“你100%是IBM的員工”，IBM警告內核維護者背後：開發者的業餘項目應該歸誰？

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“你100%都是IBM的員工”。近日，IBM“警告”內核維護者一事再次引發討論，開發者業餘時間開發的項目，到底應該歸誰所有？"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"IBM不滿員工使用個人郵箱爲內核貢獻代碼"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"近日，一位IBM工程師被要求從Linux內核網絡提交文件IBM Power SR-IOV 虛擬網卡驅動程序的維護者清單中除名。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"而被除名的原因是因爲，這名開發人員使用他個人的電子郵箱在業餘時間爲驅動程序工作。在該項目中，維護者在更新的commit寫道，他被下達了一個指令："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“作爲IBM員工，你不允許使用gmail帳戶在VNIC上以任何方式工作。你不允許把你的個人電子郵件帳戶作爲一種“愛好”。你100%都是IBM的員工。請將自己從維護者文件中完全刪除。我給你一次對VNIC貢獻的例外情況，來做出這一變更。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"其實，很多Linux內核開發人員會使用他們的個人電子郵件地址來提交內核補丁或處理其他補丁工作，這是相當普遍的事，因爲他們在個人業餘時間也會參與內核開發。有時，當他們在私人時間從事內核開發時，還偶爾會在不同僱主間跳槽，同時仍然保持與上游內核社區互動。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"不過一些公司對這種行爲的包容度並不高，他們很難接受員工在工作時間產出了代碼，卻以個人的名義提交給內核。有些公司會強制員工使用他們公司的電子郵件地址提交補丁以及對外進行技術溝通。IBM這次的做法就相當強硬。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"IBM澄清：倡導和鼓勵員工以任何形式參與開源項目"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"4月22日，IBM對此事引發的爭議進行了迴應。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"IBM聯繫了外媒Phoronix，並回應稱，IBM促進並鼓勵參與Linux開源社區，不管使用的是IBM電子郵件ID還是個人電子郵件ID。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"IBM的開放技術副總裁Todd Moore表示，“我們尊重我們的開發人員作爲個人的需要，他們以個人ID貢獻的開放源代碼代表了他們和他們的簡歷。這是一次不應該公開的分歧，因爲有內部準則來解決它。我們的貢獻者通常會有一個個人GitHub ID和一個IBM GitHub ID。我們使用工具來跟蹤這兩個ID下的貢獻，以確保每個人都能在我們的表彰計劃中獲得學分。我們重視並鼓勵開源貢獻，無論是代碼、代碼評審、文檔、問題分類，還是把參與開源當作是打造個人品牌的方式，IBM 都不會禁止員工參與開源。”"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"員工業務時間做的開發項目，該歸誰所有？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"此事在社交平臺引起熱議。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"對於IBM的態度，很多網友發表了自己的看法。有人認爲，IBM的做法是非法的，因爲僱主不應阻止和干涉員工在業餘時間做的事情。網友A認爲“你100%是IBM的員工”這一說法不妥，難道員工100%的時間都是屬於公司嗎？“如果他是IBM的員工，IBM會付給他100%的報酬嗎，而不僅僅是8個小時?”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"網友B稱，他的一個朋友在IBM(歐洲)做軟件工程師，他們確實不被允許在業餘時間用他們的個人賬戶做開源貢獻。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"還有人表示，這是工程合同的常見規定。在公司工作期間產生的所有IP都屬於公司財產，無論是否“全天候”進行操作。這就是爲什麼很多工程師通常在創辦公司之前就辭職的原因，因爲舊僱主將擁有IP所有權。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“我有一個僱主堅持要擁有我編寫的每一行代碼，即使是在我自己的時間寫的” ，網友C抱怨道。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"開發者業餘時間開發的項目，應該歸誰所有，這一直是一個很難界定的問題。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2019年底，Nginx 創始人被捕了。他的前東家 Rambler 集團對 NGINX Inc. 提出了侵犯版權的訴訟，聲稱擁有 Nginx 網絡服務器代碼的全部所有權。莫斯科警方在一次突襲行動中，查封了 Nginx 在莫斯科的總部，扣押了設備、帶走並訊問了多位僱員，包括聯合創始人兼現任首席技術官 Igor Sysoev，以及聯合創始人 Maxim Konovalov。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這一案件中最大的爭議在於 Rambler 聲稱 Igor Sysoev 在擔任公司系統管理員時開發了 Nginx，因此 Rambler 擁有 Nginx 技術的所有權，它們纔是該項目的合法所有人。而 Sysoev 聲稱項目是用“業餘時間”進行開發的。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這一事件迅速引起了整個科技圈的注意，這其中就包括谷歌。根據谷歌的最新規定，公司僱員可以向公司遞交申請讓個人項目脫離谷歌，但谷歌未必會批准每一個申請。一旦未被批准，就意味着該項目屬於公司所有。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"開發員在工作時間以外（晚上或節假日）做的項目的版權是不是歸僱主所有？目前還沒有明確的統一的法律來判定，似乎一切取決於僱主是否夠“猥瑣”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"從一個業餘項目發展成爲大公司的案例不在少數。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Dropbox 的創始人 Drew Houston 在做 Dropbox 的時候任職於一家初創公司 Bit9，並曾表示“一些工作是在 Bit9 的辦公室完成的”。辭職時他諮詢了律師並得到了簽名信，以表明 Bit9 在 Dropbox 中沒有任何股權、所有權。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"陳士駿是 Facebook 前 15 號員工，在臉書上班的時候消失了一段時間，回來工作後立刻辭職。他離開臉書後，創辦了 YouTube。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"程序員的業餘項目，有助於提高員工自身能力的全面發展，也能一定程度的避免職業倦怠。有的公司會比較鼓勵，比如微軟有 moonlight 計劃，員工業餘可以做自己的項目，只要符合一定的要求就行，比如不能使用公司資產，不能與公司現有產品競爭以及不能有利益衝突等。作爲員工，只要你別太過分，僱主一般不會糾結於你的業餘做了什麼。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"將業餘項目做大的開發者，也的確是會面臨一些風險。項目吸引力越大，風險越大。當大企業訴諸法庭時，靠拖都能拖垮一家小企業。在沒有這樣一條明確法律時，開發者應該關注任職期間跟公司簽約的合同上是否有明確說明“企業擁有員工在所有時間、所有地點所作出的所有項目的擁有權”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"那麼，業餘項目究竟屬於開發者個人，還是屬於開發者所在的企業呢？你是否留意過你的企業有這樣的明文規定呢？如果是你遇到這種類似的，你該怎麼辦呢？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"},{"type":"size","attrs":{"size":10}}],"text":"參考鏈接："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"},{"type":"size","attrs":{"size":10}}],"text":"https:\/\/www.phoronix.com\/scan.php?page=news_item&px=IBM-Open-Source-Leisure-Work"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"},{"type":"size","attrs":{"size":10}}],"text":"《Nginx 之父被抓，前東家想要 Nginx 技術的所有權了》"}]}]}