什么样的开发者找工作最吃香

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"引言"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"关于本报告"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"每年，我们都会向我们宝贵的开发者和人力资源社区了解更多关于技术领域的情况。我们询问他们的项目、挑战和优先事项。在今天的就业市场中，我们对开发者进行了深入调查，并了解作为开发者和招聘开发者意味着什么。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"为了创建这份报告，我们调查了全球近 15000 位开发者和人力资源专业人士。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在这份报告中，你将会找到一些独特而有价值的见解，例如："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"有 80% 的人力资源专业人士招聘非学历背景的开发者。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"有 48% 的公司为开发者提供了 100% 远程工作的机会。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在 2021 年，DevOps 是需求最大的开发者。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在 2021 年，大多数技术专业人士都会关注候选人的经验。"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"关于 CodinGame"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我们的使命是建立一个最有吸引力的在线平台，让开发者可以通过玩游戏和解决难题来免费磨练自己的编程技能。CodinGame 会员还可以与顶级公司建立联系，找到他们感兴趣并且具有挑战性的工作。我们正在为基于技能而非简历的技术招聘铺平道路！超过 200 万代码爱好者加入了我们的 CodinGame.com。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"同时，我们也在努力帮助那些想要雇佣和留住技术程序员的公司（Facebook、美国银行、任天堂、育碧、华纳兄弟等等）。客户们转向了"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.codingame.com\/work\/?fileGuid=AR3CLeZg3PgaaB0y","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"CodinGame for Work"}]},{"type":"text","text":"这个集成技术招聘平台，以前所未有的方式来寻找、筛选和留住技术人才。那要怎么做呢？多亏了我们创新的招聘工具、可靠的在线技术测试，以及基于游戏的黑客松。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2021 年开发者概况"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"学习编程：超过三分之一的开发者是自学成才"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"大多数程序员（58.8%）在大学或学校学习编程。但有近 35% 的受访者认为自己是自学成才。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"虽然超过三分之一的开发者是自学成才（从教程、书籍、YouTube 等免费资源中受益），但是没有一个开发者认为他们只是在“工作”中学习编程。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/1b\/cf\/1b3b84f1b3dae581ef98b2982bae74cf.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"你是如何学习计算机编程？"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"招聘与非传统程序员"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"毫无疑问，非学历背景的开发者（自学成才、训练营、MOOC、短期培训课程等）正在崭露头角。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"实际上，近 80% 的人力资源专业人士表示，他们已经开始招聘非学历背景的开发者，24.4% 的人经常这么做。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"进入计算机编程领域并没有“正确”的道路。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/34\/80\/341acfa215ebc48076a633f4470d8c80.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"你是否招聘非学历背景的开发者？"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"编程语言：JavaScript 占据领先地位"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"JavaScript、Java 和 Python 一直是最知名的编程语言。超过半数的开发者知道如何用这三种语言进行编程。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"对于主流编程语言 JavaScript 和 Java，各公司与开发者保持同步：近 60% 的开发者需要这种语言。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但是，当涉及 Python、C 或 C++ 等其他语言时，它就会妨碍其他人的计划。例如，使用 C 编写代码的开发者占 45.1%，但是只有 15.4% 的公司需要用 C 进行开发。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/a2\/9c\/a2621780415d7c0a82bce55226b2309c.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"框架：React 是 2021 年最流行的框架"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"目前，Node.js、React 和 .NETCore 都是最流行的框架。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"React 是最流行的框架。59% 的技术招聘人员正在寻找懂 React 的开发者。遗憾的是，只有 27.6% 的程序员表示他们知道如何使用这个开源的 JavaScript 库。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"另一个进入招聘者前三名的框架是 Angular2+。实际上，41% 的招聘者正在寻找 Angular2+ 专家。遗憾的是，只有 16.9% 的开发者表示自己了解这个应用框架。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/46\/f3\/465e14a2fb8d9a792f58134960da53f3.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2021 年的科技就业市场"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2021 年招聘目标"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我们询问了人力资源社区，他们在 2021 年打算招募多少开发者。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"结果显示，大多数公司 (64%) 今年都希望招聘多达 50 名开发者。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"其他招聘团队的招聘目标更加远大：14.4% 的团队计划招聘 50~100 名开发者，13.5% 的团队希望新开发者超过 100 人。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/8a\/d1\/8a7d136808c9c8693883df8f245350d1.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2021 年，你计划招聘多少开发者？"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"开发者对于找工作很有信心"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"这就是我们的工作——开发者们都很清楚！"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我们询问开发者在 2021 年换一份开发工作有多容易，他们的平均回答是 7 分（满分为 10 分）。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"虽然 2020 年给世界带来了重重困难，但是今年的开发者们还是和去年一样自信满满（在我们的 2020 年度调查中，开发者们给出了 7 分的平均分，满分为 10 分）。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"注：0 分表示作为开发者，换工作极其困难。10 分表示作为开发者，换工作很容易。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/4f\/ed\/4fcf914e3yy8522292910ef16be222ed.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"人力资源专业人士预计，到 2021 年，他们将很难招到 DevOps"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我们询问了人力资源专业人士对哪些职位有需求，但他们预计在 2021 年时会很难招到合适的人选。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"哪三个职位最难招到人呢？是 DevOps、后端开发者和全栈开发者。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"实际上，近半数（43.3%）的人力资源专业人士认为，到 2021 年，他们将很难为自己的技术团队找到合格的 DevOps。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/de\/8e\/de3fc3194c61d85197da64f5d7b8818e.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"你认为 2021 年你很难找到 \/ 招聘到哪些职位？"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2021 年人力资源重点工作：候选人经验是首要考虑因素"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我们询问了人力资源专业人士今年计划重点关注和 \/ 或投资的内容。候选人经验、人才保留和雇主品牌都很重要。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"很明显，企业会尽力吸引、雇用和留住优秀的开发者。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在团队建设、招聘活动、新的流程、线上活动等方面，我们都能看到新的举措。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/35\/94\/3575d845ddff6c5be75fdfe48ce85994.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2021 年你打算投资 \/ 开发什么？"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"各行业开发者的工资"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"经过对受访者的行业和工资的交叉核对之后，我们为各个行业列出了国际上的平均技术工资清单。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"结果显示，收入最高的开发者从事“安全”行业，其次是“技术”、“保险”和“能源”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"这类高收入行业的开发者的工资与那些低收入行业，如“公共管理”和“IT 服务”，大约相差 1.5 万美元（年）。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/fe\/b9\/fea463853442d995b783e6a6c3f9abb9.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"技术职位和开发者平均工资"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我们发现，软件构架师的年收入平均为 74585 美元（连续第二年），是世界上年收入最高的开发者，其次是数据科学家。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"这两个高薪职位的平均年薪都在 5.5 万元以上。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但是，前端开发或测试人员等其他职位的工资则要低得多。实际上，结果显示全球前端开发者的平均工资是 34946 美元。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/38\/d2\/382334eeec13c2bb261b61889d7452d2.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"开发者是否愿意搬迁？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"一句话，是的。很多开发者都愿意为了一份工作而搬到其他国家。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"实际上，44.4% 的开发者愿意接受国际职位，但是他们必须赢得竞争！他们也可能会在自己所在的城市或地区寻找工作机会。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"36.5% 的人力资源专业人士在海外寻找技术人才。到 2021 年，远程工作普及后，这一数字会增加吗？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/38\/d2\/382334eeec13c2bb261b61889d7452d2.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"从地理上来讲，你打算在哪里寻找新的工作机会？"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"远程工作与开发者"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"远程工作的兴起，赢得了开发者的青睐。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如果我们问开发者是喜欢远程工作还是在办公室工作，只有 5% 的开发者说会选择 100% 在办公室工作。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"绝大多数开发者更倾向于选择某种办公室 \/ 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