起引起的興奮情緒：通過讓測試者觀看兩種不同類型的電影，引發兩種不同的情緒進行測試。
實驗結果表明：在興奮狀態下，面部溫度增加，尤其是眼眶周圍、嘴部周圍和前額區域。
Thermal Signatures of Emotional Arousal: A Functional Infrared Imaging Study
(情緒反應的熱特徵:功能紅外成像技術研究)
Abstract — Functional Infrared Imaging was used to study the facial thermal signatures of three fundamental emotional conditions: stress, fear and pleasure arousal. Facial cutaneous temperature and its topographic distribution exhibited specific features clearly correlated to emotional arousal and concomitant measures of standard physiological signals of the sympathetic activity. The results of this study indicate functional infrared imaging as an alternative, touch less, non invasive method for assessing individual’s emotional arousal in psychophysiology.
功能紅外成像技術用於研究三種基本情感狀態(緊張、恐懼和愉快)下的面部熱特徵。面部皮膚溫度及其位置分佈所表現出的具體特徵顯然同情緒反應及同時伴隨着標準生物特徵信號的量度有關。本文研究的結果表明：功能紅外成像技術是一種用於估定個體心理生理上情感產生的可供替代的、非接觸的、非侵略性的方法。
I. INTRODUCTION
Emotional reactions are important manifestations of the human beings behavior. They may constitute the response to a wide variety of external stimuli, like alarms, psychological pressure, or also pleasant situations, etc. Several studies on the activation of such reactions have been performed through the measurement of several physiological parameters expressing sympathetic nervous system activity, like skin sympathetic response, heart beat and/or breath modulations, facial electromyography activity and EEG investigation. Monitoring these parameters is, in some way, invasive（侵略性） because requires contact between the subject and the device and the time necessary to the evaluation is not short. The spontaneous response may then result affected. Traditional channels are not suitable for the noninvasive and quick monitoring of emotional response, while such features are requested, for example, by neuro-psychologists and security surveillance systems, as well.
情感反應是人類行爲的一個重要表現方面。它主要由一系列的外部刺激產生，如：恐慌、心理壓力或者處於一個宜人的地方等等。對這類反應刺激的一些研究已經針對表示交感神經系統活動的一系列生理參數方面開始了實施，例如：皮膚交感神經反應、心搏或者呼吸調整、面部肌電圖變動以及腦電圖（EEG）調查等。這些參數的測量在某些方面來說是具有侵犯性的，因爲這要求採集對象和設備必須進行配合操作，況且取值的這段時間並不是很短。無意識的反應很可能會影響最終的結果。傳統的方法不適於非侵犯性和快速情感反應追蹤的要求，當然這些參數也可以通過如神經-心理學知識和安全警戒系統等獲取。。
On the other hand, short term thermal effects related to the activity of the sympathetic system are well known, but not quantified（不能定量研究）. Measuring subtle thermal effects due to emotional arousal may provide useful information about the sympathetic activity, since the skin temperature depends on the cutaneous blood perfusion, local tissue metabolism, and sudomotor response, all of them being in turn controlled by the sympathetic system.
另一方面，關於交感神經系統活動引起的短期熱效應是衆所周知的，但卻很難對其進行定量研究。由情緒反應引起的細微熱效應的測量將會對交感神經的活動提供有用的信息,這是因爲人體的皮膚溫度依賴於皮膚血液灌流、局部組織代謝以及泌汗神經反應等因素，而所有的這些因素都依次由交感神經系統控制。
Functional infrared imaging (fIR) consists of the dynamic recording of the skin temperature distribution, and its analysis, both in the spatial and in the time domains. fIR relies on high- temperature and time-spatial resolution digital devices coupled to real-time processing. In this study we propose to use fIR to detect and, when possible, to quantify the emotional arousal related to a variety of stimuli.
功能紅外成像（FIR）包括皮膚溫度分佈的動態記錄及其分析組成，兩者都是在空間域和時間域進行測量的。FIR必須依靠結合有實時處理器的高溫時空分辨率的數字設備。在本研究中，我們打算通過FIR來探測，如有可能便定量分析由一系列刺激刺激引起的情緒反應。，
II. MATERIALS AND METHOD （材料和方法）
The dynamic of the thermal effects eventually related to the emotional arousal induced by several kinds of stimuli was studied in 10 healthy volunteers. ©The local ethical committee approved the study; the subjects signed consent forms. Normal responses to neuro psychological interview aimed at assessing personality profile and absence of sympathetic diseases were assumed as inclusion criteria.
熱效應的動態性最終同在研究中對10名健康自願者進行多中刺激所誘發的情緒反應有關。要求志願者無神經系統的及疾病。
The thermal recording was done by means of a digital infrared camera AEG 256 PtSi, 3-5 μm, spectral range, NETD = 0.04 K, frame rate = 50 frame/sec.
紅外熱圖像是通過一架數字紅外攝像機採集而來（參數如上）。
Recording was performed in a controlled climate room, maintained at (23 ± 1) °C and 50-60 % relative humidity. The subjects observed acclimation procedures and wash out from substances possibly interfering with basal sympathetic activity [1].（圖像記錄採集時的環境及採集對象的狀態）
Synchronously to fIR recording, ground thru measurements were also performed via a PowerLab (機能實驗系統)ADInstruments system, able to record at 1kHz sampling rate heart beat rate, breathing rate, galvanic skin response, palm temperature, and arterial pressure. The following sections describe the stimuli delivered to the subjects and the results reported. （圖像採集的同時還需要測量和記錄的數據內容）
III. SUB-PAINFUL STIMULI （疼痛刺激）
Sudomotor Skin Response (SSR) to unexpected sub-painful electric stimulation of the median nerve at wrist was measured simultaneously to the Sympathetic Thermal Response (STR). A trigger stimulus, synchronous with delivery of the electrical stimulation, was used to monitor the electrical signal continuously acquired from two electrodes positioned over the second and the third fingers ipso lateral to the stimulus, and to mark the onset of the thermal phenomenon to be investigated on the infrared camera output. Typically, 5 to 8 unexpected stimuli were delivered to each subject. To avoid habituation, rest period lasting between two successive stimuli was randomly changed. Thermal imaging of the contra lateral to the stimulated wrist palm and of the subject face was performed to record the STR.
伴隨着對交感神經熱反應測試，對腕部的中部神經進行突然的電擊對皮膚泌汗系統反應（SSR）進行測試。通常對每一個測試者進行5至8次突然刺激。爲了避免適應，兩次相鄰刺激間的時間間隔是隨機的。
Clear-cut（清晰的） SSR were recorded after each stimulus for all of the subjects (Figure 1). The latency of the electrical signal was (0.3 ± 0.2) sec（每個刺激的反應時間） and the overall response was over in (2 ± 1.5) sec（總體反應時間）. Synchronous palm and face temperature decreases were observed, (0.2 ± 0.2) °C and (0.6 ± 0.3) °C（手掌和臉部的溫度下降幅度）, respectively (Figure 1, Figure 2, and Figure 3). Face sudomotor response（臉部泌汗反應） to all of the delivered stimuli was also reported (Figure 4). Longer time scale characterized the STR, in average 3 sec longer than for SSR（交感神經熱反應持續的時間要比面部泌汗系統反應持續的時間平均要長3秒或者更多）. In particular, STR response latency was varying between (3.5 ± 1) sec, and an overall lasting of temperature decrease was about 3-4 sec)（STR的反應時間在3.5±1秒內變動，而溫度下降的持續時間大約爲3-4秒）. Successively, the sweat evaporation induced thermoregulatory responses which lasted for 15-20 sec, in average. （接下來汗水蒸發降低體溫的反應過程平均持續15-20秒）
Fig. 1. Overall average Galvanic Skin Response（皮電反應） to sub-painful stimuli.
Fig. 2. Overall average Palm Sympathetic Thermal Response（手掌感應神經熱反應） to sub-painful stimuli.
IV. EMOTIONAL SWEATING DUE TO PSYCHOLOGICAL DISCOMFORT （心理不適引起的情緒性發汗）
For this study, the subjects were asked to perform a stroop test（斯特魯測驗） in presence of other unknown people looking at the subjects with attention. The study was designed to induce in the participating subjects a status of stress and embarrassment when wrongly performing the stroop test task.（主要是誘導測試對象通過斯特魯測試產生一種緊張和尷尬情緒） The task consisted of pressing right or left mouse button accordingly to indications displayed on a screen. As indicator of stress status, we searched for increased galvanic skin responses and increased heart beat rate right after wrong button pressing (through ANOVA test).
測試過程：根據顯示器上的指示點擊鼠標左右鍵。當指示物爲緊張狀態時，從中可以觀察測試者是否會由於按錯鍵而皮電反應增強並且心跳率增加。
Subjects not influenced by the presence of other unknown people and not feeling discomfort because of wrong task execution did not exhibit significant changes in the facial temperature during the whole recording. No significant increase was found neither in heart beat rate and galvanic skin responses. On the contrary, subject feeling significant discomfort to face the situation exhibited large emotional sweating activity, especially around the mouth (Figure 5). Interestingly, the same general behaviour of SSR and face STR described in Section III was found in this experiment.
當遇到陌生人或者感到不適時並不會影響測試者，因爲在整個記錄過程中，錯誤的任務執行並不會對面部溫度產生明顯的影響。皮電反應和心跳率都沒有發生明顯的增加。相反，當測試者面對該情況感到明顯不適時將表現出很強的情緒性發汗，尤其是在嘴部（圖5）。有趣的是，第III部分描述的皮膚泌汗系統反應（SSR）和交感神經熱反應（STR）的一般特性也會在該實驗中出現。
Fig. 3. Overall average Face Sympathetic Thermal Response(STR) to sub-painful stimuli.Q
Fig. 4. Facial Sudomotor Sympathetic Thermal Response（SSR）.
Left) Rest temperature distribution before receiving sub-painful stimulus;
Right) Temperature decrease and onset of sudomotor sympathetic sweating, especially appreciable on the perioral and forehead regions(口周圍和前額區域).
V. SEXUAL AROUSAL（性喚起）
In the previous sections, we focused on searching STR features associated to adverse stimuli, like fear to feel pain and stress. To assess whether or not facial thermal signatures could be also found in pleasant conditions, we enrolled 10 healthy young male volunteers for studying their facial STR associated to sexual arousal. They were asked to watch 2 different types of movies, sport and erotic, in alternate sequence, for three times. Each sport movie lasted 3 minutes, while the erotic one lasted 5 minutes.（實驗對象及實驗結果）
以前的章節着重研究了不利刺激下的交感神經熱反應（STR）特徵，如因疼痛和緊張而引起的恐懼。
As ground thru method to control whether the subjects were sexually aroused or not, their penis turgidity was measured through a pneumatic device connected to the PowerLab ADInstruments.
Together with the arousal activation, subtle increase in facial temperature was observed, especially in the periorbital(眼眶周圍), forehead（前額）, and lips regions（嘴脣區域） (Figure 6).
Applying bioheat models developed in [2 - 3], we calculated the facial blood perfusion rate change. Blood perfusion rate during sexual-based content video stimuli was higher than during non sexual-based stimuli (p < 0.01, t test), (Figure 7).
根據文獻【2-3】提供的熱傳導模型，我們可以計算出面部血液灌注率的改變。
Fig. 5: Emotional sweating（情緒性發汗）: delivery of emotional pressure（情緒壓力） or stress stimulation (on the right) changes the rest (on the left) temperature distribution.
Fig. 6: Overall average time dynamics of the temperature of several facial regions and of the penis turgidity (yellow line). Temperature changes are phase locked to penis turgidity, then to sexual arousal.
VI. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS （討論及結論）
In this study we attempted to assess whether thermal signatures of different emotional conditions exist and reliably report emotional arousal（不同情緒狀態下的熱特徵）. We considered three different conditions: stress induced by psychological pressure and other people’ judgement（他人判斷和心理壓力引起的緊張）, pain and fear to feel pain（疼痛引起的痛苦和恐懼）, and sexual arousal and excitement（性喚起和興奮）. In all of these conditions, the STR(交感神經熱反應) provided an appreciable measure of the sympathetic activity（交感神經活動） and correlated to the other sympathetic physiological signals（其他相關的交感神經生理特徵）.
（1） Stress discomfort resulted in emotional sweating（情緒性出汗）;
（2） pain or fear to feel pain resulted in a general decrease of the facial temperature（面部溫度下降） induced by both peripheral vasoconstriction （外圍血管收縮）and sudomotor activity（泌汗神經活動）;
（3） sexual arousal resulted in increased skin blood perfusion rate in specific face regions（不同區域的面部血液灌注率增加） and, particularly, on the forehead (cutaneous projection of the corrugators muscle（皺眉肌）, i.e. increased attention), over the lips (increased perfusion of mucosa tissue（粘膜組織） for augmented sensitivity), and the nose.
The thermal signatures were definitively consistent with ground thru methods’ findings.（熱特徵最終同ground thru方法的研究結果相一致）
The present study suggests that fIR(功能紅外成像) is a reliable method for psychophysiological（心理生理學） studies aimed at assessing emotional arousal and response. To date, some authors consider fIR as a possible alternative to polygraph methods for deception detection（欺騙檢測） [3]. The results of this preliminary study suggest that specific thermal signatures related to specific emotional conditions exist, but further studies are needed to assess the specificity and the sensitivity of the method.
Fig. 7: Overall average of the cutaneous blood perfusion rate（皮膚血液灌注率） for one of the volunteers (in arbitrary units 任意個體). On the left, the average distribution while watching sport movies; on the right, the average distribution while watching erotic content movies.
目前的研究表明：功能紅外成像（FIR）技術對基於估計情緒誘發和反應的心理生理學研究是一種可靠的方法。到目前爲止，一些作者認爲FIR可能會替代用於欺騙檢測的測謊器技術。這個初步研究的結果表明：具體的熱特徵同特定的情緒狀態相關。而將來的研究則要側重於估計這種方法的特性和靈敏度。
