Rust不适合开发Web API

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Rust是一门神奇的编程语言，有非常好的CLI工具，比如"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/BurntSushi\/ripgrep","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"ripgrep"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"和"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/ogham\/exa","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"exa"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"。像Cloudflare这样的公司正在使用并"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/blog.cloudflare.com\/tag\/rust\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"鼓励人们写Rust"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"来运行微服务。Rust编写的软件可能比C++或C更安全、更小、更简洁。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"如果我正在编写一个地理编码器、一个路由引擎、一个实时消息平台、一个数据库或一个CLI工具，Rust最合适。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"但去年，我试图用Rust写一个传统网站的纯API服务，Rust就不合适了。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"缺失很多小功能"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Rust有大量的Web服务框架、数据库连接器和解析器。但搭建身份验证服务方面只有非常低层次的组件。Node.js有"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"http:\/\/www.passportjs.org","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"passport.js"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"，Rails有"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/heartcombo\/devise","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"devise"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"，Django有"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/developer.mozilla.org\/zh-CN\/docs\/Learn\/Server-side\/Django\/Authentication","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"开箱即用的身份验证模型"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"，在Rust中，你需要学习如何将共享Vec转换到底层加密库才能构建这个系统（"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#a5a5a5","name":"user"}}],"text":"译者注，Vec是一个动态数组，只会自动增长而不会自动收缩。区别于Array，Vec具有动态的添加和删除元素的能力，并且能够以O(1)的效率进行随机访问。Vec的所有内容项都是生成在堆空间上的，可以轻易的将Vec移出一个栈而不用担心内存拷贝影响执行效率，毕竟只是拷贝栈上的指针"},{"type":"text","text":"）。有些库试图解决这个问题，比如"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/breard-r\/libreauth","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"libreauth"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，但它才刚刚开始开发。还有很多类似的Web框架问题。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"SDK呢？在主流编程语言中，你可以通过一个官方库来接入Google云服务、AWS或Stripe。这些官方库大都很棒。例如，"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/sdk-for-javascript","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"aws-sdk-js"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"和"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/stripe.com\/docs\/libraries","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Stripe"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"库的设计和维护得非常好。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs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Nethercote"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"的博客，描述了Rust团队如何优化编译器，让它更快！"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"但与其它编程语言相比，用它构建网站会很慢。它比编译型编程语言Go慢得多，也比解释型编程语言JavaScript、Ruby和Python等慢得多。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"一旦代码被编译，一切就变得非常棒了！但在我的情况下，甚至基本API功能都不完整，一个不复杂的系统——居然花了10多分钟来编译。"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/cloud.google.com\/cloud-build","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Google代码构建"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"的硬件配置很差，每次都会超时，我啥都编译不了。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"只要不重建缓存依赖项，缓存就有意义。也许"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/blog.kodewerx.org\/2020\/06\/the-rust-compiler-isnt-slow-we-are.html","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"减少依赖"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"会加快Rust项目编译。但就像"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/serde.rs\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"serde"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"，几乎所有人都使用的JSON和其它序列化\/反序列化程序占用了大量的编译时间。我们是否应该用编译速度更快但缺乏大量文档和生态系统支持的东西来取代serde？这种取舍非常糟糕。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust很复杂"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Rust让你从代码维度进行思考，这对系统编程来说非常重要。它让你思考如何共享或复制内存，思考真实但不太可能的小概率事件，并确保妥善处理它们，帮你编写各种各样的高效代码。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"这些担忧都是合理的，但是对于大多数Web应用程序来说，它们并不是最重要的关注点，以流行的惯性思考会导致不正确的假设。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"就拿Rust的安全性来说吧。这是它宣传语中的重要部分，这是绝对正确的：Rust的承诺安全和底层两者兼而有之——它可以在没有垃圾收集器的情况下工作，同时防止基于内存的漏洞。当你读到“安全”的时候，想想Rust的竞争对手C吧。C语言中的代码可以引用任意内存，很容易溢出和出错。Rust代码可以和C代码一样快，但是可以保护内存访问，而不需要垃圾收集器或某种运行时检查。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"但是Rust的内存规则并不比Node.js或Python更安全，用Rust编写的Web应用程序在系统上不会比Python或Ruby应用程序安全。带有垃圾收集器的高级编程语言通常为避免这类漏洞利用和错误而付出性能损失。不能在JavaScript中引用未初始化的内存，因为JavaScript中不进行内存间的引用。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"旁注：这是在描述Node.js和其它系统的设计目标——它们确实偶尔会有bug。Node.js的缓存对象，就值得读一读。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":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API。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"注意事项1：一般情况下，你可以用任何编程语言搭建网站，还记得基于"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/OkCupid\/okws","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"C++实现"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/OkCupid\/okws","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"的"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/OkCupid\/okws","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"OkCupid"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"吗？（译者注，"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#a5a5a5","name":"user"}}],"text":"OkCupid是美国一个大型线上交友网站"},{"type":"text","text":"）还有一个非常流行的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.costarastrology.com","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"星象应用程序，Co-star"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，它全部是用Haskell编写的。如果你擅长其它编程语言，或者可以招聘到擅长这些编程语言的工程师，你一样可以取得成功。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"注意事项2：我试图构建的是重"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Create,_read,_update_and_delete","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"CRUD（增删改查）"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"的Web应用程序API。它可能不算是一个Web“服务”——主要是快速、无数次地执行同一个操作，而是一个Web“应用程序”——执行了许多不同的操作，包含了相当多的业务逻辑。如果你要开发的东西跟我在做的不一样，那我的建议可能就不适合你。如果你需要的是快速执行一两个操作，比如你正在写一个支付网关或语音消息应用程序，那Rust可能效果还是不错的。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"注意事项3：这篇文章写于2021年1月，如果接下来社区继续发展，Rust将得到持续的改进，会变得更好并更易于Web应用程序开发。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"总而言之，我真的很喜欢使用Rust，这是一门美丽的编程语言，有很多很酷的想法。希望很快，Rust会成为能用来构建我想做的东西的最合适的工具。不过，现在我想做的很多东西都要采用不同特性的编程语言才能更好地运行。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"英文原文链接："},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/macwright.com\/2021\/01\/15\/rust.html","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/macwright.com\/2021\/01\/15\/rust.html"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]}]}]}