SQL語句精選

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發表於:2008年3月3日 17時22分56秒閱讀(1)評論(0)特效:[信紙]本文鏈接:http://user.qzone.qq.com/592433424/blog/1204536176
SQL語句精選
1、說明:創建數據庫
CREATE DATABASE database-name
2、說明:刪除數據庫
drop database dbname
3、說明:備份sql server
--- 創建 備份數據的 device
USE master
EXEC sp_addumpdevice 'disk', 'testBack', 'c:/mssql7backup/MyNwind_1.dat'
--- 開始 備份
BACKUP DATABASE pubs TO testBack
4、說明:創建新表
create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..)
根據已有的表創建新表:
A:create table tab_new like tab_old (使用舊錶創建新表)
B:create table tab_new as select col1,col2… from tab_old definitiononly
5、說明:刪除新表
drop table tabname
6、說明:增加一個列
Alter table tabname add column col type
注:列增加後將不能刪除。DB2中列加上後數據類型也不能改變,唯一能改變的是增加varchar類型的長度。
7、說明:添加主鍵: Alter table tabname add primary key(col)
說明:刪除主鍵: Alter table tabname drop primary key(col)
8、說明:創建索引:create [unique] index idxname on tabname(col….)
刪除索引:drop index idxname
注:索引是不可更改的,想更改必須刪除重新建。
9、說明:創建視圖:create view viewname as select statement
刪除視圖:drop view viewname
10、說明:幾個簡單的基本的sql語句
選擇:select * from table1 where 範圍
插入:insert into table1(field1,field2) values(value1,value2)
刪除:delete from table1 where 範圍
更新:update table1 set field1=value1 where 範圍
查找:select * from table1 where field1 like ’%value1%’ ---like的語法很精妙,查資料!
排序:select * from table1 order by field1,field2 [desc]
總數:select count as totalcount from table1
求和:select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table1
平均:select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1
最大:select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1
最小:select min(field1) as minvalue from table1
11、說明:幾個高級查詢運算詞
A: UNION 運算符
UNION 運算符通過組合其他兩個結果表(例如 TABLE1 和 TABLE2)並消去表中任何重複行而派生出一個結果表。當 ALL 隨 UNION 一起使用時(即 UNION ALL),不消除重複行。兩種情況下,派生表的每一行不是來自 TABLE1 就是來自 TABLE2。
B: EXCEPT 運算符
EXCEPT 運算符通過包括所有在 TABLE1 中但不在 TABLE2 中的行並消除所有重複行而派生出一個結果表。當 ALL 隨 EXCEPT 一起使用時 (EXCEPT ALL),不消除重複行。
C: INTERSECT 運算符
INTERSECT 運算符通過只包括 TABLE1 和 TABLE2 中都有的行並消除所有重複行而派生出一個結果表。當 ALL 隨 INTERSECT 一起使用時 (INTERSECT ALL),不消除重複行。
注:使用運算詞的幾個查詢結果行必須是一致的。
12、說明:使用外連接
A、left outer join:
左外連接(左連接):結果集幾包括連接表的匹配行,也包括左連接表的所有行。
SQL: select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c
B:right outer join:
右外連接(右連接):結果集既包括連接表的匹配連接行,也包括右連接表的所有行。
C:full outer join:
全外連接:不僅包括符號連接表的匹配行,還包括兩個連接表中的所有記錄。

二、提升

1、說明:複製表(只複製結構,源表名:a 新表名:b) (Access可用)
法一:select * into b from a where 1<>1
法二:select top 0 * into b from a

2、說明:拷貝表(拷貝數據,源表名:a 目標表名:b) (Access可用)
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b;

3、說明:跨數據庫之間表的拷貝(具體數據使用絕對路徑) (Access可用)
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b in ‘具體數據庫’ where 條件
例子:..from b in '"&Server.MapPath(".")&"/data.mdb" &"' where..

4、說明:子查詢(表名1:a 表名2:b)
select a,b,c from a where a IN (select d from b ) 或者: select a,b,c from a where a IN (1,2,3)

5、說明:顯示文章、提交人和最後回覆時間
select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b

6、說明:外連接查詢(表名1:a 表名2:b)
select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c

7、說明:在線視圖查詢(表名1:a )
select * from (SELECT a,b,c FROM a) T where t.a > 1;

8、說明:between的用法,between限制查詢數據範圍時包括了邊界值,not between不包括
select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2
select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 數值1 and 數值2

9、說明:in 的使用方法
select * from table1 where a [not] in (‘值1’,’值2’,’值4’,’值6’)

10、說明:兩張關聯表,刪除主表中已經在副表中沒有的信息
delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table1.field1=table2.field1 )

11、說明:四表聯查問題:
select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where .....

12、說明:日程安排提前五分鐘提醒
SQL: select * from 日程安排 where datediff('minute',f開始時間,getdate())>5

13、說明:一條sql 語句搞定數據庫分頁
select top 10 b.* from (select top 20 主鍵字段,排序字段 from 表名 order by 排序字段 desc) a,表名 b where b.主鍵字段 = a.主鍵字段 order by a.排序字段

14、說明:前10條記錄
select top 10 * form table1 where 範圍

15、說明:選擇在每一組b值相同的數據中對應的a最大的記錄的所有信息(類似這樣的用法可以用於論壇每月排行榜,每月熱銷產品分析,按科目成績排名,等等.)
select a,b,c from tablename ta where a=(select max(a) from tablename tb where tb.b=ta.b)

16、說明:包括所有在 TableA 中但不在 TableB和TableC 中的行並消除所有重複行而派生出一個結果表
(select a from tableA ) except (select a from tableB) except (select a from tableC)

17、說明:隨機取出10條數據
select top 10 * from tablename order by newid()

18、說明:隨機選擇記錄
select newid()

19、說明:刪除重複記錄
Delete from tablename where id not in (select max(id) from tablename group by col1,col2,...)

20、說明:列出數據庫裏所有的表名
select name from sysobjects where type='U'

21、說明:列出表裏的所有的
select name from syscolumns where id=object_id('TableName')

22、說明:列示type、vender、pcs字段,以type字段排列,case可以方便地實現多重選擇,類似select 中的case。
select type,sum(case vender when 'A' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'C' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'B' then pcs else 0 end) FROM tablename group by type
顯示結果:
type vender pcs
電腦 A 1
電腦 A 1
光盤 B 2
光盤 A 2
手機 B 3
手機 C 3

23、說明:初始化表table1

TRUNCATE TABLE table1

24、說明:選擇從10到15的記錄
select top 5 * from (select top 15 * from table order by id asc) table_別名 order by id desc

三、技巧

1、1=1,1=2的使用,在SQL語句組合時用的較多

“where 1=1” 是表示選擇全部 “where 1=2”全部不選,
如:
if @strWhere !=''
begin
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where ' + @strWhere
end
else
begin
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + ']'
end

我們可以直接寫成
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where 1=1 安定 '+ @strWhere

2、收縮數據庫
--重建索引
DBCC REINDEX
DBCC INDEXDEFRAG
--收縮數據和日誌
DBCC SHRINKDB
DBCC SHRINKFILE

3、壓縮數據庫
dbcc shrinkdatabase(dbname)

4、轉移數據庫給新用戶以已存在用戶權限
exec sp_change_users_login 'update_one','newname','oldname'
go

5、檢查備份集
RESTORE VERIFYONLY from disk='E:/dvbbs.bak'

6、修復數據庫
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET SINGLE_USER
GO
DBCC CHECKDB('dvbbs',repair_allow_data_loss) WITH TABLOCK
GO
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET MULTI_USER
GO

7、日誌清除
SET NOCOUNT ON
DECLARE @LogicalFileName sysname,
@MaxMinutes INT,
@NewSize INT


USE tablename -- 要操作的數據庫名
SELECT @LogicalFileName = 'tablename_log', -- 日誌文件名
@MaxMinutes = 10, -- Limit on time allowed to wrap log.
@NewSize = 1 -- 你想設定的日誌文件的大小(M)

-- Setup / initialize
DECLARE @OriginalSize int
SELECT @OriginalSize = size
FROM sysfiles
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName
SELECT 'Original Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' +
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),@OriginalSize) + ' 8K pages or ' +
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(@OriginalSize*8/1024)) + 'MB'
FROM sysfiles
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName
CREATE TABLE DummyTrans
(DummyColumn char (8000) not null)


DECLARE @Counter INT,
@StartTime DATETIME,
@TruncLog VARCHAR(255)
SELECT @StartTime = GETDATE(),
@TruncLog = 'BACKUP LOG ' + db_name() + ' WITH TRUNCATE_ONLY'

DBCC SHRINKFILE (@LogicalFileName, @NewSize)
EXEC (@TruncLog)
-- Wrap the log if necessary.
WHILE @MaxMinutes > DATEDIFF (mi, @StartTime, GETDATE()) -- time has not expired
AND @OriginalSize = (SELECT size FROM sysfiles WHERE name = @LogicalFileName)
AND (@OriginalSize * 8 /1024) > @NewSize
BEGIN -- Outer loop.
SELECT @Counter = 0
WHILE ((@Counter < @OriginalSize / 16) AND (@Counter < 50000))
BEGIN -- update
INSERT DummyTrans VALUES ('Fill Log')
DELETE DummyTrans
SELECT @Counter = @Counter + 1
END
EXEC (@TruncLog)
END
SELECT 'Final Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' +
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),size) + ' 8K pages or ' +
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(size*8/1024)) + 'MB'
FROM sysfiles
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName
DROP TABLE DummyTrans
SET NOCOUNT OFF

8、說明:更改某個表
exec sp_changeobjectowner 'tablename','dbo'

9、存儲更改全部表

CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.User_ChangeObjectOwnerBatch
@OldOwner as NVARCHAR(128),
@NewOwner as NVARCHAR(128)
AS

DECLARE @Name as NVARCHAR(128)
DECLARE @Owner as NVARCHAR(128)
DECLARE @OwnerName as NVARCHAR(128)

DECLARE curObject CURSOR FOR
select 'Name' = name,
'Owner' = user_name(uid)
from sysobjects
where user_name(uid)=@OldOwner
order by name

OPEN curObject
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner
WHILE(@@FETCH_STATUS=0)
BEGIN
if @Owner=@OldOwner
begin
set @OwnerName = @OldOwner + '.' + rtrim(@Name)
exec sp_changeobjectowner @OwnerName, @NewOwner
end
-- select @name,@NewOwner,@OldOwner

FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner
END

close curObject
deallocate curObject
GO


10、SQL SERVER中直接循環寫入數據
declare @i int
set @i=1
while @i<30
begin
insert into test (userid) values(@i)
set @i=@i+1
end

小記存儲過程中經常用到的本週,本月,本年函數
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1)
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6)

Dateadd(mm,datediff(mm,0,getdate()),0)
Dateadd(ms,-3,dateadd(mm,datediff(m,0,getdate())+1,0))

Dateadd(yy,datediff(yy,0,getdate()),0)
Dateadd(ms,-3,DATEADD(yy, DATEDIFF(yy,0,getdate())+1, 0))

上面的SQL代碼只是一個時間段
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1)
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6)
就是表示本週時間段.
下面的SQL的條件部分,就是查詢時間段在本週範圍內的:
Where Time BETWEEN Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) AND Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6)
而在存儲過程中
select @begintime = Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1)
select @endtime = Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6)
 
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