談談持續集成、持續交付和持續部署三者究竟是什麼，有何聯繫和區別呢！

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"前言：經常會聽到持續集成，持續交付，持續部署，三者究竟是什麼，有何聯繫和區別呢？","attrs":{}}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/35/35383477542e8050b1e723dda1342a60.png","alt":"在這裏插入圖片描述","title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"假如把開發工作流程分爲以下幾個階段：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"編碼 -> 構建 -> 集成 -> 測試 -> 交付 -> 部署","attrs":{}}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"正如你在上圖中看到，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"持續集成（Continuous Integration）","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"、**持續交付（Continuous Delivery）","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"和","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"持續部署（Continuous Deployment）**有着不同的軟件自動化交付週期。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"一、持續集成","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"持續集成是指軟件個人研發的部分向軟件整體部分交付，頻繁進行集成以便更快地發現其中的錯誤。“持續集成”源自於極限編程（XP），是 XP 最初的 12 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需要具備這些：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"全面的自動化測試。這是實踐持續集成&持續部署的基礎，同時，選擇合適的自動化測試工具也極其重要；","attrs":{}}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"靈活的基礎設施。容器，虛擬機的存在讓開發人員和 QA 人員不必再大費周折；","attrs":{}}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"版本控制工具。如 Git，CVS，SVN 等；","attrs":{}}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"自動化的構建和軟件發佈流程的工具，如 Jenkins，flow.ci；","attrs":{}}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"反饋機制。如構建/測試的失敗，可以快速地反饋到相關負責人，以儘快解決達到一個更穩定的版本。","attrs":{}}]}],"attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"(2)持續集成的優點","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“快速失敗”，在對產品沒有風險的情況下進行測試，並快速響應；","attrs":{}}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"最大限度地減少風險，降低修復錯誤代碼的成本；","attrs":{}}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"將重複性的手工流程自動化，讓工程師更加專注於代碼；","attrs":{}}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"保持頻繁部署，快速生成可部署的軟件；","attrs":{}}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"提高項目的能見度，方便團隊成員瞭解項目的進度和成熟度；","attrs":{}}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"增強開發人員對軟件產品的信心，幫助建立更好的工程師文化。","attrs":{}}]}],"attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"(3)持續集成，該從何入手","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"最重要的一環是選擇合適的持續集成系統。是搭建私有部署還是選擇託管型持續集成系統，關鍵在於團隊運行的基礎設施，團隊對持續集成系統的資源投入力度。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"對比一下私有部署和託管型持續集成系統，或許能幫助你更好地做出選擇。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Self 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CI，也就是託管型持續集成系統。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"另外，在選擇合適的持續集成服務時，還需要考量系統的靈活度以適應公司不同階段的開發測試需求。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"選擇持續集成系統只是持續集成應用的其中一步，還需要建立合適的持續集成文化比如代碼質量管控、測試文化等。做好持續集成，可爲持續交付與持續部署打好堅實基礎。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"二、持續交付","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"持續交付在持續集成的基礎上，將集成後的代碼部署到更貼近真實運行環境的「類生產環境」（production-like 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環境中進行更多的自動化測試。如果代碼沒有問題，可以繼續手動部署到生產環境中。當然，持續交付並不是指軟件每一個改動都要儘快部署到產品環境中，它指的是任何的代碼修改都可以在任何時候實施部署。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"(1)持續交付的好處","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"持續交付和持續集成的優點非常相似：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"快速發佈。能夠應對業務需求，並更快地實現軟件價值。","attrs":{}}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"編碼->測試->上線->交付的頻繁迭代週期縮短，同時獲得迅速反饋；","attrs":{}}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"高質量的軟件發佈標準。整個交付過程標準化、可重複、可靠，整個交付過程進度可視化，方便團隊人員瞭解項目成熟度；","attrs":{}}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"更先進的團隊協作方式。從需求分析、產品的用戶體驗到交互 設計、開發、測試、運維等角色密切協作，相比於傳統的瀑布式軟件團隊，更少浪費。","attrs":{}}]}],"attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"三、持續部署","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"持續部署是指當交付的代碼通過評審之後，自動部署到生產環境中。持續部署是持續交付的最高階段。這意味着，所有通過了一系列的自動化測試的改動都將自動部署到生產環境。它也可以被稱爲“Continuous 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QA 環境、各種自動化測試運行環境、生產環境等。這些環境的搭建、配置、管理，產品在不同環 境中的具體部署，狀況是比較非常複雜的，從頭到尾地全自動持續部署的確困難。那麼，如果能做到持續交付，保證代碼在模擬環境沒問題，也許團隊成員做到真正的心理有數。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"(2)持續部署的優點","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"持續部署主要好處是，可以相對獨立地部署新的功能，並能快速地收集真實用戶的反饋。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“You build it, you run it”，這是 Amazon 一年可以完成 5000 萬次部署，平均每個工程師每天部署超過 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