私有云、公共雲與混合雲：到底該選擇哪一個？

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"目前，大多數企業的 IT 部門都是在複雜得令人眼花繚亂的 IT 架構中跨多個環境管理應用程序。他們還必須不斷地重新評估其內部、私有云和公共雲基礎設施的獨特組合，以滿足新的業務目標，並確定如何以一種經濟有效的方式將應用程序遷移到公共雲。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"平臺的轉換可不是件小事。爲了遷移到雲計算，需要評估不同時間、不同語言和不同團隊創建的幾十個甚至數百個應用程序。它要求深入瞭解現有的 IT 基礎設施，以及能夠替代這些功能的公共雲資源。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"歸根結底，企業必須爲每一種應用確定託管解決方案：內部部署、私有云、公共雲或者混合雲。接下來，我們概述了一些基本的注意事項，並對雲進行比較，以及如何整合和管理這些複雜部署的最佳實踐。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"公共雲"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"到目前爲止，大多數組織都瞭解像 AWS 這樣的 IaaS 提供商的成本優勢，因爲AWS可以大大降低企業的前期成本、IT 勞動力的持續成本和潛在的稅收負擔。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"而AWS等雲計算技術的優點同樣吸引人：可擴展性、自動部署以及更高的可靠性等。而且，幾乎沒有技術限制阻止組織將其基礎設施遷移到 AWS；幾乎在私有云或數據中心支持的所有功能都可以在 AWS 中複製。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"以下應用層尤其適合公共雲："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"長期存儲"},{"type":"text","text":"，包括磁帶存儲，這在 AWS（Glacier 和 Storage Gateway 的虛擬磁帶庫）的解決方案中，顯然具有更高的性價比。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"任何形式的數據存儲"},{"type":"text","text":"，尤其是當你目前託管的物理介質經常出現故障或需要更換時（S3 是一種可無限擴展的低成本存儲資源）。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"應用程序的 Web 層具有突發性"},{"type":"text","text":"，或具有很強的季節性（EC2、Auto Scaling、ELB）。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"關鍵任務或延遲不可容忍的應用程序的 web 層"},{"type":"text","text":"（自定義自動縮放組和使用 Puppet 腳本的自動部署）。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"任何需求不確定的新應用"},{"type":"text","text":"，特別是微型網站或其他用於營銷和廣告活動的交互式屬性。測試環境，由於在負載測試中啓動實例要容易得多。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"然後，企業必須決定是否要自己管理公共雲基礎設施，還是將其外包給託管雲服務。託管雲服務可以維護整個雲基礎設施（Web 服務器、應用服務器、負載均衡、自定義故障轉移腳本），有些還可以與企業內部或私有云解決方案集成，以提供單一監控界面。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"值得注意的是，合規性要求不再需要私有云解決方案而不是公共雲解決方案。AWS 一直在雲合規方面處於領先地位，儘管質疑聲揮之不去，但最大最複雜的醫療保健和金融機構採用 AWS 雲，表明了 AWS 確保雲合規和安全的程度 Impressico Business Solutions 也使用了公共雲，我們的一些移動解決方案的後端運行在這樣的公共雲上。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"私有云"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"儘管公共雲有許多優點，但是企業很少在公共雲中 100% 部署它的應用。在邏輯上，從企業內部環境到私有云的遷移通常比從企業內部到公共雲的遷移要簡單得多。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"私有云環境可以配置爲支持任何應用程序，就像你的數據中心目前託管它一樣。私有云是一種非常吸引人的選擇，因爲傳統應用程序中的某些功能會妨礙某些應用程序在公共雲中正常運行。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"以下是你的應用程序很適合在私有云中維護的一些指標："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"你正在使用 Oracle RAC（共享存儲），並需要專用的基礎架構以符合要求。AWS 中的共享存儲 RDS 不符合 HIPAA 標準。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"你需要對文件系統進行高性能的訪問，例如在創建或製作大型視頻文件的媒體公司。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"應用程序編寫得很差，而且不經常使用，因此不值得遷移到公共雲上。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"該應用具有非常可預測的使用模式和低存儲成本。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"一個應用不穩定，流量很大，但目前的 IT 人員對該應用不熟悉。這可能反而是一個在雲端進行部分重寫的情況。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在節約成本的時間範圍內，負責維護應用程序的工程團隊沒有能力進行應用程序遷移。這樣的話，就有必要引入一個管理雲服務供應商。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"可以通過虛擬化層，如 VMware 在企業內部數據中心實現私有云解決方案。雖然很多中型和大型企業都讓託管的私有云服務供應商來維護服務器、存儲、網絡和應用基礎設施。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"內部服務器"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"儘管基於雲的基礎設施有很多優點，但是一些應用程序從遷移到雲上幾乎沒有任何成本效益。這通常發生在你在內部基礎架構上投入了大量資金時，比如專門配置了高性能數據庫來支持該應用程序。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這裏有幾種情況，預置基礎架構可能最適合你的應用程序："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"雲存儲和計算資源所節省的成本並不能抵得上內部解決方案的大量資本。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"你的應用程序已經從定製的基礎設施中看到了高性能和高可用性。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"你會生成大型多媒體文件，內部員工需要低延遲訪問這些文件以進行編輯。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"一個高容量、時間敏感和機密的電子郵件平臺。例如，一些證券公司每個交易日都會提前發送大量的電子郵件。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"符合這些要求的應用程序通常不適合雲計算。一般來說，在基礎設施的價值下降之前，保持基礎設施在財務上是比較明智的做法。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"混合雲"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"正如上面所提到的，企業架構往往非常複雜，所以最好的解決方案是混合雲解決方案——公共、私有或內部基礎設施支持單個應用。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"混合架構特別適合那些想要探索公共雲的靈活性和可擴展性的大型組織。審計並不總能揭示公共雲中應用程序的性能，所以企業選擇在公共雲中測試單個層，同時維護私有云中的關鍵基礎設施或專用基礎設施。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如果機構在敏感數據公共雲的安全問題上猶豫不決（不管這種猶豫是否合理），混合系統也是一個不錯的解決方案。坦率地說，說服內部高管或 IT 團隊試驗雲解決方案往往比全盤採用更容易。將高級 IT人員和傳統的應用程序保留在傳統的基礎設施上，同時在雲中開發新的業務，這是一個經濟有效的解決方案，同時還可以管理機構風險。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"最後，關於混合環境需要了解的一件重要事情是，混合環境只有與將它們結合起來的集成一樣強大。性能監控、定期測試和數據進出程序將揭示未來的困難區域，以及什麼時候和如何進一步開發信號。協調基礎設施的團隊總是比你選擇的具體雲解決方案類型更重要。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"作者介紹："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Manpreet Singh，經驗豐富的搜索引擎優化主管，具有在信息技術和服務行業工作的經驗。熟練使用 SQL、Node.js、AngularJS、HTML 和 MySQL。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"原文鏈接："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/dzone.com\/articles\/private-vs-public-vs-hybrid-cloud-which-one-to-cho"}]}]}