甄子的2020年终技术回顾

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"一篇文章很难回顾所有技术发展的变化,本文以个人关注点为主,试图进行一个憋足的总结。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"不才一直秉持行业发展是技术的第一驱动力,行业视角可以良好的穿透技术发展的现象触及本质。过去一年里,在疫情、国际冲突、数字时代发展的共同推动下,技术也在发生着巨大的变化。接下来,分享一下在行业视角下审视这些变化如何影响我们、如何应对的一些思考。"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"疫情之下"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"封城之殇"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"封国、封城是自从黑死病和瘟疫大流行开始,人类用血肉换取的宝贵抗疫经验。随着社会科技发展,这些抗疫手段在原则不变的情况下,融入了更多技术去应对其副作用。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"数字抗疫"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/53\/53cf25ba31e0e2136696304c7452f20c.png","alt":null,"title":"image.png","style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.covidcreds.com","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"COVID-19 健康凭证"}]},{"type":"text","text":"、支付宝健康码、公共交通管控、城市大脑和人员行动轨迹管控……共同构成了传播源管控系统。始于中国推广全球的移动APP管控经验,良好的完成了其使命。但是,社会公权力的担忧和隐私侵犯现象层出不穷,也构成普罗大众对利维坦的恐惧。在疫情面前没有赢家,欧洲选择自由而牺牲生命,集权国家选择生命而部分出让自由,只是选择不同而已,都要付出相应的代价:no free lunch!对于技术人员,手持技术道德的达摩克里斯之剑时,需要更多的担当和自省。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"远程办公"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/49\/49e098abeb250c3ef6170ae5db4d04ba.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"为了最大程度减小疫情对经济的影响,远程办公 Thinclient 神隐多年后,Zoom 代表的新一代远程办公系统崛起。疫情只是一个催化剂,带宽发展、网络压缩传输技术成熟、机器学习的超分辨率技术加持的大规模并行计算能力……等,共同缔造了远程办公的可能性。但是,同时也要看到远程办公并不是员工和雇主的博弈,而是工作模式、生产关系的升级。围绕着博弈诞生的 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/JKdUgA8HRCcmXM7zwc38","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"3D 虚拟形象自动化参会"}]},{"type":"text","text":",终将消亡。而围绕着远程协同办公的核心“办公”,将诞生更多新技术,背景替换只是冰山一角,类似微软 HoloLens 的远程辅助、远程医疗……等专业领域的成功经验,将是驱动远程办公发展的重要动力。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"生活电商"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"作为疫情经历者,封城禁足带来的第一个问题就是:吃穿住用行怎么解决?疫情初期口罩哄抢,买不到口罩让出行买菜成了第一个问题。从超市哄抢到本地生鲜的哄抢,买不到菜成了第二个问题。长期禁足在家,买不到 Switch 健生环大冒险,成了娱乐消遣的第三个问题。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"社区志愿者、网格化管理和电商,成为了解决生活问题的核心手段。必须承认,在突如其来的疫情面前,没有人准备充分,有些问题、有些弊端是正常的,但是,当这些弊端和问题发生在我们自己身上呢?在后疫情的时代,需要反思作为一个技术人,我们改变了什么?改善了什么?"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"就像在软件工程里思考异常情况和边界值一样,在供给技术方案的时候也要考虑社会的异常情况和边界值,借此避免在社会发生问题的时候手忙脚乱。如果投入和价值被挑战,作为一个技术人,至少应该把灵活性和扩展性提前设计好、预留好。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"远程教育"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/93\/93b3bdae0c3f13c56b9a89f850e4ae67.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"工作和生活之余,孩子的教育怎么办?教育的场景要大于工作场景,因为"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/p1-tt.byteimg.com\/origin\/pgc-image\/61c82d05e61c40d9accf688e8798c462?from=pc","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"寓教于乐、蒙氏教育"}]},{"type":"text","text":"……已经成为了家长追求教育质量的主流要求。技术如何提供交互能力?技术如何提供良好的体验?技术如何让孩子能够身临其境? AR\/VR\/MR 带来了很多可能性和想象空间。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"HTTP3\/QUIC"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/93\/933a97e0eada5cb352de8c599634be9c.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"传输效率是首先要关注的,因为孩子更加缺乏耐心,如何用 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MjM5MDE0Mjc4MA==&mid=2651053628&idx=4&sn=d5bc0dd06de48dfba0d79d794c8a3b00&chksm=bdbe266f8ac9af79ff5881488cfdac8fd5a1ec0c3c332c4624dff3ff5d71e4854a95beb93575&scene=27#wechat_redirect","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"HTTP3\/QUIC"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 来解决 TCP\/IP 头部阻塞问题,如何更快的让孩子看到画面,如何分布加载引导孩子等待的同时有部分交互性或展示能力?可以良好的解决孩子耐心的问题。可以参考:"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MzIzNjUxMzk2NQ==&mid=2247501925&idx=1&sn=5bec81739040f0c6bf844e2ab877048c&chksm=e8d437a7dfa3beb19cccca6dddaa7a9ed6d2395576702b52c21cdc3100f29617c215d99b4fca&scene=27#wechat_redirect","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Facebook部署QUIC的实践"}]},{"type":"text","text":"。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"动作捕捉"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/16\/16744b11de65b847f96b60db1ce46f04.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/developer.apple.com\/videos\/play\/wwdc2019\/607","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"ARKit "}]},{"type":"text","text":"上不仅可以进行 3D 空间的测量、表面侦测、放置虚拟元素等,还加入了"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/developer.apple.com\/documentation\/arkit\/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"动作捕捉能力"}]},{"type":"text","text":"。动作捕捉可以让孩子可以更加身临其境,和数字世界进行更真实的交互。尤其是硬件设备的升级,能够更好的完成这件事情:神经网络运算加速芯片、雷达、多摄像头下机器视觉……。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"音视频压缩"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/ed\/ed04cd903e88fa2a7434479bfceac65a.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"无论远程办公还是远程教育,就像传统视频网站一样,带宽是一个绕不过的话题。以往的压缩技术是根据信息论,通过算法对缺失信息进行还原(丢包等问题)。如今,有"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/vyQ4wJM2TRJ3LCaEgboG","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"超分辨率技术"}]},{"type":"text","text":"加持,可以很好的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/hzwer\/arXiv2020-RIFE","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"解决带宽的问题"}]},{"type":"text","text":"。解题思路和以往编程领域一致,“时间换空间”和“空间换时间”,在需要空间的场景如数据传输,就用“时间换空间”计算代替存储,在需要时间的场景如缓存,就用“空间换时间”存储代替计算。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"云计算"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/27\/27d359cb0f575c60c06940709508f9ac.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"疫情阻断了人提供服务的路径,“上门服务”逐步编程“上云服务”,软件的云化 SaaS 出现了一波新行情,不少人投入到 2B 的领域进行创新创业。在构建 SaaS 的过程中,WebServices 再次借助"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/oam-dev\/spec","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" OAM(Open Application Model)"}]},{"type":"text","text":"从幕后走到台前。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/b9\/b9d5fcee759a48fab1644c1f23e9e3f8.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"应用程序有限、应用和平台能力的关注点分离、被 Go 证明的开箱即用是第一推广力,几乎构成了 OAM 的主要特色。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/0e\/0e446964225dfbf714dc4b7e55f3c2a6.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"编程对象也从以往的对象存储、数据服务、消息服务……等,扩展到 IoT 和边缘计算,云原生和云基础设施将进一步从 DevOps 向 NoOps 挺进。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"国际冲突"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"同一个故事有两个不同的版本:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"1、由于投入了大量的研发成本、人才培养、技术学科建设……,所以,要大力保护知识产权,必须保证利润来促进资本投入新技术研究;"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2、由于历史原因发展不足,长期受到高利润盘剥,所以,要大力发展自身技术,必须保证大家能够享受到技术发展带来的红利,促成技术普惠。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"两个版本都没有错,只是缺少了一个毫无偏颇的第三者仲裁,否则,公说公有理婆说婆有理永无休止。但是,一个无法忽略的事实是:资本家永远拿着新技术投入作为要挟,挥舞着知识产权保护的大棒,捶打着不争气的技术人。因此,君子以自强不息,如何应对是一个问题。"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"芯片技术封锁"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"众所周知,芯片是近现代工业产业飞速发展的基石,万物互联已经在日常生活的家电、手机、耳机……等,渗透的愈加深入和全面。然而,芯片技术从EDA、光刻、封装到测试,原材料的晶圆……构成了一个庞大复杂且分工明晰的产业。无论媒体如何肯定我们的研究成果,10~15年内所谓“赶英超美”的梦想大概率只是个梦想。太多的基础学科需要去攻克,太多的材料学、技术工艺需要去创新和发明。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"然而,随着人工智能应用的普及,通用芯片逐步分化为专用芯片:NPU、DSP、CPLD、FPGA、Intel DPDK……都在特定领域替代了通用计算芯片,从本质上改变了软件开发这件事。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/9f\/9fdd131f28a9f2602000bcd26c239189.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"“人机协同的编程方式”"},{"type":"text","text":"造就了一个契机:"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"在专用芯片上开发软件,打开通用计算芯片封锁的通路"},{"type":"text","text":"。人机协同的编程方式,这个概念源自于对"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.imgcook.com\/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"前端智能化"}]},{"type":"text","text":"的深入思考。整个前端的职责范围,随着 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