鴻蒙 和 Fuchsia OS，你更期待誰？

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"大家好，我是小Bob,一個關注軟件領域而又執着於計算機底層的開發者~","attrs":{}}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在月初，華爲的鴻蒙系統HarmonyOS 2.0已發佈，給我最直接的感受便是真正的","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#F5222D","name":"red"}},{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"萬物互聯","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"離我們不遠了。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"先說說小編對於操作系統的看法，對於計算機，我們都知道是由硬件和軟件共同組成的，兩者缺一不可。那麼操作系統在硬件和軟件中起着連接作用，操作系統通過對硬件系統的調用來提供資源給軟件系統。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"那麼在相同的硬件和軟件系統下，對於用戶的感受來說，電腦和手機最直接的體驗便是操作系統的不同了，在我所認識的朋友中，也有相當一部分人在買手機時是非常關注手機自帶系統的，畢竟它反映了對於用戶的真實感受。比如在當我和朋友的手機在硬件差不多時，就會互相體驗各自不同的系統，比如各自的消息推送和隱私以及權限管理，我們會相互比較並提出各自的建議。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"那麼對於華爲的鴻蒙HarmonyOS2.0以及在它之前一週左右Google推出的Fuchsia OS到底有什麼新的","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#F5222D","name":"red"}},{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"Idea","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"呢？","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"兩者都有拋棄了安卓而自立門戶，且都帶有","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#F5222D","name":"red"}},{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"物聯網","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"的基因，那麼小編便針對於兩者的技術進行簡單分析。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/54/54a109ee09338ec4e27eee9a1ff095ba.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":1},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"華爲之鴻蒙","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"首先，對於華爲的鴻蒙HarmonyOS2.0，按照","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"百度","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"的說法：華爲鴻蒙系統是一款全新的面向全場景的分佈式操作系統，創造一個超級虛擬終端互聯的世界，將人、設備、場景有機地聯繫在一起，將消費者在全場景生活中接觸的多種智能終端實現極速發現、極速連接、硬件互助、資源共享，用合適的設備提供場景體驗。","attrs":{}}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"通過華爲最新的視頻我們也可以看到鴻蒙將手機、電腦、平板、智能家居進行實時同步，不得不說，還是挺震撼的。據華爲說鴻蒙是基於微內核開發，面向5G、面向全場景的分佈式系統。那麼問題來了，什麼是微內核呢？它和安卓的底層有什麼不同嗎？","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"什麼是微內核呢？","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在計算機業界的說法來看，微內核是一種內核的設計架構，由儘可能精簡的程序所組成，以實現一個操作系統所需要的最基本功能，包括了底層的","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#F5222D","name":"red"}},{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"尋址空間管理、線程管理、與進程間通信。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"微核心的設計理念：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"是將系統服務的實現，與系統的基本操作規則區分開來。它實現的方式，是","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#F5222D","name":"red"}},{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"將核心功能模塊化","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"，劃分成幾個獨立的進程，各自運行，這些進程被稱爲服務。所有的服務進程，都運行在不同的地址空間。只有需要絕對特權的進程，才能在具特權的運行模式下運行，其餘的進程則在用戶空間運行。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"微內核的基本原理：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"只有最基本的操作系統功能才放入內核中。非基本的服務和應用程序在內核之上構建，並在用戶模式下運行。關於什麼功能應該放入微內核，不同的設計有不同的方式，但是共同特點是許多傳統上屬於操作系統一部分的功能現在都是外部子系統，包括","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#F5222D","name":"red"}},{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"設備驅動程序","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#F5222D","name":"red"}}],"text":"，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#F5222D","name":"red"}},{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"文件系統","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#F5222D","name":"red"}}],"text":"，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#F5222D","name":"red"}},{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"虛存管理程序","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#F5222D","name":"red"}}],"text":"，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#F5222D","name":"red"}},{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"窗口系統","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#F5222D","name":"red"}}],"text":"和","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#F5222D","name":"red"}},{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"安全服務","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"，它們可以和內核交互，也可以相互交互。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type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　　提供一個映射以便訪問它們；","attrs":{}}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":3,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#F5222D","name":"red"}},{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"刷新","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"：進程可以回收授權給其他進程或者映射到另外進程的任何頁面；","attrs":{}}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#F5222D","name":"red"}},{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"進程間的通信","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"：微內核操作系統中，進程之間或者線程之間進行通信的基本方式是","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline","attrs":{}},{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"消息","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"。","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#F5222D","name":"red"}},{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"消息包括消息頭和消息體：消息頭描述了發送和接受消息的進程；消息體包含數據或者指向數據的指針。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"可以認爲進程間通信是基於與進程相關聯的端口（某個進程的消息序列），端口可以表明那些進程可以與這個進程通信。端口的標識和功能由內核維護，進程可以給內核發送一條指明新端口功能的消息，進程可以允許對自身授權新的訪問。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"地址空間不重疊的進程間的消息傳遞涉及到存儲器到存儲器的複製，因此受限於存儲器的速度，複製的速度會遠遠低於處理器的速度。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#F5222D","name":"red"}},{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"I/O和中斷管理","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"：在爲內核結構中，硬件中斷可能被當作消息處理。微內核可以識別中斷但是不處理中斷，它會產生一條消息給與該中斷相關聯的用戶級線程。因此，當允許一箇中斷時，一個特定的用戶級進程被指派給這個中斷，並由內核維護這個映射。把中斷轉換爲消息的工作必須由微內核完成，但是微內核並不涉及設備專用的中斷處理。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"落實到鴻蒙操作系統，它的存在讓華爲在智能手機操作系統上避免了“無米之炊”的困境，但其在推出面世之後，究竟會如何發展，又是否能夠承擔起當前我們的厚望，華爲還需要回答很多問題，做很多工作，等待華爲的依舊是萬里長征。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":1},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Google之Fuchsia 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OS的一部分，也可以與其他操作系統一起使用。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"Zircon包含Fuchsia OS的內核，設備管理器，最核心的第一層設備驅動程序以及底層系統庫（如libc和launchpad）。","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"此外，Zircon還提供FIDL（Fuchsia 接口定義語言），這是一種用於進程間通信的協議。FIDL是獨立於編程語言的，但是與流行的編程語言（例如C，C ++，Dart，Go和Rust）具有聯繫。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"作爲Fuchsia OS的基礎，Zircon提供了對後續級別的硬件訪問，在共享硬件資源上創建了軟件抽象，並充當了低級軟件開發的平臺。Zircon是Project Little 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OS唯一未作爲開源項目開發的組件。","attrs":{}}]}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topaz","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#F5222D","name":"red"}},{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"Topaz是Fuchsia OS的系統級別，用戶可以在其中與操作系統進行交互。","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"在此顯示以下級別定義的組件的用戶界面：帶主屏幕的圖形用戶界面（取決於設備Armadillo或Capybara）以及模塊的可視前端。Google的跨平臺開源移動應用程序框架Flutter也已在此係統級別集成。因此，可以假定Fuchsia OS用戶將來也將能夠運行和使用其他系統的應用程序，例如Android或iOS應用程序。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/73/7368749e509f57f4b0de294f7ad58b1b.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic","attrs":{}}],"text":"Fuchsia OS的四個系統級別：Zircon, Garnet, Peridot, and Topaz","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"最後，做爲萬物互聯的兩款新生代表，筆者還是很希望兩者都能將自己的優點發揮至最大，畢竟好用即代表大部分的市場份額。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"參考資料","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://segmentfault.com/a/1190000039919439","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"鴻蒙系統（HOS）終於上線，微內核操作系統科普","attrs":{}}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://segmentfault.com/a/1190000038447862","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Fuchsia OS ——未來的Google操作系統？","attrs":{}}]}]}]}