SpringBoot——Web開發(一)

1.簡介

使用SpringBoot:

(1)創建SpringBoot應用,選中我們需要的模塊;

(2)SpringBoot已經默認將這些場景配置好了,只需要在配置文件中指定少量配置就可以運行起來;

(3)自家編寫業務代碼

從上面可以知道SpringBoot幫我們自動配置好,那麼這個自動配置原理:這個場景SpringBoot幫我們配置了什麼?能不能修改?能修改哪些配置?能不能擴展?

xxxxAutoConfiguration:幫我們給容器中自動配置組件;
xxxxProperties:配置類來封裝配置文件的內容;

2.SpringBoot對靜態資源的映射規則

使用 IntelliJ IDEA 中的 Spring Boot 初始化工具創建的項目,默認都會存在 resources/static 目錄,很多小夥伴也知道靜態資源只要放到這個目錄下,就可以直接訪問,除了這裏還有沒有其他可以放靜態資源的位置呢?爲什麼放在這裏就能直接訪問了呢?這就是本節要討論的內容了。

2.1 源碼(webjars)

這個是SpringBoot自動配置的WebMvcAutoConfiguration類來幫我們乾的。

	@Override
		public void addResourceHandlers(ResourceHandlerRegistry registry) {
			if (!this.resourceProperties.isAddMappings()) {
				logger.debug("Default resource handling disabled");
				return;
			}
			Duration cachePeriod = this.resourceProperties.getCache().getPeriod();
			CacheControl cacheControl = this.resourceProperties.getCache().getCachecontrol().toHttpCacheControl();
			if (!registry.hasMappingForPattern("/webjars/**")) {
				customizeResourceHandlerRegistration(registry.addResourceHandler("/webjars/**")
						.addResourceLocations("classpath:/META-INF/resources/webjars/")
						.setCachePeriod(getSeconds(cachePeriod)).setCacheControl(cacheControl));
			}
			....
		}

所有的/webjars/**,都去classpath:/META-INF/resource/webjars/找資源(webjars,以jar包的方式引入靜態資源)。

什麼是webjars?就是以jar包的方式引入靜態資源。官網地址:http://www.webjars.org/。類似於maven倉庫。

2.2 源碼(靜態資源目錄,和上面一個方法)

//addResourceHandlers:
String staticPathPattern = this.mvcProperties.getStaticPathPattern();
			if (!registry.hasMappingForPattern(staticPathPattern)) {
				customizeResourceHandlerRegistration(registry.addResourceHandler(staticPathPattern)
						.addResourceLocations(getResourceLocations(this.resourceProperties.getStaticLocations()))
						.setCachePeriod(getSeconds(cachePeriod)).setCacheControl(cacheControl));
			}

繼續追溯源碼:mvcProperties.getStaticPathPattern(),這個到了WebMvcProperties類中:

	public String getStaticPathPattern() {
		return this.staticPathPattern;
	}

//查看staticPathPattern
	private String staticPathPattern = "/**";

繼續追溯源碼resourceProperties.getStaticLocations(),這個到了ResourceProperties類中:

public String[] getStaticLocations() {
		return this.staticLocations;
	}

	private String[] staticLocations = CLASSPATH_RESOURCE_LOCATIONS;

	private static final String[] CLASSPATH_RESOURCE_LOCATIONS = { "classpath:/META-INF/resources/",
			"classpath:/resources/", "classpath:/static/", "classpath:/public/" };

/**訪問當前項目的任何資源,都去(靜態資源的文件夾)找映射,優先級從上到下

classpath:/META-INF/resources/
classpath:/resources/
classpath:/static/
classpath:/public/
/:當前項目的根路徑

localhost:8080/abc===>去靜態資源文件夾裏面找abc

2.3 源碼(默認首頁)

@Bean
		public WelcomePageHandlerMapping welcomePageHandlerMapping(ApplicationContext applicationContext,
				FormattingConversionService mvcConversionService, ResourceUrlProvider mvcResourceUrlProvider) {
			WelcomePageHandlerMapping welcomePageHandlerMapping = new WelcomePageHandlerMapping(
					new TemplateAvailabilityProviders(applicationContext), applicationContext, getWelcomePage(),
					this.mvcProperties.getStaticPathPattern());
			welcomePageHandlerMapping.setInterceptors(getInterceptors(mvcConversionService, mvcResourceUrlProvider));
			welcomePageHandlerMapping.setCorsConfigurations(getCorsConfigurations());
			return welcomePageHandlerMapping;
		}

追溯到getWelcomePage源碼:

private Optional<Resource> getWelcomePage() {
			String[] locations = getResourceLocations(this.resourceProperties.getStaticLocations());
			return Arrays.stream(locations).map(this::getIndexHtml).filter(this::isReadable).findFirst();
		}

這個getStaticLocation和上面是一樣的。上述代碼翻譯出來:

return new WelcomePageHandlerMapping(
    "classpath:/META-INF/resources/index.html",
    "classpath:/resources/index.html",
    "classpath:/static/index.html",
    "classpath:/public/index.html",
    "/index.html"
    , "/**");

默認首頁:靜態資源文件夾下的所有的index.html頁面,被/**映射。

一句話概括:WebAutoConfiguration類自動爲我們註冊瞭如下文件爲默認首頁。

classpath:/META-INF/resources/index.html
classpath:/resources/index.html
classpath:/static/index.html
classpath:/public/index.html
/index.html

3.模板引擎

JSPVelocityFreemarkerThymeleaf

SpringBoot推薦Thymeleaf,語法更簡單,功能更強大。

3.1 引入Thymeleaf

在pom.xml文件中:

<dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-thymeleaf</artifactId>
   </dependency>

3.2 Thymeleaf的使用

3.2.1 源碼

@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "spring.thymeleaf")
public class ThymeleafProperties {

	private static final Charset DEFAULT_ENCODING = StandardCharsets.UTF_8;

	public static final String DEFAULT_PREFIX = "classpath:/templates/";

	public static final String DEFAULT_SUFFIX = ".html";

只需要把HTML頁面放在classpath:/templates/,thymeleaf就能自動渲染。

3.2.2 使用步驟

1.在HTML頁面導入thymeleaf的名稱空間

<html lang="en"  xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">

2.使用thymeleaf的語法

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF‐8">
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>成功!</h1>
<!‐‐th:text 將div裏面的文本內容設置爲 ‐‐>
<div th:text="${hello}">這是顯示歡迎信息</div>
</body>
</html>

3.3 Thymeleaf的語法規則

(1)th:text 改變當前元素的文本內容

th:任意html屬性,來替換原生屬性的值。

(2)表達式

Simple expressions:(表達式語法)
Variable Expressions: ${...}:獲取變量值;OGNL;
   1)、獲取對象的屬性、調用方法
   2)、使用內置的基本對象:
      #ctx : the context object.
      #vars: the context variables.
      #locale : the context locale.
      #request : (only in Web Contexts) the HttpServletRequest object.
      #response : (only in Web Contexts) the HttpServletResponse object.
      #session : (only in Web Contexts) the HttpSession object.
      #servletContext : (only in Web Contexts) the ServletContext object.
      ${session.foo}
   3)、內置的一些工具對象:
#execInfo : information about the template being processed.
#messages : methods for obtaining externalized messages inside variables expressions, in the
same way as they would be obtained using #{…} syntax.
#uris : methods for escaping parts of URLs/URIs
#conversions : methods for executing the configured conversion service (if any).
#dates : methods for java.util.Date objects: formatting, component extraction, etc.
#calendars : analogous to #dates , but for java.util.Calendar objects.
#numbers : methods for formatting numeric objects.
#strings : methods for String objects: contains, startsWith, prepending/appending, etc.
#objects : methods for objects in general.
#bools : methods for boolean evaluation.
#arrays : methods for arrays.
#lists : methods for lists.
#sets : methods for sets.
#maps : methods for maps.
#aggregates : methods for creating aggregates on arrays or collections.
#ids : methods for dealing with id attributes that might be repeated (for example, as a
result of an iteration).
      Selection Variable Expressions: *{...}:選擇表達式:和${}在功能上是一樣;
      補充:配合 th:object="${session.user}:
      <div th:object="${session.user}">
        <p>Name: <span th:text="*{firstName}">Sebastian</span>.</p>
        <p>Surname: <span th:text="*{lastName}">Pepper</span>.</p>
        <p>Nationality: <span th:text="*{nationality}">Saturn</span>.</p>
     </div>
   Message Expressions: #{...}:獲取國際化內容
   Link URL Expressions: @{...}:定義URL;
       @{/order/process(execId=${execId},execType='FAST')}
   Fragment Expressions: ~{...}:片段引用表達式
       <div th:insert="~{commons :: main}">...</div>
   Literals(字面量) 
         Text literals: 'one text' , 'Another one!' ,…
         Number literals: 0 , 34 , 3.0 , 12.3 ,…
         Boolean literals: true , false
         Null literal: null
         Literal tokens: one , sometext , main ,…
   Text operations:(文本操作)
         String concatenation: +
        Literal substitutions: |The name is ${name}|
Arithmetic operations:(數學運算)
        Binary operators: + , ‐ , * , / , %
        Minus sign (unary operator): ‐
Boolean operations:(布爾運算)
        Binary operators: and , or
        Boolean negation (unary operator): ! , not
Comparisons and equality:(比較運算)
        Comparators: > , < , >= , <= ( gt , lt , ge , le )
        Equality operators: == , != ( eq , ne )
Conditional operators:條件運算(三元運算符)
        If‐then: (if) ? (then)
        If‐then‐else: (if) ? (then) : (else)
        Default: (value) ?: (defaultvalue)
Special tokens:
No‐Operation: _

4.SpringMVC自動配置

4.1 Spring MVC auto-configuration

SpringBoot自動配置好了SpringMVC。

以下是SpringBoot對SpringMVC的默認配置(WebMvcAutoConfiguration):

  • Inclusion of ContentNegotiatingViewResolver and BeanNameViewResolver beans.

(1)自動配置了ViewResolver(視圖解析器:根據方法的返回值得到了視圖對象(View),視圖對象決定如何渲染(轉發,重定向))

(2)ContentNegotiatingViewResolver :組合所有的視圖解析器的。

(3)如何定製?我們可以給容器中添加一個視圖解析器;自動將其組合起來。

  • Support for serving static resources, including support for WebJars (see below).靜態資源文件夾路 徑,webjars
  • Static index.html support. 靜態首頁訪問
  • 自動註冊了 of Converter , GenericConverter , Formatter beans.

(1)Conveter :轉換器;public String hello(User user):類型轉換使用Converter

(2)Formatter:格式轉換器

(3)自己添加的格式轉換器,只需要放在容器中

  • Support for HttpMessageConverters (see below).

(1)HttpMessageConveters:SpringMVC用來轉換Http請求和響應的;User->Json

(2)HttpMessageConveters是從容器中確定;獲取所有的HttpMessageConveter;

(3)自己給容器中添加HttpMessageConveter,只需要將自己的組件註冊容器中的(@Bean,@Component)

  • Automatic registration of MessageCodesResolver (see below).定義錯誤代碼生成規則
  • Automatic use of a ConfigurableWebBindingInitializer bean (see below).

(1)可以配置一個ConfigurableWebBindingInitializer來替換默認的(添加到容器)

1)初始化WebDataBinder
2)請求數據======JavaBean
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web:web的所有自動場景;
  If you want to keep Spring Boot MVC features, and you just want to add additional MVC configuration
(interceptors, formatters, view controllers etc.) you can add your own @Configuration class of type
WebMvcConfigurerAdapter , but without @EnableWebMvc . If you wish to provide custom instances of
RequestMappingHandlerMapping , RequestMappingHandlerAdapter or ExceptionHandlerExceptionResolver
you can declare a WebMvcRegistrationsAdapter instance providing such components.
If you want to take complete control of Spring MVC, you can add your own @Configuration annotated with
@EnableWebMvc .

4.2 擴展SpringMVC

看看之前SpringMVC的寫法:

<mvc:view‐controller path="/hello" view‐name="success"/>
<mvc:interceptors>
  <mvc:interceptor>
    <mvc:mapping path="/hello"/>
    <bean></bean>
  </mvc:interceptor>
</mvc:interceptors>

4.2.1 擴展方法

編寫一個配置類(@Configuration),是WebMvcConfigurer類型,不能標註@EnableWebMvc。

@Configuration
public class MyMvcConfig implements WebMvcConfigurer {

    @Override
    public void addViewControllers(ViewControllerRegistry registry) {
       //瀏覽器發送test請求,會來到success頁面
        registry.addViewController("/test").setViewName("success");
    }
}

4.2.2 擴展原理

(1)WebMvcAutoConfiguration是SpringMVC的自動配置類。

(2)在這個類中做其他配置時會導入,@Import(EnableWebMvcConfiguration.class)。點進去(這個類還在WebMvcAutoConfiguration)

@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
	public static class EnableWebMvcConfiguration extends DelegatingWebMvcConfiguration implements ResourceLoaderAware {

		private final ResourceProperties resourceProperties;

		private final WebMvcProperties mvcProperties;

		private final ListableBeanFactory beanFactory;

		private final WebMvcRegistrations mvcRegistrations;

		private ResourceLoader resourceLoader;

  ...
}

(3)容器中的所有WebMvcConfigurer都會一起起作用

(4)我們的配置類也會被調用

SpringMVC的自動配置和我們的擴展配置都會起作用。

4.3 全面接管SpringMVC

SpringBoot對SpringMVC自動配置不需要了,所以都是我們自己配置的,所有的SpringMVC的自動配置都失效了。

4.3.1 使用方法

我們需要在配置類中添加@EnableWebMvc即可。

//使用WebMvcConfigurer可以用來擴展SpringMVC的功能
//@EnableWebMvc全面接管SpringMVC
@EnableWebMvc
@Configuration
public class MyMvcConfig implements WebMvcConfigurer {

    @Override
    public void addViewControllers(ViewControllerRegistry registry) {
       //瀏覽器發送test請求,會來到success頁面
        registry.addViewController("/test").setViewName("success");
    }
}

4.3.2 原理

爲什麼@EnableWebMvc自動配置就失效了?

(1)@EnableWebMvc的核心:

@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target({ElementType.TYPE})
@Documented
@Import({DelegatingWebMvcConfiguration.class})
public @interface EnableWebMvc {
}

(2)點進去DelegatingWebMvcConfiguration,可以看到DelegatingWebMvcConfiguration繼承了WebMvcConfigurationSupport:

public class DelegatingWebMvcConfiguration extends WebMvcConfigurationSupport {
    private final WebMvcConfigurerComposite configurers = new WebMvcConfigurerComposite();

    public DelegatingWebMvcConfiguration() {
    }

    @Autowired(
        required = false
    )
    public void setConfigurers(List<WebMvcConfigurer> configurers) {
        if (!CollectionUtils.isEmpty(configurers)) {
            this.configurers.addWebMvcConfigurers(configurers);
        }

    }

(3)查看WebMvcAutoConfiguration:

@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
@ConditionalOnWebApplication(type = Type.SERVLET)
@ConditionalOnClass({ Servlet.class, DispatcherServlet.class, WebMvcConfigurer.class })
//容器中沒有這個組件的時候,這個自動配置類纔會生效
@ConditionalOnMissingBean(WebMvcConfigurationSupport.class)
@AutoConfigureOrder(Ordered.HIGHEST_PRECEDENCE + 10)
@AutoConfigureAfter({ DispatcherServletAutoConfiguration.class, TaskExecutionAutoConfiguration.class,
		ValidationAutoConfiguration.class })
public class WebMvcAutoConfiguration {
...
}

(4)@EnableWebMvc將WebMbcConfigurationSupport組件導入進來。

(5)導入的WebMvcConfigurationSupport只是SpringMVC的最基本的功能。

5.如何修改SpringBoot的默認配置

(1)SpringBoot在自動配置很多組件的時候,先看容器中有沒有用戶自己配置的(@Bean,@Component),如果有就用用戶配置的。如果沒有,才自動配置;如果有些組件可以有多個(ViewResolver)將用戶配置的和自己默認的組合起來。

(2)在SpringBoot中會有非常多的xxxConfigurer幫助我們進行擴展配置

(3)在SpringBoot中會有非常多的xxxCustomizer幫助我們進行定製配置

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