前言
組成句子的各個部分叫句子成分。英語句子成分有：
主語，謂語，賓語，表語，定語，狀語，賓語補足語，同位語等。
我們可以把定語、狀語這些成分統稱爲修飾語，因爲主要起修飾作用。
我們把句子中的修飾語去掉，句子的主幹意思也能表達出來。
順序一般是主語，謂語，賓語，賓語補足語，
而表語，定語，狀語的位置要根據情況而定。
前面學習的詞性與下面要學習的句子結構有千絲萬縷的聯繫，知識是一環套一環的，如果詞性沒有學好，那麼句子結構肯定學不好。
主語 subject
主語是句子中最重要的部分，是句子中的主體和中心，是動作的發出者。
如果把句子當成是一個人的話，那麼主語就是頭。
主語表示句子主要說明的人或事物，能做主語的元素比較多。
一般由：
名詞，代詞，動名詞，數詞，動詞不定式，
what從句，that從句，how從句等充當。
注意：動詞原形、形容詞、副詞不能做主語。
名詞、代詞做主語
The book is very interesting.
The young woman played an important part in the matter.
The bag is in the desk.
Tom has arrived.
The life is changing day by day.
Beijing is the capitl of China.
Some boys are playing basketball over there.
My father goes to the gym to keep healthy.
The corgi dog costs me 8000 yuan.
The figure remains stable at 15.
He always buys shoes online.
He likes watching TV.
All doctors and nurses should get vaccinated against the H1N1 flu.
動名詞做主語
通常表示一種抽象，泛指的動作，而不是一次性具體的動作。
動名詞做主語，一般表示動作發生過。
動名詞做主語時，都是單數形式。
在口語中動名詞做主語很常見。
Skating on the thin ice is dangerous.
Skating主語
on the thin ice地點狀語
dangerous表語
Watching films is my favourtie activity.
Watching films主語，因爲watch在這裏是不及物動詞，不能單獨做主語。
films雖然是複數，但watching films做聯合主語，所以謂語動詞用is。
Sending some flowers to her makes her happy.
to her相當於是主語的間接賓語，makes是謂語，her是直接賓語，happy是賓語補主語。（不是很確定哈）
Being physically active can reduce stress levels and lower blood pressure.
不定式做主語
不定式做主語，一般表示還沒完成還沒發生的動作。
To become an athlete is not an easy thing.
要成爲一個運動員不是一件簡單的事情。
To finish the assignment requires teamwork.
要完成任務需要團隊合作。
To make a good TV programme is not an easy thing.
謂語
謂語說明主語的動作，狀態或特徵，一般放在主語的後面，
謂語只能由動詞來構成，但並不是所有的動詞都能做謂語。
在一個簡單句中，謂語只能有一個。
非謂語動詞不能單獨做謂語，非謂語動詞包括：
- 動詞不定式（to+動詞）
- 動名詞（動詞+ing）
- 分詞（現在分詞+過去分詞）
The sports industry develops rapidly.
We decided to join a voluntary organization.
Regular sports can improve confidence.
助動詞、情態動詞與實義動詞一起做組合謂語
Betty likes her new bike.
一般可分爲兩類：
1)，簡單謂語
由動詞(或短語動詞)構成。
可以有不同的時態，語態和語氣。
We study for the people.我們爲人民學習。
In this day and age,an increasing number of people agree that
gambling is an unwholesome hobby.
2)，複合謂語：情態動詞＋不定式
I can speak a little English.
我可以說一點英語。
- 有些語法書裏把系動詞也當成一種特殊的謂語？？？
There are pencils on the desk.
實義動詞做獨立謂語
謂語也可以由2個詞構成。
及物動詞做謂語
He awalys leaves his big at school.
不及物動詞做謂語
He always drink at night.
Students often swim in the pool in the early morning.
系動詞做獨立謂語
系動詞也可以做爲謂語性動詞，有助於我們理解句子結構。
He looks very tired today.
I become a doctor after graduating from school.
The cake tastes very sweet.
情態動詞做部分謂語
The government can help the poor to reduce financial burden.
情態動詞can與實義動詞help構成組合謂語，2個詞放在一起構成謂語。
Student must book seats in advance.
You mustn’t make any noise in the library.
助動詞做部分謂語
I don’t go for holidays in winter.
助動詞don’t與實意動詞go一起組合謂語。
We don't attend the meeting today.
賓語
賓語作爲句子中動作的承受者或接受者，一般在謂語的後面。
跟在及物動詞之後，能作賓語的有：
名詞，代詞，動名詞，動詞不定式，數詞，
that從句，what從句，how從句等。
能做主語的元素也可以做賓語
We like English.我們喜歡英語。
有些及物動詞可以帶兩個賓語，往往一個指人，一個指物，指人的叫間接賓語，指物的叫直接賓語。
He gave me some ink.他給了我一點墨水。
有些及物動詞的賓語後面還需要有一個補足語，意思才完整，賓語和它的補足語構成複合賓語。如：
We make him our mon’itor.我們選他當班長。
名詞、代詞做賓語
I love you.
Cats catch mice.
They enjoy the play.
I met John in the street yesterday.
He knows those people.
I ordered my meal.
Her husband loves her.
He wears a life jacket.
The musician creates music.
We study English.
He lost the game.
Do you like the film?
I saw Tom yesterday.
I washed my clothes yesterday.
I met your elder brother in the street.
He had chosen a new jacket,but he hadn’t paid for it!
She teaches English in the school.
I find him in the classroom.
Some people change jobs once a year.
Did you see her in the library?
He found nothing in the room.
We saw him in the classroom.
Junk food undermines people's health.
He seldom reads newspapers in the morning.
Books can give people knowledge.
主謂雙賓，knowledge是直接賓語，people是間接賓語。
You can put the books in your bag.
你可以把書放在書包裏。
Farmers in our area grow lots of vegetables.
我們這裏的農民種很多種蔬菜。
動名詞&現在分詞做賓語
I like standing.
We enjoy watching horror moives at night.
I prefer drinking chilled water in summer.
I enjoy staying at home in leisure time.
I can’t imagine lying like this.
我無法想象像這樣躺着。
like this爲方式狀語。
不定式做賓語
I plan to set up my own business in the future.
We decided to join a voluntary organization.
He likes to watch comedies at leisure time.
Someone is asking to see you.
We didn’t plan to go there.
I didn’t expect to find you here.
He promised to lend me some books.
You must try to improve.
I prefer to make web pages.
表語
表語相當於是一種特殊的賓語，用於主系表句型中。
它一般位於系動詞之後，說明主語性質，身份，地位，特徵，屬性或狀態。
一般由名詞，代詞，形容詞，副詞，不定式，介詞短語&介賓短語等充當。
形容詞做表語
Animal experiments are inhumane.
She looks terrible today.
The experiment is extremely dull.
It sounds nice.
He remained silent at the meeting.
The children were sound asleep.
The old man remained alive after the accident.
名詞做表語
This is a good book.
Mr.Lin is a worker.
She is an engineer.
Tom is a taxi-driver.
Heavy traffic is the biggest problem in Beijing.
Thomas Edison was a great American inventor.
My sister is a nurse in local hospital.
He became a cook after graduating from school.
She was looking after her younger sister this time yesterday.
不定式做表語
My dream is to travel around the world.
我的夢想是環遊世界。
不定式to travel做表語，around the world做地點狀語。
Our aim is to finish assignments on time.
His duty is to sweep the floor every single day.
What we should do is to tell children how to think instead of how to memorize things.
介詞短語&介賓短語做表語
由介詞+名詞&數詞構成:from New Zealand，in developed countries。
所謂介賓短語，可以理解成介詞後面的成分做這個介詞的賓語。。。
這種結構很容易出現在複雜句中，並且不是正常的語序，不是很好翻譯。
The girl was at home.
My coins are in the box.
They are from Scotland.
His birthday is in 2000.
We are in a dark room.
My little brother is at school now.
His new teacher is from America.
He’ll speak at the meeting.
Do you still ask your parents for money?
that從句做表語
What we are concerned about is that to what extent tests are harmful to students’ creativity.
定語
定語是修飾語的一種，
在句中限定或修飾名詞、名詞性短語或代詞的成分叫定語。
用作定語的主要是形容詞或形容詞性的短語，此外還有：
代詞，數詞，名詞，副詞，動詞不定式，介詞短語&介賓短語、動名詞&現在分詞等。
用句子來修飾名詞或代詞則稱爲定語從句。
前置定語
形容詞，代詞，數詞，名詞等作定語時，
一般放在被修飾的詞前面，稱爲前置定語。
形容詞做前置定語
形容詞在句子中既可以作前置定語也可以做後置定語。
He is a new student.
He is suffering from severe illness.
Governments provide citizens with financial support.
It is a beautiful flower.
He is the greatest scientist alive.
In recent years, the Internet has been gaining in popularity at an amazing rate.
名詞做定語
The winter vocation is coming.
She is a Party member.
注意：名詞作定語時往往要使用單數形式，例如：
winter vocation 寒假,
evening paper晚報,
night club夜總會,
room temperature 室溫,
milk bottle 奶瓶,
family tree 家譜/族譜,
fire wall 防火牆.
但是也有複數形式，例如：
sports car 跑車.(super sports car 超跑)
sales tax 營業稅,
savings bank 儲蓄銀行.
後置定語
當副詞，動詞不定式，介詞短語等作定語時，則放在被修飾的詞之後。
稱爲後置定語。
後置定語翻譯的時候需要放在前面翻譯，語序的問題會造成一些困擾。
形容詞做後置定語
修飾不定代詞
This isn’t anything important.
There’s nothing wrong with the machine.
形容詞短語
I think he is a man suitable for the job.
不定式做定語
She lost the chance to make her appearance on the stage.
介詞短語&介賓短語做定語
翻譯的時候要把介詞短語翻譯成什麼什麼的， 例如把“什麼在中國”翻譯成“中國的什麼”。
Frank is a doctor from America.
The bike in the room is mine.
People in developed countries have a variety of job opportunities.
The water consumption in 2001 is higher.
Those who have spent some time earning a living or traveling to other places,have a broader view of life.
分詞做定語
如果分詞與被修飾的詞是主動關係則用現在分詞，如果是被動關係則用過去分詞。
現在分詞做定語
I have two students taking the exam this week.
主動關係，行動上是主動去考試。
The building facing the sea is my house.
建築物被擬人化，主動面朝大海。
過去分詞做定語
The little boy found in the room is crying.
被動關係，小男孩是被發現的。
The book wirtten by George is about Artificial Intelligence.
被動關係，書是被喬治寫的。
The building built beside the sea is my house.
被動關係，別墅是被建在海邊的。
狀語
狀語是修飾語的一種，在句子中做修飾成分，狀語表示一種狀態，
修飾動詞，形容詞，副詞以及全句的句子成分，叫做狀語。
用作狀語的通常是副詞，介詞短語，分詞&分詞短語，動詞不定式，分詞。
狀語一般放在被修飾的詞之後或放在句尾。
副詞作狀語時可放在被修飾的詞前或句首。
這叫狀語提前，是一種高級語法現象。
狀語用來表示方式、因果、條件、時間、地點、讓步、結果等。
方式
I go to Japan by ship.
因果
I didn’t pass the exam because of the bad weather.
條件
If i have enough money i wll travel all around the world.
讓步，雖然怎麼怎麼樣，不是主要想表達的意思，但是怎麼怎麼樣纔是主要想表單的地方。
結果
他踢了玻璃一腳，玻璃碎了。
副詞做狀語
Students can learn effectively.
The immigrant population grows rapidly.
Outdoor activities can grealty improve our health.
分詞做狀語
He went to study abroad,leaving his son at home.
結果狀語
Today,Erebus is belching out stream and gases,making flying extremely risky.
結果狀語
介詞短語&介賓短語
He is working in China.
地點狀語
He lives in London.
地點狀語
He worked as a teacher in 2010.
in 2010作時間狀語，as a teacher做條件狀語。
2個狀語可以連起來一起用。
名詞做狀語
He stayed there five days.
I go to school every day.
不定式做狀語
目的狀語
I come here to borrow some reference books.
come是謂語動詞，不定式做目的狀語
I will go abroad to study economics.
補語（賓語補足語）
補語有很多種類，包括賓語補足語，表語補足語等等，這裏只說賓補。
補語主要用於作爲句子的補充和說明，用於主謂賓補句型中。
形容詞、名詞、介詞短語、不定式。
名詞作賓語補足語
She found him a very good pupil.
We call him jack.
We call her Miss Wang.
We made her monitor of the class.
She considers him a good man.
We consider him a good teacher.
We selected him our monitor.
I found him a very funny guy.
注意，這句話很容易寫錯成：
I found him is a very funny guy.
形容詞作賓語補足語
The news made her very sad.
The room was found empty.
The graduates find the job market frustrating because of the economic recession.
Some individuals are concerned the Internet will mak international tourism obsolete.
同位語
同位語一般是一個名詞後面跟一個短語，用來解釋說明這個名詞。
兩個單詞或者一句話和一個單詞，它們倆的地位是一樣的，做一樣的句子成分。
那什麼是地位不一樣呢？
像a beautiful girl，beautiful和girl的地位就不一樣，
girl比beautiful的地位更高一些，因爲beautiful是用來修飾girl的，把beautiful刪掉也不會影響句子大意。
Shopping,a necessary part of daily life ,is increasingly time-consuming due to the multiplied options available to consumers.
其中a necessary part of daily life就是shopping的同位語。
名詞作同位語
He , a famous writer,is easy to get along with.名詞作同位語
He = a famous writer