Mesos已死，容器永生

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“回顾过去，我认为Mesos的失败是种必然。”"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"4月7日，Apache宣布开始投票进程，准备将曾火极一时的Mesos项目移至"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apache_Attic","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Attic"}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"下，保存为“只读”状态。"},{"type":"text","text":"Attic是Apache软件基金会为已终止项目提供的一种解决方案"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"，"},{"type":"text","text":"此举意味着 Mesos 正式进入项目“退休”阶段"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/4b\/4b7e3088ba55bdea1b20fdc91af9a179.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Mesos 诞生于 2009 年，最初是伯克利大学的一个研究项目。它曾为分布式资源管理做出过一系列前沿贡献，据 Mesosphere\/D2IQ 联合创始人回忆，“我们提出的Mesos是一套可跨越多个不同集群计算框架（类似于Hadoop与MPI）实现商用集群共享的平台。”它的诞生甚至比YARN还早了几年，并于2010年很快被应用到Twitter，成为Twitter自定义PaaS的实现基础，管理着Twitter 超过30,0000 台服务器上的应用部署。随后其他公司纷至沓来，比如Airbnb、eBay和Netflix等等，Mesos也因此火极一时。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"但很遗憾的是，现在已经到了它退役的时候。不过短短数年，我们再次见证了一个知名技术项目的兴起和衰落。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"响应时代的召唤"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Mesos项目起源于Google的数据中心资源管理系统 Borg，目的是弄清楚是否必须重建Google的超大规模计算专有架构。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/d2\/d228719b311e9dce3efef6596fa81f1c.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"同时，作为世界上最成功的社交媒体巨头之一，创立于2006年的Twitter 也以其庞大的生产集群规模（万级别节点）而备受关注。Twitter每天需要管理几亿条推文，急需开发一个类似的资源管理系统来帮助他们摆脱可怕的“失败之鲸”（如上图所示）。后来他们注意到加州大学伯克利分校AMPLab 正在开发的名为Mesos 的项目，这个项目的负责人是Ben Hindman，Ben 是加州大学伯克利分校的博士研究生。后来Ben Hindman 加入了Twitter，负责开发和部署Mesos。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Mesos的两级调度架构很好的解决了Twitter面临的可伸缩性和性能上的挑战，“失败之鲸”逐渐成为往事。Twitter的这个PaaS平台解决方案，后来以Apache Aurora的名号转为开源。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/28\/28a2e3c28ac7c98fac8a316ef16f9a7b.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"在海量数据的挑战下，Twitter 基础设施架构的演进过程，一直以来都是全世界技术公司眼中的标杆案例。在2010年之后，大量企业跟进了Mesos，包括Uber、Airbnb、eBay、Netflix，以及国内的携程、去哪儿等一众企业。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"可能是计算机历史上最短的技术战争"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Mesos的创造者Ben Hindman等于2013年建立了名叫Mesosphere的初创公司，旨在打造一套生产级商业化Mesos平台。最终成果是一套名为DC\/OS（数据中心操作系统）的管理平台，号称将成为集群服务器的主控系统。他们还打造了Marathon，这款工作负载编排平台明显是将Kubernetes设定成了竞争对手。Mesosphere的目标是将数据中心改造成具有凝聚力的计算复合体，并在中心内部提供一套新型运营环境。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"但谁也没想到，几年后Docker成为了改变游戏规则的人。在2015年的短短几个月里，Docker公司凭借一款非凡的新型工具彻底颠覆了服务器工作负载自动化市场。从那时起，数据中心基础设施不再单纯侧重于服务器，而是以工作负载为中心——强调负载的可移植性、灵活性与安全完整性。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"2015年6月22日，作为回馈开源社区热情支持的一份谢礼，Docker将基于Linux的软件容器包装格式捐赠给Linux基金会，并正式定名为开放容器倡议（OCI）。但就在同一周，谷歌闪电出手，将Kubernetes项目的管理权移交给了另一个Linux基金会项目：云原生计算基金会（CNCF）。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"之后，Docker公司当初想培养的这片市场就已经被很多人称为“Kubernetes生态系统”。在当时的工作流编排领域，主要有三家竞争参与者：Kubernetes，也源自谷歌内部原名为“Borg”的项目；Docker Swarm，已经开始与商业Docker Enterprise产品共同交付的集群管理器；Apache Mesos，用于“非镜像工作负载”（包括Hadoop与Spark大数据系统等）的服务器集群调度与管理方案。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"起初，Mesos代理负责在各组件之间分配工作负载。但不久之后，Kubernetes也在这一领域有所建树。Mesosphere的一部分技术人员认为这两款编排工具完全可以并行存在，也有人觉得可以把Kubernetes环境作为Mesos模板的工作场景。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"但想象总是美好的。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"面对Kubernetes无可匹敌的市场优势地位，仅仅两年，Kuberneters就胜局已定。经历了计算发展史上最“高效”的对抗之后，Docker与Mesosphere也只能认怂、转而寻求新的发展方向。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Mesosphere于2019年8月正式更名为D2IQ（内部员工将其称为「Day 2-IQ」），推进品牌重塑。他们继续开发所谓“Mesosphere DC\/OS”产品。但Mesosphere 所提供的诸如 Marathon 等上层解决方案在其产品线路的位置已经被Ksphere取代。Ksphere是一款用于管理及分配容器化工作负载的组件，其中也包括仍然沿用原名的Mesphere Kubernetes Engine（MKE）。Mesosphere于2020年10月停止支持Mesos \/ Marathon。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"“Mesos的失败是种必然”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"如果真的存在技术“生态系统”，那么这座代表生态的高山从来就容不下二虎。超市的商品陈列可以兼容不同品牌，但跟这种商品不同的是，计算机技术领域就没有哪两种产品能够长期保持双头垄断地位。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"技术专家张磊在"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/interpretation-of-2016-container","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2016年容器技术年终盘点"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"文章里总结道："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“社区”两个字，竟成了 Mesos 生态的命门。在 Docker 公司煞费苦心在社区争取每一个用户和粉丝、Google 公司放下身段把 Github 作为一线阵地，用 Kubernetes 全力输出技术理念的时候，一旦错失了先机，哪怕有一身本事如 Mesos 项目，也只能望用户而心叹。这正是目前 Mesos 生态系统在容器圈子表现的不够强势的重要原因。当然，既然实力强劲，Mesos 生态在工业界中的案例还是数不甚数，除了 Marathon 框架，Mesosphere 公司重点维护的 DC\/OS 项目其实能够提供并不逊于 Kubernetes 的各项容器编排和管理能力，不可谓不强大。但是社区表现不力，使得 Mesos 生态错失了成为容器圈的“buzz word”（热词）的机会。"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"2019年，曾作为Mesos“代言人”的Twitter华丽丽的宣布其基础设施将从 Mesos 全面转向 Kubernetes：“我们认为，使用 Kubernetes 项目作为 Twitter 公司基础设施向前演进的核心依赖，将会是一个正确的选择”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"昨天，Apache提交“将Mesos移至Attic”的进程之后，众多开发者对Mesos的开发时光予以了怀念。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"作为Mesos项目的PMC成员，"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/news.ycombinator.com\/threads?id=benjamin_mahler","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ben Hindman"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"在Hackernews上总结说："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"“回顾过去，我认为Mesos的失败是种必然，原因有以下几点："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Kubernetes拥有后发优势，承载着谷歌十多年来在构建此类系统方面积累起的丰富经验与知识。Mesos则源自技术研究，随后虽然得到了Twitter的实际应用，但负责项目的工程师们（包括我本人）并不具备构建集群管理系统的经验。我们在探索当中学到了很多，回头来看，如果能有第二次机会、我们肯定会认真调整设计思路。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Mesos这个项目做得有点‘小气’，导致社区变得支离破碎。为了正常使用，新用户们不得不付出大量重复劳动。很明显，大多数用户只想运行服务、作业与cron作业，但Mesos的设计思路并不是这样。大家必须得从一系列生态系统调度程序（包括Aurora、Marathon、Chronos以及Singularity等）中进行选择，或者自主构建某些内容。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Mesosphere是一家靠风险投资支持的初创企业，后来则由Twitter接手赞助项目发展。正因为如此，我们必须找到一种能够产生收益的商业模式，这就导致我们与用户乃至其他供应商之间产生了紧张关系、甚至是严重的不信任感。相反，谷歌\/k8s不要求任何直接产出，反而可以不断投入大量资金与丰富的人才资源，由此带来的技术成果单靠增强谷歌自己的云计算业务就足以值回票价。”"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"他总结道："},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"“即使没有出现k8s，Mesos也很可能被其他开箱即用类方案所压制。必须承认，Mesos很难像其他开源项目那样建立起供应商与贡献者团结一致的友好氛围"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"。随着时间推移，Mesos也许会朝着这个方向发展，但目前还看不到希望。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"曾担任Mesosphere架构师和技术总监的Yujie博士也跟帖表示："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"“Ben 说得很对。我也是Mesos项目的长期PMC与提交者之一。纵观整段历程，我吸取的教训之一，就是如果从初始设计论文来看，Mesos的两级式资源分配机制完全就是为运行批量工作负载（例如spark、mpi等）所设计。使用它来运行长期服务实际上是后来才做出的改变。我们最终发现，由于第二级调度程序缺少集群的完整视图且第一级调度程序没有足够的信息做出正确决策，我们需要对第一级调度算法进行大量调整才能确保公平性。而其中乐观型解决方案在本质上，其实就是对Kubernetes模型的复制。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Kubernetes成功的另一个原因，可能在于golang生态系统。在Mesos中，由于采用独特的线程模型，我们耗费了大量精力在C++中构建基础HTTP层。"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"如果能够重新选择，真希望能把这些时间花在开发点真实有用的功能上。"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"容器技术的快速发展，得益于开源软件社区的成功。如今，Mesos 社区已经逐渐淡去，但容器还依然处于技术世界的中心，正所谓“Mesos已死，容器永生”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"延伸阅读："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/interpretation-of-2016-container","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/interpretation-of-2016-container"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/672","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/672"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"*aX6aQ1FB0QT1RRAM"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/news.ycombinator.com\/item?id=26713082","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/news.ycombinator.com\/item?id=26713082"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]}]}]}