中通快递的云原生改造之路

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"2019年11月12日，中通快递迎来了2019年的第100亿件快递订单，成为中国乃至全球第一家年业务量破百亿的快递企业。彼时，中通快递股份有限公司董事长赖梅松向全网发出内部信，表示要将100亿归零为新的起点。并告诫中通人要保持艰苦奋斗的创业精神和清醒的头脑。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"一年后的9月，"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"http:\/\/www.xinhuanet.com\/finance\/2020-09\/17\/c_1126504325.htm","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"中通快递赴港二次上市"}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"引起业内热议，在残酷的价格战竞争中，其净利润依然是“四通一达”（中通、圆通、申通、百世汇通和韵达）之首。如此业绩，在招股书中归结为降本增效和业务增长的功劳。其中降本增效包括“提升高运力自有车辆的使用率、数据化管理运营能力...通过数据分析，提高了路线规划效率，缩短了运货时间...提升自动化水平来提高工作效率、降低返工成本”等举措。可见，降本增效措施的背后不仅仅是密集的劳动力和车辆的堆砌，更多是运用了众多成熟的科技能力。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"其实，早在2017年，中通就提出了要做容器化基础设施的构想，并且专门从IBM挖来了当时IBM\/EMC的云计算大牛黄凯（目前云平台技术总监）主持容器化改造。时至今日，中通的技术平台已经从单纯的容器化改造升级到云原生改造，并取得了诸多业内领先的实践成果。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"近期，InfoQ QCon北京站邀请了中通云高级架构师 杨小飞 出席演讲。小编趁此机会做了主题为"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"“中通的云原生改造之路”"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"的专访，一窥快递业巨头的数字化转型方法论与实践探索。 "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"云原生是继数据总线，微服务之后的架构领域的第三次革命"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"InfoQ：作为行业巨头，中通快递云原生落地的负责人，您在网络上的资料很少，先请您介绍一下自己吧？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"杨小飞："},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"我叫杨小飞，曾在华云，新致云等公司任职架构师。2019年加入中通，在 DevOps 团队，现任中通云高级架构师。从2014年开始，我就一直专注于云计算和周边技术的研究，积累了大量 IaaS和 PaaS层的实战经验。同时，对AI，边缘计算等领域有深刻理解。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"目前在中通负责云服务平台 IaaS 与容器以及边缘计算相关的产品设计与规划。关注云原生架构在亿级业务系统的落地与实施，以及整体转型，尤其对 Service Mesh 以及 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/istio.io\/","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Istio"}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" 等颠覆架构的发展感兴趣。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"InfoQ：云原生是当下的热门话题，但各路玩家对云原生的理解不同。中通快递怎么定义云原生？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"杨小飞："},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"很多人把云原生简单地理解为采用开源（K8s+Docker）进行容器化，但这是偏狭隘了。我认为云原生其实是继SOA\/ESB数据总线、SpringBoot等微服务架构之后，在架构领域的第三次革命。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"之前轰轰烈烈的云计算是基于IaaS实现的虚拟化，虽然从灵活性和可维护性上已经比上一代提高了一个等级，但这些对业务架构都是不透明的，那么非运维团队就不敏感。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"自从引入了容器化架构之后，整个架构的思考方向彻底变了。嵌套在臃肿的SDK或者框架中的诸如日志、监控、压测等组件瞬间解放出来，整个业务系统变“轻”了很多，DevOps真正从概念走进了现实生活。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"工程师们发现应用的发布、迭代、迁移再也不需要借助各种流程、制度、规范来控制，运维也完全摆脱了平台绑定。敏捷发布、蓝绿持续迭代和运维自动化，甚至AIOPS，瞬间起飞。再有底层IaaS云平台的虚拟化加持，弹性伸缩、动态调度、热点打散等等，原先需要资深架构师苦思冥想、精雕细琢的设计一下子走入了“民间”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"中通快递，对于云原生的需求其实是非常迫切的。首先，我们有上百个业务系统，海量微服务，支撑着亿万级的交易量。中通的开发、运维同事每天无不是如履薄冰，因为稍有不慎就是F1故障，一个发布不当或者小小BUG带来的就是数十万的损失。所以，我们从高层领导往下，一开始就坚定地走云原生升级的道路，无论什么困难和理由，都不会让步。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"之所以做这样的抉择，首先我们认为这是一劳永逸的事情。之前的一些历史包袱（例如SDK存在多个版本，升级困难），也可以通过架构升级彻底甩掉。另外，通过云原生改造，我们享受到了容器的高密度部署和智能化调度所带来的好处，资源利用率在不断提升，包括刚才说的开发效率出现了质的飞跃。 "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"云原生是盘大棋，最终是为了定制一套适合中通研发体系的方法论"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"InfoQ：对于快递行业而言，有哪些典型场景适合云原生落地？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"杨小飞："},{"type":"text","text":"可以说，云原生的概念直接击中了快递行业的每个痛点。首先，我们整个研发中心是以业务系统为重心的，不可能像互联网企业那样招募很多技术大牛，开发专属的技术中台和大神级框架，但是，我们的业务量又是海量，高峰时期的流量丝毫不弱于互联网企业，而且我们的终端类型涵盖了软硬件，业务形态从线下到线上，很多业务高峰还是半夜，可以说是“没有公主的命，却得了公主病”，云原生平台恰好可以很大程度上缓解这个矛盾，。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"打个比方，我们的中台业务，订单轨迹，开放接口等都是海量QPS，大起大落也很常见。往往碰到大促或者突发事件，我们的架构师都要提前1-2月做流量预估、版本降级预案和服务器冗余待命。而在云平台上，都是根据监控自动扩容缩容，蓝绿发布也非常轻松，架构师不用带着黑眼圈上班了。同时一些辅助部门，例如安全、测试，原来想要做一些网络策略或者压测，协调起来非常麻烦，需要到各个业务线求爷爷告奶奶升级或者打包到各个业务系统代码SDK中，或者安装agent，现在他们通过CNI和Sidecar，可以无感知地植入。还有就是边缘计算业务，也可以平行升级自己的模组，这不就是云原生本来的样子嘛！最后，我们几万个网点，很多当地的架构还是集中式的，这一块也是非常适合使用容器平台作为底座的。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"InfoQ：云原生的提出已经快10年时间了，中通快递什么时候开始探索云原生实践？当时基于怎样的背景？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"杨小飞："},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"其实我们的CTO早在2017年就提出了要做容器化基础设施的构想，也专门 从IBM挖来了当时IBM\/EMC的云计算大牛黄凯（目前云平台技术总监）主持容器化改造。但是当时因为业务高速发展，我们很多精力都投入到业务系统建设中去了。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"现在，我们的各条业务线逐步成熟，K8s的周边生态也丰富了很多，而且前面各大互联网公司（蚂蚁金服、美团、携程……）也探索了一套完整的云原生方法论，技术风险降低了很多，于是研发中心决定快速跟进，全面拥抱云原生。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"回头来看，当时保持观望的策略是对的。当时一些同行采用了Swarm、OpenShift的方案，现在又要推翻转到K8s，反而是起了个大早赶了个晚集。而且，真正的云原生架构拼图是2020年上半年才初具原型，例如 Cilium、Istio等都要内核在4.10以上，K8s在1.20以上才基本具备生产投放的成熟度。这些在当时都还不成熟，很多公司做的事情仅仅是架构容器化，跟得太早，精力全被用在填坑了，出来的东西也是四不像。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"InfoQ：刚开始探索云原生落地实践时，中通快递对云原生的落地收益有怎样的期望？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"杨小飞："},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"其实当时我们的初心蛮简单的，就是把虚拟化改成轻量级的容器，也算做一个技术尝试，更多的是为了配合DevOps，把我们的发布系统做得敏捷一点。但是，后来发现\"It's bigger than 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