{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Adobe公司在官网发文称，公司联合创始人Charles Geschke（查尔斯·格施克）博士于美国当地时间4月16日去世，享年81岁。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/b9\/cb\/b9598d88775b3d1375cf358dff1cc7cb.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Adobe CEO Shantanu Narayen（山塔努·纳拉延）在写给员工的邮件中表示，这是整个公司和技术行业的巨大损失。过去数十年Geschke一直指引着公司的发展，是英雄般的人物。他持续为公司注入创新动力，带来最具变革性的软件发明，包括今天广泛普及的PDF、电子文字处理软件集Acrobat、图形制作软件Illustrator、图像处理软件Photoshop以及视频剪辑软件Premiere 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平台等等。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"除了福昕，Adobe在PDF产品领域的竞争对手主要还有Nitro、Kofax（原Nuance图形图像业务）以及万兴科技。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"延伸阅读："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/news.adobe.com\/news\/news-details\/2021\/Adobe-Co-Founder-Dr.-Geschke-Passes-at-81\/default.aspx"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/adobe-co-founder-charles-geschke-pioneer-of-desktop-publishing-and-pdfs-dies-at-age-81-11618765264"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/bib9edi2kddqm7zwhnsu","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"《死磕PDF技术20年：海外赚钱国内上市，码农创始人终成亿万富翁》"}]}]}]}
PDF先驱、Adobe联合创始人去世：“误入”计算机行业的文科生
{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Adobe公司在官网发文称，公司联合创始人Charles Geschke（查尔斯·格施克）博士于美国当地时间4月16日去世，享年81岁。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/b9\/cb\/b9598d88775b3d1375cf358dff1cc7cb.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Adobe CEO Shantanu Narayen（山塔努·纳拉延）在写给员工的邮件中表示，这是整个公司和技术行业的巨大损失。过去数十年Geschke一直指引着公司的发展，是英雄般的人物。他持续为公司注入创新动力，带来最具变革性的软件发明，包括今天广泛普及的PDF、电子文字处理软件集Acrobat、图形制作软件Illustrator、图像处理软件Photoshop以及视频剪辑软件Premiere 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Warnock（约翰·沃诺克）。他们共同研发了一种软件，能将电脑屏幕上的文字和图像处理成印刷文件。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"两人于1982年辞职离开施乐并创立了Adobe，公司名字来源是John Warnock房屋后面的一条小溪。他们的第一个产品是Adobe PostScript，这是专门为打印图形和文字而设计的一个编程语言，引发了桌面出版的革命。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Geschke和Warnock后来还因开发可移植文档格式（Portable Document Format，简称PDF）而闻名。PDF是一种与应用程序、操作系统、硬件无关的文件格式，它以PostScript语言图象模型为基础，无论在哪种打印机上都可以保证精确的颜色和准确的打印效果，即PDF会忠实地再现原稿的每一个字符、颜色以及图象。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"PDF主要由三项技术组成："}]},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"派生自PostScript页面描述语言的子集，用以生成和输出图形；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"字体嵌入\/替换系统，可使字体随文件一起传输；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"结构化的存储系统，用以绑定这些元素和任何相关内容到单个文件，带有适当的资料压缩系统。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"从1993年到2006年，Adobe Systems数次更改PDF规范并添加新特性。PDF早期是Adobe专有格式，直到2008年才作为开放标准发布，之后由国际标准化组织志愿者产业专家委员会控制。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Geschke在2011年的一次演讲中回忆起早期他担任Adobe总裁、Warnock担任首席执行官时说：“我们坐上了一艘火箭船。\"Geschke表示，他从来没有学过商业，只读过一本商业书籍，这本书向他介绍了寻找市场上未被满足的需求或空白的目标。他说，Adobe找到了其中之一，“缺口很大”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Geschke于1986年12月至1994年7月担任Adobe首席运营官，并于1989年4月担任总裁，直至2000年4月退休。1997年9月至2017年1月期间，他与Warnock共同担任董事会主席。在2020年4月之前，他一直是董事会成员。为表彰他的技术成就，Geschke博士被授予国家技术与创新奖章、IEEE计算机学会的计算机企业家奖和美国电子协会的荣誉奖章。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Adobe重大转型"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Adobe在过去发展中有一个重要的举措，那就是将一次性付费用户转化成订阅用户。从销售产品转向订阅服务，可以理解为现在炙手可热的SaaS模式。押注于云，可以算是Adobe做过最成功的决策之一。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2011年之前，Adobe主要通过第三方经销商来销售Creative Suite（CS）套装软件。由于经历了2008年的金融危机，以及宏观经济的疲软期，低端用户市场需求下降，导致公司营业收入和净利润显著下滑。在这样停滞不前的时期，Adobe做出了重大决策，转换商业模式，从出售软件许可证向云服务公司转型。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2012年，Adobe尝试性推出了Creative Cloud（CC）云服务，客户可以包月订阅。2013年，Adobe宣布CC将成为今后主力，全力推动云订阅转型；2015年4月，Adobe Document Cloud正式上线，之后又升级为Acrobat DC，从套件变成订阅。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2007财年，Adobe公司的订阅服务收入仅4100万美元，在公司超过35亿的收入里，占比不到1.2%；产品销售的收入超过33亿美元，占比接近95%。但是随着公司不断推动订阅模式，到了2014年，以SaaS服务为主的订阅收入已经全面超过产品销售的收入。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"从用户角度看，订阅付费是一笔划算的买卖，原来需要高价买一款软件，现在可以按月\/年来付款，也能用到更多、更新的软件。对开发者而言，买断制就是一锤子买卖，难以获得持续稳定的收入。而订阅制可以带来更稳定的收入，对优秀软件的持续研发也会更有激励作用。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如今我们身处的时代可以说是“万物皆可订阅”，订阅服务亦不知不觉间成了商业世界最重要的收费模式。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在截止2020年11月27日的2020财年，Adobe的营收增长了15%，达到约130亿美元，其中，订阅收入增长21%，达到116亿美元。截至3月5日的2021财年第一财季，数字媒体部门营收为28.6亿美元，同比增长32%，其中创意业务营收增长至23.8亿美元，文档云业务收入增长至4.8亿美元。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"PDF领域的创业机会"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"虽然Adobe在PDF领域的地位不可撼动，但它也并非毫无敌手。由于Adobe的PDF技术并不是为移动平台而设计，早期在Kindle上表现并不好，存在打开缓慢、经常死机、有些文件还会经常打不开等问题。因此该领域也存在一些竞争对手，值得一提的是一家打破Adobe对PDF技术和产品垄断的挑战者——福昕软件，有些传奇色彩的是，它在“死磕”近20年PDF技术后也成功上市了。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"之所以把PDF文档作为创业的主攻方向，在福昕软件创始人熊雨前看来完全是“机缘巧合”。他在一次媒体采访中透露，自己团队曾接到一笔PDF文档显示业务。彼时，熊雨前向Adobe寻求技术授权，Adobe要求先交5万元押金。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但那时候福昕软件还是一家小公司，面对Adobe 较为苛刻的商业条款，熊雨前只能选择自主研发。通过一年多时间的研究与开发，2004 年底 Foxit Reader1.0 版本问世，很快成为当年最受欢迎的免费软件之一。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Adobe软件因为规模大而全，阅读体验非常差，阅读一页文档往往要加载几分钟。而福昕软件选择底层主要使用 C 语言，上层采用 C++ 语言进行编写，保证了软件运行的效率，使软件整体运行快速并且 CPU 资源消耗更少。另一方面，也能迎合市场发展趋势，覆盖 iOS、Android 等主流移动平台。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"随后的近二十年里，福昕软件一直专注于 PDF 这个特定领域，不断地自我重构产品，并持续在技术上进行投入。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如今，多家互联网巨头均将福昕软件的产品技术应用于其主要产品中，比如亚马逊 Kindle 产品、谷歌 Chrome 浏览器、谷歌 Android 移动平台、微软 SharePoint 平台等等。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"除了福昕，Adobe在PDF产品领域的竞争对手主要还有Nitro、Kofax（原Nuance图形图像业务）以及万兴科技。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"延伸阅读："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/news.adobe.com\/news\/news-details\/2021\/Adobe-Co-Founder-Dr.-Geschke-Passes-at-81\/default.aspx"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/adobe-co-founder-charles-geschke-pioneer-of-desktop-publishing-and-pdfs-dies-at-age-81-11618765264"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/bib9edi2kddqm7zwhnsu","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"《死磕PDF技术20年：海外赚钱国内上市，码农创始人终成亿万富翁》"}]}]}]}
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