FreeRTOS --(3)內存管理 heap2

目錄

1、內存大小

2、對齊

3、內存塊

3.1、數據結構

3.2、數據結構對齊

3.3、內存塊 Marker

3.4、可用內存

4、分配內存

5、釋放內存


 

在《FreeRTOS --(2)內存管理 heap1》知道 heap 1 的內存管理其實只是簡單的實現了內存對齊的分配策略,heap 2 的實現策略相比 heap 1 稍微複雜一點,不僅僅是提供了分配內存的接口,同時也提供了釋放內存的接口;

但是 heap 2 的內存分配策略中,並沒有提供空閒內存的合併策略,對內存碎片沒有處理;換句話來說,如果有多次的,大小各異的內存申請和釋放的場景下,很可能導致很多內存碎片;

1、內存大小

和 heap 1 一樣,用於內存管理的內存大小來自於一個大數組,數組的下標就是整個需要被管理的內存的大小,這個是和具體芯片所支持的 RAM 大小相關:

configTOTAL_HEAP_SIZE

被管理的內存定義爲:

static uint8_t ucHeap[ configTOTAL_HEAP_SIZE ];

ucHeap 就是管理的對象;

 

2、對齊

有的處理器是對內存對齊有要求的,比如 ARM-CM3 等,AAPCS規則要求堆棧保持8字節對齊。給任務分配棧時需要保證棧是8字節對齊的。所以這裏 FreeRTOS 就需要涉及到對齊操作;針對 ARM-CM3 這類處理器來說,在portmacro.h 文件中,定義了對齊的字節數:

/* Hardware specifics. */
#define portBYTE_ALIGNMENT			8

而在 portable.h 中,定義了對應的 Mask(8字節對齊,那麼都要是 8 的倍數,也就是二進制的 4'b1000,所以 MASK 是 4'b0111 也就是 0x07):

#if portBYTE_ALIGNMENT == 8
	#define portBYTE_ALIGNMENT_MASK ( 0x0007 )
#endif

和 heap 1 一樣,在處理對齊的時候,由於可能 ucHeap 初始的地址就沒對齊,所以這裏真正可以對齊分配的內存的 SIZE 就要做一些調整和妥協,由於是 8 字節對齊,所以最多妥協的大小就是 8 字節,也就是真正被管理的內存大小隻有  configADJUSTED_HEAP_SIZE,這裏可能造成幾個字節的浪費(浪費多少,取決於ucHeap 初始地址 ),不過爲了對齊,也就忽略了;

/* A few bytes might be lost to byte aligning the heap start address. */
#define configADJUSTED_HEAP_SIZE	( configTOTAL_HEAP_SIZE - portBYTE_ALIGNMENT )

 

3、內存塊

與 heap 1 不同,heap 2 可以支持分配和釋放,那麼管理內存的手段勢必比 heap 1 複雜一些,heap 2 對內存進行分塊管理,將每塊內存通過一個表徵該內存塊的的數據結構表示,以單向鏈表串在一起;

3.1、數據結構

表達一個內存塊的數據結構是 BlockLink_t,它的定義是:

/* Define the linked list structure.  This is used to link free blocks in order
of their size. */
typedef struct A_BLOCK_LINK
{
	struct A_BLOCK_LINK *pxNextFreeBlock;	/*<< The next free block in the list. */
	size_t xBlockSize;						/*<< The size of the free block. */
} BlockLink_t;

pxNextFreeBlock 指向下一個內存塊的 BlockLink_t 結構;

xBlockSize 代表本內存塊的大小;

 

3.2、數據結構對齊

當然內存塊也需要對齊:

static const uint16_t heapSTRUCT_SIZE	= ( ( sizeof ( BlockLink_t ) + ( portBYTE_ALIGNMENT - 1 ) ) & ~portBYTE_ALIGNMENT_MASK );

heapSTRUCT_SIZE 代表了一個內存塊對齊後大小(爲了對齊,先加上了最大可能消耗的字節數,這裏可能有一點點直接損失)

 

3.3、內存塊 Marker

FreeRTOS 爲內存管理,定義了兩個 BlockLink_t 結構體,xStart 和 xEnd:

/* Create a couple of list links to mark the start and end of the list. */
static BlockLink_t xStart, xEnd;

xStart 和 xEnd 僅僅作爲 mark,標記內存塊的起始和結束;

 

3.4、可用內存

在 heap2 中定義了 xFreeBytesRemaining 來代表當前可用於分配的內存,每當內存被分配出去,這個值會減,內存被free 後,該值增加:

/* Keeps track of the number of free bytes remaining, but says nothing about
fragmentation. */
static size_t xFreeBytesRemaining = configADJUSTED_HEAP_SIZE;

 

4、分配內存

和 heap 1 一樣,內存分配使用 pvPortMalloc 函數,傳入的是希望拿到的內存,返回值拿到的內存起始地址,如果分配失敗返回 NULL;

/*-----------------------------------------------------------*/

void *pvPortMalloc( size_t xWantedSize )
{
BlockLink_t *pxBlock, *pxPreviousBlock, *pxNewBlockLink;
static BaseType_t xHeapHasBeenInitialised = pdFALSE;
void *pvReturn = NULL;

	vTaskSuspendAll();
	{
		/* If this is the first call to malloc then the heap will require
		initialisation to setup the list of free blocks. */
		if( xHeapHasBeenInitialised == pdFALSE )
		{
			prvHeapInit();
			xHeapHasBeenInitialised = pdTRUE;
		}

		/* The wanted size is increased so it can contain a BlockLink_t
		structure in addition to the requested amount of bytes. */
		if( xWantedSize > 0 )
		{
			xWantedSize += heapSTRUCT_SIZE;

			/* Ensure that blocks are always aligned to the required number of bytes. */
			if( ( xWantedSize & portBYTE_ALIGNMENT_MASK ) != 0 )
			{
				/* Byte alignment required. */
				xWantedSize += ( portBYTE_ALIGNMENT - ( xWantedSize & portBYTE_ALIGNMENT_MASK ) );
			}
		}

		if( ( xWantedSize > 0 ) && ( xWantedSize < configADJUSTED_HEAP_SIZE ) )
		{
			/* Blocks are stored in byte order - traverse the list from the start
			(smallest) block until one of adequate size is found. */
			pxPreviousBlock = &xStart;
			pxBlock = xStart.pxNextFreeBlock;
			while( ( pxBlock->xBlockSize < xWantedSize ) && ( pxBlock->pxNextFreeBlock != NULL ) )
			{
				pxPreviousBlock = pxBlock;
				pxBlock = pxBlock->pxNextFreeBlock;
			}

			/* If we found the end marker then a block of adequate size was not found. */
			if( pxBlock != &xEnd )
			{
				/* Return the memory space - jumping over the BlockLink_t structure
				at its start. */
				pvReturn = ( void * ) ( ( ( uint8_t * ) pxPreviousBlock->pxNextFreeBlock ) + heapSTRUCT_SIZE );

				/* This block is being returned for use so must be taken out of the
				list of free blocks. */
				pxPreviousBlock->pxNextFreeBlock = pxBlock->pxNextFreeBlock;

				/* If the block is larger than required it can be split into two. */
				if( ( pxBlock->xBlockSize - xWantedSize ) > heapMINIMUM_BLOCK_SIZE )
				{
					/* This block is to be split into two.  Create a new block
					following the number of bytes requested. The void cast is
					used to prevent byte alignment warnings from the compiler. */
					pxNewBlockLink = ( void * ) ( ( ( uint8_t * ) pxBlock ) + xWantedSize );

					/* Calculate the sizes of two blocks split from the single
					block. */
					pxNewBlockLink->xBlockSize = pxBlock->xBlockSize - xWantedSize;
					pxBlock->xBlockSize = xWantedSize;

					/* Insert the new block into the list of free blocks. */
					prvInsertBlockIntoFreeList( ( pxNewBlockLink ) );
				}

				xFreeBytesRemaining -= pxBlock->xBlockSize;
			}
		}

		traceMALLOC( pvReturn, xWantedSize );
	}
	( void ) xTaskResumeAll();

	#if( configUSE_MALLOC_FAILED_HOOK == 1 )
	{
		if( pvReturn == NULL )
		{
			extern void vApplicationMallocFailedHook( void );
			vApplicationMallocFailedHook();
		}
	}
	#endif

	return pvReturn;
}
/*-----------------------------------------------------------*/

首先調用 vTaskSuspendAll(); 來掛起所有任務,不允許進程調度;

接着調用 prvHeapInit(); 來初始化相關的內存管理的鏈表結構:

static void prvHeapInit( void )
{
BlockLink_t *pxFirstFreeBlock;
uint8_t *pucAlignedHeap;

	/* Ensure the heap starts on a correctly aligned boundary. */
	pucAlignedHeap = ( uint8_t * ) ( ( ( portPOINTER_SIZE_TYPE ) &ucHeap[ portBYTE_ALIGNMENT ] ) & ( ~( ( portPOINTER_SIZE_TYPE ) portBYTE_ALIGNMENT_MASK ) ) );

	/* xStart is used to hold a pointer to the first item in the list of free
	blocks.  The void cast is used to prevent compiler warnings. */
	xStart.pxNextFreeBlock = ( void * ) pucAlignedHeap;
	xStart.xBlockSize = ( size_t ) 0;

	/* xEnd is used to mark the end of the list of free blocks. */
	xEnd.xBlockSize = configADJUSTED_HEAP_SIZE;
	xEnd.pxNextFreeBlock = NULL;

	/* To start with there is a single free block that is sized to take up the
	entire heap space. */
	pxFirstFreeBlock = ( void * ) pucAlignedHeap;
	pxFirstFreeBlock->xBlockSize = configADJUSTED_HEAP_SIZE;
	pxFirstFreeBlock->pxNextFreeBlock = &xEnd;
}

在初始化內存相關的結構的時候,首先將 ucHeap 的地址進行對齊操作,得到可以對齊後用於真實的內存管理的起始地址爲:

pucAlignedHeap

然後初始化 xStart 和 xEnd,這兩個 marker,然後將整個可用的內存視爲一塊,可用的內存的開始地方,放置了一個 BlockLink_t 結構體並初始化它的 xBlockSize 爲之前調整過的 configADJUSTED_HEAP_SIZE

我們在回到 pvPortMalloc 的地方,繼續分析;

prvHeapInit() 初始化完成後,便可用分配內存了;分配內存的時候,需要對每一個內存塊分配一個標誌它的描述符,也就是 BlockLink_t 結構體,所以如果要分配 xWantedSize,那麼就要分配 :

xWantedSize += heapSTRUCT_SIZE;

然後,對 xWantedSize 進行字節對齊操作;

接下來便進行鏈表搜尋,找到 Size 合適的地方,將其分配出來;

值得注意的是,內存塊鏈表是有排序的,開始是 xStart 後面跟的內存塊,內存塊由小到大,最後是 xEnd

/*
 * Insert a block into the list of free blocks - which is ordered by size of
 * the block.  Small blocks at the start of the list and large blocks at the end
 * of the list.
 */
#define prvInsertBlockIntoFreeList( pxBlockToInsert )								\
{																					\
BlockLink_t *pxIterator;															\
size_t xBlockSize;																	\
																					\
	xBlockSize = pxBlockToInsert->xBlockSize;										\
																					\
	/* Iterate through the list until a block is found that has a larger size */	\
	/* than the block we are inserting. */											\
	for( pxIterator = &xStart; pxIterator->pxNextFreeBlock->xBlockSize < xBlockSize; pxIterator = pxIterator->pxNextFreeBlock )	\
	{																				\
		/* There is nothing to do here - just iterate to the correct position. */	\
	}																				\
																					\
	/* Update the list to include the block being inserted in the correct */		\
	/* position. */																	\
	pxBlockToInsert->pxNextFreeBlock = pxIterator->pxNextFreeBlock;					\
	pxIterator->pxNextFreeBlock = pxBlockToInsert;									\
}

繼續看代碼;

如果 pxBlock 不是 xEnd 的話,那麼說明找到有 Size 大於期望分配的 Size 的 Block 了;

那麼就將返回值:

/* Return the memory space - jumping over the BlockLink_t structure at its start. */
pvReturn = ( void * ) ( ( ( uint8_t * ) pxPreviousBlock->pxNextFreeBlock ) + heapSTRUCT_SIZE );

這裏,分配內存,能夠實際給調用這個 API 接口使用的內存要從起始的 Block 地址加上 heapSTRUCT_SIZE 開始算,因爲 heapSTRUCT_SIZE 已經用來表示這個 Block 的信息了;

然後判斷剩餘的 SIZE 是否大於最小的可用的空間分配的閾值 heapMINIMUM_BLOCK_SIZE

#define heapMINIMUM_BLOCK_SIZE	( ( size_t ) ( heapSTRUCT_SIZE * 2 ) )

如果剩餘的內存空間還足夠那麼:

/* If the block is larger than required it can be split into two. */
if( ( pxBlock->xBlockSize - xWantedSize ) > heapMINIMUM_BLOCK_SIZE )
{
    /* This block is to be split into two.  Create a new block
    following the number of bytes requested. The void cast is
    used to prevent byte alignment warnings from the compiler. */
    pxNewBlockLink = ( void * ) ( ( ( uint8_t * ) pxBlock ) + xWantedSize );

    /* Calculate the sizes of two blocks split from the single block. */
     pxNewBlockLink->xBlockSize = pxBlock->xBlockSize - xWantedSize;
     pxBlock->xBlockSize = xWantedSize;

    /* Insert the new block into the list of free blocks. */
    prvInsertBlockIntoFreeList( ( pxNewBlockLink ) );
}

使用新的 pxNewBlockLink 結構表示摘除 pxBlock 內存塊後的下一個內存塊,並將其初始化,然後按照排序(從小到大的順序)插入到以 xStart 開始的地方;

所以,被初始化後的內存

分配一次的結果是:

 

5、釋放內存

heap2 支持釋放內存:

void vPortFree( void *pv )
{
uint8_t *puc = ( uint8_t * ) pv;
BlockLink_t *pxLink;

	if( pv != NULL )
	{
		/* The memory being freed will have an BlockLink_t structure immediately
		before it. */
		puc -= heapSTRUCT_SIZE;

		/* This unexpected casting is to keep some compilers from issuing
		byte alignment warnings. */
		pxLink = ( void * ) puc;

		vTaskSuspendAll();
		{
			/* Add this block to the list of free blocks. */
			prvInsertBlockIntoFreeList( ( ( BlockLink_t * ) pxLink ) );
			xFreeBytesRemaining += pxLink->xBlockSize;
			traceFREE( pv, pxLink->xBlockSize );
		}
		( void ) xTaskResumeAll();
	}
}

來自用戶釋放的指針 pv 是實際的數據指針,代表這個內存的結構體在他前面 heapSTRUCT_SIZE 的位置,所以該 pv 的 BlockLink_t 結構體指針 pxLink = ( void * )(puc - heapSTRUCT_SIZE);

調用  prvInsertBlockIntoFreeList  將其插入到鏈表中;並且更新當前剩餘的內存量;

釋放後的內存如下所示:

 

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