巨鯨內部：亞馬遜工程師眼中的亞馬遜

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"亞馬遜的使命是爲我們的生活構建基礎設施。作爲美國僅次於沃爾瑪的第二大私營僱主，"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"每10美元的網上消費就有4美元發生在亞馬遜"},{"type":"text","text":"。他們有一個龐大的物流中心配送網絡，並在進一步購買更多的地產。2020年9月，他們宣佈計劃在全國郊區再開設1500個配送中心。但零售只是他們衆多業務中的一項，對大部分美國人來說，不管是從家裏到學校，或者到辦公室，他們都不可避免地要通過一個“環”（Ring）——亞馬遜的“智能”家庭監控攝像頭。此外，亞馬遜網絡服務(AWS)控制着近一半的公共雲市場，並將資金投到其他更多的領域（從娛樂到廣告等）。我們採訪了AWS的一位網絡安全工程師，瞭解他是"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"如何看待這個龐然大物，以及在亞馬遜工作的感受是怎樣的"},{"type":"text","text":"。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"亞馬遜公司"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"問：亞馬遜是一個龐大而複雜的組織。作爲一個整體，我們應該如何看待它？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"答：亞馬遜是一家機會性主義的公司。它在認爲自己有競爭優勢的業務上進行投資。總的來說，亞馬遜認爲自己是一家科技公司，所以把技術放在第一位，不管賣的是什麼產品。我們相信，因爲我們有如此多的人才和資本，應該能夠利用我們的技術優勢來主導任何一個決定要進入的市場。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"問：亞馬遜的起源是怎樣的？爲什麼它是從一家在互聯網上賣書的公司開始的？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"答：在20世紀90年代中期，互聯網被視爲圖書館的替代品（圖書館2.0），所以很自然地，弄清楚如何在網上買書成了下一步要考慮的事情。不久之後，谷歌也推出了Google Books計劃，並投入了大量資源。亞馬遜的最終目標與Google Books差不多：將世界上所有書籍的信息數字化，並使其普遍可用，因爲這就是互聯網給我們的承諾。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"貝佐斯研究了歷史上的一些“偉人”，並把自己想象成亞歷山大大帝。亞馬遜園區裏甚至有一座叫做亞歷山大的建築，這也是亞馬遜早期的一個項目的名字，目的是把所有出版過的書都放到亞馬遜上賣。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但還有一個更實際的原因，書可以裝進盒子，運輸成本相對較低，而且在運輸過程中很容易保護，不容易損壞。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"問：從一開始，亞馬遜就有銷售實體商品。它的業務發展與谷歌或Facebook非常不同，後者通過在互聯網上追蹤用戶並利用這些信息推送廣告來賺錢。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"答：沒錯，亞馬遜不是一個廣告驅動的平臺。儘管它有一個從事在線廣告業務的子公司A9。A9並不是亞馬遜的搖錢樹，亞馬遜收入最高的業務是零售和AWS。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"問：爲什麼亞馬遜要進入雲計算市場？最初的動力是什麼？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"答：亞馬遜想要探索銷售網絡服務的可能性，因爲他們意識到，大多數公司在這方面做得不是很好。從一開始，初創公司就紛紛湧向AWS，因爲我們爲他們節省了大量時間和精力。在吸引了初創公司之後，AWS就很容易推廣到大型企業，也就是進入“企業”市場，因爲它們也很羨慕那些技術更成熟的初創公司。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這對我們來說是好事，因爲大公司更有利可圖，但它們也有更嚴格的安全要求。它們往往處於監管更嚴格的成熟行業，監管機構對它們如何保護數據這件事很重視。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"問：所以亞馬遜抓住了這個機會？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"答：很長一段時間以來，安全一直不是亞馬遜關注的焦點，因爲我們收集的數據——人們賣了什麼書——並不是那麼敏感，這不是大多數人所關心的信息。我們必須有一種保護信用卡信息的方法，才能使網上交易成爲可能，但我們把它外包了。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"AWS於2006年啓動後，安全性成爲了一個大問題。亞馬遜意識到它對大客戶來說有多重要。現如今，亞馬遜非常重視安全問題。我想你很難找到有哪個國家有像亞馬遜這樣複雜的安全措施。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"提高安全性的目的主要是讓你自己成爲一個難以被攻擊的目標。有個笑話說，你和朋友去徒步旅行，被熊襲擊了，你不需要比熊跑得快，只要比你最慢的朋友跑得快就行了。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"問：大公司一般都有自己的數據中心，要說服他們遷移到雲平臺是否很困難？如果他們什麼都自己做，他們可能會更有安全感。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"答：他們可能會這麼做，但最終他們數據中心的安全標準總是低於像AWS這樣的雲服務供應商提供的標準。雲供應商有很多租戶，所以具備了規模效應，這讓他們能擁有比自由數據中心更復雜的安全系統。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"此外，如果你是一家自有數據中心的公司，你要對自己的安全負百分之百的責任——基礎設施安全、傳輸安全、周邊安全，所有的一切。如果你轉向雲平臺，亞馬遜至少要承擔一部分責任。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"問：所以，當你在使用AWS時，你所支付的費用的一部分是給了安全性？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"答：是的，這是我們銷售的一部分。假設有一個潛在客戶來到AWS：“我喜歡現收現付的定價模式，多告訴我一些細節吧”。我們會說：“好吧，這是在容量高峯時使用的資源，這是我們爲你節省的費用”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"然後客戶會說：“我怎麼知道我在AWS上是安全的”？這個時候正是我們抓住客戶的好時機，我們會說：“好吧，讓我們看看你們現在在做什麼，看看我們能否提供同等水平的安全保障”。然後他們就會告訴我們他們數據中心的情況。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我們接着說：“天哪！原來我們的安全級別是五級，而你們的數據中心是三級。你們在自己的數據中心裏真的感覺舒坦嗎”？然後，客戶意識到，使用AWS可以爲他們省錢，他們的數據中心並不像自己想象的那麼安全。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"此外，我們讓遷移變得更容易。如果你有大量數據在自己的數據中心裏，你想把它遷移到AWS，但又不想通過網絡傳輸，我們會給你一輛裝滿硬盤的大卡車，插上數據中心的光纖電纜，裝滿數據後再開到我們這裏。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"問：什麼？你們是怎麼做到的？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"答：我們有一款產品叫Snowmobile（雪地摩托）。它們是燒油的卡車，我們沒有它們內部的照片，不過它們確實很酷，就像是帶輪子的模塊化數據中心。而且，客戶理所當然地認爲，如果他們把所有數據都裝到一輛卡車上，也希望這輛卡車是有安全保障的，所以裏面一直都有武裝守衛。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這款產品很容易賣出去。客戶看到這款產品，他們會說，我當然想用一輛大卡車和一個拿着槍的傢伙來幫忙移動數據，而不是自己去開發一些蹩腳的系統。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"問：這太酷了"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"答：AWS還出售一些特定的安全服務，比如Amazon Inspector。Amazon Inspector是一個可以審計AWS所有配置的工具，並提供關於如何更改這些配置的建議。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"當你連接到服務器時，就是連接到特定的端口上，還有其他一些端口可能會被不法分子嗅探，看看它們是否被打開，因爲服務器管理通常會用到這些端口。所以Amazon Inspector可能會告訴你：“我們掃描了你的服務器，檢測到這個端口是打開的，但你沒有使用它。你是否要關閉這個端口以防止不法分子的連接”？或者它可能會告訴你：“這兩臺服務器之間的通信格式很容易被竊聽。我們建議你至少使用X版本的連接軟件，以填補一些安全漏洞”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如果你是一位稱職的系統管理員，那麼你應該在配置系統時完成所有這些工作，但並不是每個系統管理員都做得到位。如果你只是一家保險公司的系統管理員，你會在乎什麼？你住在蘇福爾斯（美國南達科他州最大城市），爲什麼要關心雲安全呢？你住在一個小城鎮，你認識那裏的每一個人，而且永遠不會失業。很多總部位於偏遠地區的公司並沒有特別先進的IT團隊，所以他們會付錢給亞馬遜爲他們做安全方面的工作。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"問：你提到AWS的大客戶是成熟行業的大公司，這些行業往往受到更嚴格的監管。AWS如何幫助這類公司履行合規義務？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"答：某些機構和行業相比其他行業受到更多的監管。以醫療保健行業爲例，醫院和健康保險供應商受到健康保險可攜性和責任法案(HIPAA)的約束。關於如何存儲數據，可以存儲多長時間，以及需要什麼類型的許可，都有很多規定。實現完全符合HIPAA的系統可能非常困難，但AWS提供的產品在這方面起到了作用。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"歐洲的《通用數據保護條例》(GDPR)也是如此，它要求組織以特定的方式處理個人數據。其中有一項“被遺忘的權利”。所以，如果你是一家在歐洲做生意的公司，你就需要提供一種方式來滿足客戶刪除數據的要求。AWS可以生成這樣的一份報告：“數據已被刪除，我們不能再訪問它了”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"問：因此，合規可以爲AWS創造利潤豐厚的商業機會。隨着《加州消費者隱私法》(California Consumer Privacy Act)等新隱私法規的出臺，以及歐盟預計將出臺更多有關數據和人工智能的法規，這樣的機會可能還會更多。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"答：AWS基本上就是一臺賺錢機器。如今，零售佔亞馬遜總收入的70%左右，但AWS佔了公司營業利潤的70%。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"一些反壟斷人士之所關注亞馬遜，其中一個原因是亞馬遜在利用具有持久優勢的高利潤業務來補貼其他部門的虧損，以獲取市場份額。因爲沒有像AWS這樣的部門，沃爾瑪不得不將價格降至盈利水平以下，以保持競爭力，但他們也只能承受這麼長時間的損失。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"問：AWS補貼得特別厲害的是哪個部門？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"答：Prime Video就是其中之一。貝佐斯喜歡Prime Video，因爲這讓他可以打入洛杉磯和紐約的社交市場。他剛離婚，是世界上最富有的人。Prime Video對貝佐斯來說是一種損失。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"新冠疫情下的大挑戰"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"問：新冠疫情已經持續了好幾個月，你們的工作因此發生什麼變化了嗎？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"答：首先，很多會議被取消了。每個人都在說：“新冠疫情真的是一個大事件”！然後，我們撤出了辦公室。在公司工作的人和在運營中心工作的人存在分歧，這對白領們來說沒有問題，因爲我們可以在家工作，但我們需要一個巨大的內部動力來確保運營中心的安全。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"問：結果是什麼？我知道亞馬遜倉庫工人在疫情大流行期間圍繞安全問題採取了一系列集體行動。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"答：在疫情大流行開始時，管理部門請來了一些顧問和科學家來分析疫情是如何傳播的。我們有一週的時間來考慮我們要做什麼，然後有三週的時間來執行。我們現在有溫度讀數攝像機。如果你的體溫升高，就不能進入亞馬遜大廈。他們想出了儘可能減少人體觸摸的方法，實現了遠距離掃描門卡，以及使用條形碼代替近場通信讀取器。他們還制定了一套檢測方案。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"最初沒有辦法進行檢測，但因爲我們在行業裏的優勢，我們找到了一家供應商，我們與他們合作爲倉庫工人做檢測。我不知道這些檢測多久做一次，也不是要檢測所有的東西。很多倉庫工人都是年紀較大的人，他們不屬於傳統的勞動力大軍，也很難再回到原來的崗位，因爲他們不能或不想再回去，或者他們過去的崗位已經不存在了。他們中的很多人工作年限不夠長，無法獲得醫療保險。因此，如果你患了癌症，你可能會死於癌症，我們不會幫助你接受治療。但如果你感染了新冠病毒，我們想要知道。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"實際上，我不知道我們爲了應對新冠疫情所採取的措施是否使情況變得更糟，或者是否改善了倉庫的運作。在內部，人們會說：“我們可能比我們的競爭對手或他倉儲和物流公司更好”。但我不知道情況是否真的如此。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"問：在疫情大流行之初，亞馬遜還面臨其他挑戰，對吧——比如供應鏈？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"答：整個亞馬遜的供應鏈都受到了影響。洗手液很難弄到，硬紙板箱也很難弄到。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我們很幸運，因爲疫情的開始與中國新年正好重合，情況得到了一些緩解，因爲我們預計中國新年無論如何對我們的時間表都會有點影響。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"不過，總的來說，疫情大流行似乎更加突出了亞馬遜的優勢，並顯著降低了亞馬遜弱點的影響程度。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"問：怎麼會這樣？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"答：這場危機凸顯了大買家的優勢。規模越大，購買力就越強，對吧？如果你是一家工廠，你的客戶分佈是這樣的：你有一兩個大客戶佔到業務的80%，然後其他一大堆小客戶佔20%。因此，如果你的產量下降了30%或40%，你會說，“好吧，我要切斷所有的小供應商，只關注大的合作伙伴”。事情就是這樣，亞馬遜得到了供應商的優先配送，而小公司拿不到貨。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"問：所以，在疫情期間，電子商務總體上有了很大的增長？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"答：在零售業，每個人都在思考一個問題：沃爾瑪和塔吉特(Target)能否利用它們在當地的配送基礎設施比亞馬遜更快地將包裹送到人們的家門口？沃爾瑪和塔吉特唯一的優勢是他們的實體店。當商店關門時，它們可以變成配送中心。你可以在用戶家附近挑選貨物，然後給他們送過去。收購全食超市（Whole Foods）讓亞馬遜有機會接觸到這些1%人羣的80%，但美國仍然有大片地區是全食超市無法觸及的。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"有傳言說我們要收購郵局地產。郵政局私有化之所以有價值，是因爲他們持有房產。他們在美國每個城市的市中心都有很棒的房產。亞馬遜可能有興趣買下所有的郵局，而且也有足夠的現金，所以爲什麼不呢？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"前幾周，我們宣佈再次招聘10萬名員工。我們正在全面大舉擴張，包括兼職和全職，在企業、零售、配送、物流、設備和分銷以及我們涉足的所有領域。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"問：AWS呢？也同樣增長了嗎？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"答：我們的一些客戶的收入顯然在急劇下降。酒店行業和零售行業的一些大客戶獲得了大幅度折扣或大量的一次性賒購。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但總的來說，新冠疫情確實讓很多公司開始加速他們的雲遷移進程，因爲如果你自有數據中心，就必須實施一堆安全指南和限制。亞馬遜的運營規模如此之大，我們可以做得更好，更有效率。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"例如，安全技術行業的很多公司都受到了影響，因爲他們的安全設施突然有了准入規則，一次只能有一個人在裏面。但在安全技術行業，有很多地方需要兩個人或更多的人親自在場。因爲規則方面存在衝突，就不可能使用大量的安全設施。在疫情大流行或自然災害的背景下，他們爲確保設施安全而建立的這些程序實際上阻止了他們遵循安全最佳實踐。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"那些小規模使用AWS的客戶出於安全考慮，可能保留了自己的數據中心，但他們嚇壞了，他們說：“我們真的需要快速轉向雲計算，因爲他們可以爲我們做所有我們現在在本地無法做的事情”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"問：除了社交距離方面的挑戰，在新冠疫情時期是否還存在新的網絡安全威脅？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"答：現在出現的安全威脅和以往一樣，而且它們只會更猛烈。80%的安全問題都是網絡犯罪，呈上升趨勢。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"問：爲什麼？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"答：大型科技公司越來越多地把發展中國家的人當作可拋棄的白領勞動力。很多創業公司會在灣區招聘一個首席技術官，然後把整個開發部門放在烏克蘭或羅馬尼亞等地。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但當初創公司資金枯竭或要倒閉時，它們所有的海外數字業務就都被切斷了。那些失去工作的人會從事網絡犯罪。他們會想：“我沒有其他選擇，只能這麼幹了，讓子彈上膛吧”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"網絡犯罪分子還可能從公司的競爭對手那裏獲得報酬，把公司的數據暴露出去，或者通過修改配置讓數據公開，讓公司看起來很糟糕。實際上，在2019年發生的Capital One數據泄露事件中，入侵者裏有一個是前亞馬遜員工。Capital One因此在媒體上丟盡了顏面。但不幸的是，Capital One的數據泄露事件和2015年的益博睿數據泄露事件表明，市場似乎對數據泄露非常寬容，因爲受害最深的是窮人，他們壓根就不知道如何控制自己的數據，甚至不知道數據泄露對於他們來說意味着什麼。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"公司不希望他們的老底被這樣暴露出來，因爲太讓人難堪了。但最終，市場開始認識到，除非國會出面呼籲，否則大規模數據暴露並不會被視爲一個很糟糕的問題。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"開啓“最後一步”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"問：你在網絡安全領域工作，而這顯然是AWS的重點。但是當我們談論“安全”這個問題時，在我的腦子裏還有另外一種含義——家庭安全。亞馬遜的Ring(一種聯網的門鈴)正在進入這一領域。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"答：我沒有參與這家公司的收購，但我聽說我們投資Ring的初衷是爲了打擊包裹盜竊。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"亞馬遜的零售業務基本上與物流有關。我們有一個分銷基礎設施，分成不同的部分。“第一英里”是從製造到分銷，“中間英里”是從第一個配送中心(倉庫)到第二個配送中心(包裹將從那裏開始進行投遞)，就像郵局倉庫一樣。“最後一英里”是從第二個配送中心到人們的家門前。“最後一英里”面臨的主要一個問題就是包裹失竊。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但這並不是Ring的唯一初衷。更廣泛地說，亞馬遜的智能家居項目也是爲了開啓“最後一步”——不僅僅是如何將包裹送到顧客家門口，而是要如何進入到顧客的家裏。我們曾經嘗試製造一種帶有電子鑰匙的電子鎖，但後來有人做了Ring，我們意識到可以用它來代替。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"問：亞馬遜積極向警方推廣Ring，與全國各地的數百個執法機構合作，甚至在某些情況下免費提供該設備。警察可以訪問一個門戶，獲取到各個房屋的監控錄像。Ring讓亞馬遜與執法部門的關係更加緊密了嗎？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"答：與執法部門的關係需要很長時間才能建立起來，所以如果這些是因爲收購了Ring，我會感到非常驚訝。基礎已經打好了，我覺得Ring加速了事態的發展。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"總的來說，與執法部門合作的好處是他們知道自己想要什麼，但監管機構並不知道。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但說實話，我認爲亞馬遜也陷入了這種情況。我們只是在事情發生後才意識到，我們有這些數據，知道誰出現在人們的家門前。當我們在想可以用這些數據做些什麼的時候，有很多人想到了Ring。Ring有一款叫作Neighbors的App，可以在App上分享Ring的數據，讓鄰居們知道誰住在附近。所以，與執法部門的合作自然而然地就成爲下一步要做的事情，執法部門與我們追求家庭安全的方向非常吻合。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"問：比如Alexa智能音箱？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"答：是的。Ring和Alexa在家庭安全方面配合得很好。Alexa還可以幫助零售商開啓“最後一步”，將包裹送入顧客家中。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"問：你說亞馬遜早在收購Ring之前就已經和執法部門建立了關係。爲什麼？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"答：AWS與美國政府機構有着廣泛的合作。在聯邦層面，AWS爲一些情報機構提供特殊的雲平臺，我們仍在努力爭取五角大樓大型雲計算項目“絕地武士”的合同。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"問：另一個可能有助於亞馬遜與情報機構和執法部門合作的因素是這些領域中很多人來到了亞馬遜工作。這是爲什麼呢？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"答：亞馬遜的薪水更高，你可以從事更令人興奮的工作，而且麻煩事更少。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"問：兩種文化能很好地融合嗎？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"答：總的來說，軍隊文化是一種自上而下、服從命令和控制的文化，但亞馬遜不是。我們希望人們儘可能自治。在亞馬遜，如果出現問題，很容易就能反映到上層，並與高管溝通。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"問：亞馬遜是否在從執法部門和軍方招聘員工方面做出了一些努力？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"答：是的，我們努力招募前執法人員和軍人。事實上，亞馬遜認爲軍事人員是一種多元化的員工類別，並有針對性地進行招聘。我們有一個針對退伍軍人的內部親和力組織，叫作Warriors@Amazon，它是我們迄今爲止最成功的多元化招聘團隊。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如果你是五角大樓的首席採購官，負責爲軍隊採購，在做了一段時間之後去審計總署做審計師，再做一段時間之後來亞馬遜工作，你把亞馬遜的服務賣回給五角大樓，每年可以賺50萬美元。你可以繞過審計，因爲你自己曾經就是一名審計師。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"顯然，亞馬遜不是唯一一家這麼做的公司。大家都一樣，在美國，有兩萬多人在軍隊、審計部門和工業部門工作，他們相互之間也是銷售來銷售去。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"問：2020年9月，亞馬遜任命前國家安全局局長Keith Alexander爲董事會成員。你和你的同事是怎麼看的？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"答：從表面看，此舉是爲了對國防部施加影響，贏得更多美國政府合同。因爲Keith Alexander與五角大樓的人有關係，他不僅可以幫助我們處理好與現任官員的關係，還可以幫助我們制定戰略，決定什麼對決策者來說是重要的。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但這也極具爭議性，甚至在Warriors@Amazon內部，他們對此也有兩種看法。一些人喜歡美國政府，但另一方面，僱傭Keith Alexander這樣的人也會給亞馬遜的業務帶來很大的風險。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"問：爲什麼？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"答：我們的歐洲合作伙伴對僱傭Keith Alexander一事感到憤怒，因爲這與他們的數據隱私有關。而且這件事情剛好發生在一個特別糟糕的時間。AWS需要歐洲的市場，但歐洲最近出臺的一些法律法規讓我們很爲難，比如法院在2020年夏天推翻了Privacy Shield協議。Privacy Shield是一個合規框架，對美國公司的數據安全性做了認證，允許它們以一種被認爲符合GDPR的方式接收歐盟用戶的數據。AWS一直在努力與客戶合作，以確保我們能夠遵守歐盟制定的任何新的隱私準則。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"所以，在這種情況下，讓Keith Alexander進入董事會肯定會引起很多人的不滿。我們的歐洲夥伴會說：“不好意思，我們擔心你們正在從我們的公民那裏獲取數據並將其帶回美國。現在你卻僱了一個監控世界的項目的設計師！”這是一種複雜的信號。但事實上，商業上的反對也助長了公司內部那些出於哲學或意識形態而反對它的人。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"問：有很多這樣的人嗎？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"答：我的很多同事都很擔心Keith Alexander的存在。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我想說的是，亞馬遜有四分之一的人會認同像電子前哨基金會(Electronic Frontier Foundation)這樣的數字自由組織。他們對於此事感到很生氣。我認爲AWS的很多員工寧願辭職，也不願把數據交給美國國家安全局。這些人是公司裏最聰明、最具創新精神的人。我不認爲亞馬遜會希望看到有這麼多的內部反對和抵抗。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"內部的聲音"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"問：亞馬遜的白領們組織了內部活動，反對向執法機構出售面部識別軟件，也反對向支持ICE的公司出售雲服務。亞馬遜龐大的前執法人員和軍事人員隊伍是否讓這些活動的組織變得更具挑戰性？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"答：退役軍人們是愛國的，但他們不關心政府。所以他們會說：“是的，我爲山姆大叔工作，但我不在乎它”。所以，我不認爲這些人的存在一定會讓這些活動的組織變得更難。我只是認爲，過去幾十年裏，左翼總體上的崩潰讓各地的工人相信抵抗是徒勞的。也許我們做的是對的，也許是錯的，但如果我們是錯的，其實也做不了什麼。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"問：在亞馬遜，白領們組織的活動似乎大多圍繞着氣候問題。爲了推動亞馬遜大幅減少碳排放，亞馬遜正在開展一項活動，其中包括給貝索斯寫公開信。2020年4月，亞馬遜解僱了兩名參與領導氣候組織的白領工人，他們批評亞馬遜在疫情期間對待倉庫工人的方式。你是怎麼看待這些問題的？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"答：我沒有參與簽署這些公開信，因爲我不知道這樣做能在亞馬遜內部或外部起到怎樣的效果。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"一般來說，亞馬遜的活動分爲三種類型。第一種是大家都喜歡的主流事業，比如捐贈冬季衣物和保護動物權利。第二種是環境保護主義。在亞馬遜很容易找到關心全球氣候變暖問題的人。因此，有些人認識到這個問題的嚴重性，並願意圍繞這個問題在亞馬遜內部組織活動，他們獲得了一些支持。這種活動規模仍然非常小，但在媒體中有着巨大的影響力，因爲每個人都對亞馬遜着迷。但在公司內部，並沒有多少人關注這個問題。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"第三類運動是社會正義行動主義，比如反對與ICE或執法部門合作的#TechWontBuildIt運動。在一些內部郵件列表上有一場關於這種激進主義的激烈辯論。但同樣，這只是一小部分亞馬遜員工在參與。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"問：爲什麼在亞馬遜內部沒有很多人蔘與到這些對話中來？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"答：從歷史上看，亞馬遜的一些內部通訊工具可能是所有大公司當中最糟糕的，員工很難發現公司里正在發生哪些積極的對話。公司沒有內部交流中心，沒有內部社交媒體。我們最近用上了Slack，但對於那些有興趣組織活動的員工來說，這並沒有多大區別。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"問：你認爲是亞馬遜故意造成缺乏內部溝通工具的嗎？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"答：我認爲你不應該假定亞馬遜是故意而爲之的。亞馬遜並沒有不希望員工相互交流，他們只是不明白員工之間的交流如何給生產力、士氣或底線起到積極的作用。如果有，而且這種影響可以用某種方式量化，我們明天就能看到了。但事實上，亞馬遜給員工提供了它認爲可以幫助他們完成工作的工具，他們也不認爲員工間的交流與工作有關。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"問：相比之下，谷歌擁有非常健壯的內部交流基礎設施。這種基礎設施在促進谷歌的活動組織方面發揮了重要作用，儘管最近管理層限制了內部平臺上可能發生的對話類型。你是否認爲類似工具的缺乏有助於解釋爲什麼亞馬遜的活動相對較少？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"答：谷歌的總部在山景城，在硅谷的中心。如果你是谷歌的員工，很擅長你的工作領域，即使你明天就離開谷歌，也會有53個僱主等着僱傭你。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但如果你是在西雅圖的亞馬遜工作，也很擅長你的工作領域，明天離開亞馬遜，你得到其他工作的機會會少得多。去微軟？沒有那麼多的流動性。所以，我認爲我們缺乏組織活動的很大一部分原因是人們害怕丟掉自己的工作。如果你想呆在西北部，就得低着頭。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"從數據上看，亞馬遜的員工比谷歌的員工更有可能已經成家，這是另一個讓人們更加厭惡風險的因素。他們爲什麼要做一些可能危及自己工作的事情，尤其是在很難取得成功的時候？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"問：正如你所說的，亞馬遜內部的組織活動受到如此多媒體關注的原因之一是媒體對亞馬遜着迷。媒體對亞馬遜市場影響力、與執法部門的合作關係、倉庫的勞動條件等問題進行批判的報道層出不窮。在國家政治領域，亞馬遜也有一些著名的批評者，比如Bernie Sanders。亞馬遜內部如何看待這些批評？人們對這類事情的反應如何？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"答：我認爲你的問題有點因小失大了。亞馬遜的大多數人並不關心新聞，因爲這對他們的生活沒有任何貢獻。我的一些同事朋友並不知道誰在競選總統，他們認爲反正誰當總統都是一樣的，所以何必費事呢。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"出於同樣的原因，如果他們聽到有人批評亞馬遜，他們也不會傾向於去防禦。亞馬遜沒有多少強烈的效忠者，大部分人是僱傭兵。亞馬遜的福利不是非常好，辦公室生活很糟糕，也不是一個有趣的工作場所。人們在那裏工作是因爲那裏的薪水比競爭對手高一些，寫簡歷上看起來也不錯。他們去公司上班，然後回家，陪孩子，看體育比賽，這就是他們的美好生活。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"亞馬遜在全球擁有大約100萬名員工，大多從事航運、物流和配送工作，其中有8萬名公司員工。我估計他們中只有不到2000人蔘與了這些組織活動。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"問：你覺得還有希望改變嗎？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"答：一般來說，組織活動的人是在爲自己的生命和生存做鬥爭。這些人是在亞馬遜配送中心工作的人，是中國的工業無產階級，是發展中國家那些在亞馬遜機械特克衆包平臺上工作的人。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如果說會發生什麼變化，可能就從這些地方開始。我認爲，如果你把亞馬遜的員工看作是希望的源泉，那就太荒謬了。在我看來，公司通過讓白領工人在內部組織活動來修復他們所造成的損害的想法是瘋狂的。但也許這是我憤世嫉俗，也許我是個壞人。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"原文鏈接："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/logicmag.io\/commons\/inside-the-whale-an-interview-with-an-anonymous-amazonian\/"}]}]}