容器技術的未來發展道路

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"容器已經成爲計算基礎設施的共同語言，它植根於一個充滿活力的開源生態系統中。開放容器計劃（Open Containers Initiative，OCI）正致力於確保這一點不變。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"如今，容器作爲計算基礎設施的一個重要組成部分的作用似乎已不言而喻，但是，如果沒有技術領導者爲其未來投資而採取的有意識的行動，它們很可能會成爲馬後炮。儘管 OCI 對開放標準的持續推動可能會使 IT 巨頭損失幾十億美元的收入，但是開發者已經受益於多種免費的開源容器技術。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"OCI 認爲，爲了確保這項重要技術持續發展，它們的開源遺產需要在未來長期存在。而且他們的工作還沒有結束。就像很多業界人士指出的那樣，我們還需要做更多的工作來讓這項技術更容易實現，讓剛剛進入這個生態系統的開發者更容易接觸到它。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"過去就是現在"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"最開始，有 VMware。2000 年，這家軟件公司剛剛成立一年多，就以一己之力爲企業的 x86 虛擬化市場打開了大門。2002 年，該公司已經"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.vmware.com\/timeline.html","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"賺到了第一個 100 萬美元"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"。2004 年，EMC "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/corporate.delltechnologies.com\/en-us\/newsroom\/announcements\/2004\/01\/20040109-2025.htm","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"以 6.35 億美元"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"收購了 VMware，但其業務還在增長，到 2010 年，它已經佔據了虛擬化市場"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.eginnovations.com\/blog\/virtualization-market-statistics-and-predictions-by-gartner\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"的 84%"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"。對於 VMWare 來說，五年多的統治地位是個好消息，但是它卻讓 OCI 的執行董事、雲原生計算基金會（CNCF）的首席技術官 Chris Aniszczyk 和其他開源倡導者爲下一代雲計算尋找更公平的選擇。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"從 2000 年發佈 FreeBSD 的 jail 機制，到 2001 年發佈 Linux VServer，再到 2004 年發佈 Solaris 容器的測試版，"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/blog.aquasec.com\/a-brief-history-of-containers-from-1970s-chroot-to-docker-2016","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"容器與開源精神"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"一直相互交織。它們也是起源於 Linux 的產物。專注於 Kubernetes 實施的軟件公司 Weaveworks 的 CEO 兼創始人 Alexis Richardson 說：“這裏幾乎是所有相關技術的發源地。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Phil Estes 是 AWS 的首席工程師，也是 OCI 技術監管委員會的成員，他補充道：“這和以前的文明層一樣，都建立在前一個文明之上，都有一個貫穿始終的線索，那就是所有這些都是（在開源生態系統中）合作開發的。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"但是到了 2013 年，"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/blog.aquasec.com\/a-brief-history-of-containers-from-1970s-chroot-to-docker-2016","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Docker 這一品牌"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"在容器領域的成功讓那些希望看到容器技術多樣化市場的人感到不滿。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Estes 說：“有一些人對 Docker 把這些（現有的技術）組合在一起以贏得英雄般的歡迎非常不滿，也有一些人說，‘我用這個或者那個工具已經五到十年了’”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"在容器領域最著名的支持者是 CoreOS。2014 年，它發佈了 rkt 容器運行時規範時，該領域的一些人看到了衝突的產生，並採取了行動。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"“OCI 幾乎直接回應了一個事實，即許多業界人士認爲這是一種衝突過程，有人會說 CoreOS 有更好的想法。有人會說 Docker 有更好的想法，而我們將分裂市場。”——這可能會通過制定不同企業所遵循的競爭標準來阻止市場採用這些標準。“用更加友好的方式說：‘嘿，讓我們一起來創造一些關於什麼是容器以及如何運行容器的通用規範。’但暗流湧動的是，大家都知道，rkt 和 Docker 可能會分化這個行業。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"在 2015 年 OCI 成立之初，它的主要重點是標準化容器運行時，以避免市場分裂。但是 Aniszczyk 和 OCI 的其他人認爲這是一種零敲碎打的解決方案，而額外的標準化工作可以幫助使容器技術變得更加強大並且能夠互操作，從而得到更廣泛的採用。Aniszczyk 說：“最後，我們要對這個棧進行標準化，下一步是鏡像格式，然後下一步就是分發。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"現在塑造未來"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Aniszczyk 表示，OCI 推動標準化，擁抱協作的開源社區，這使得容器有了立足之地。類似 Kubernetes 的競爭技術早在 OCI 的標準化運動之前就已存在，但是對於開放標準的推動使得它們在 Docker 格式和協議上有更多的自由。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"“如果你回到整個容器運動的開始，假如有很多不同的容器格式的話，你將看不到 Kubernetes 和所有這些生態系統的爆發。”Aniszczyk 說，“對於一個用戶來說，會有太多的干擾而無法完全融入其中。事實上，在不同的雲供應商和註冊中心之間切換起來很容易，這很好，而且這樣做也很簡單。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Estes 補充道：“Linux 開創了一個時代，從企業到初創公司，圍繞開源的構建對於所有人都是非常普遍的。”OCI 延續了這一傳統，它的成員包括諸如 AWS、谷歌、IBM、微軟、Docker 和 VMWare 這樣的大公司。開源和圍繞 OCI 標準進行整合的容器技術創立者們描繪了一條通向未來的道路——甚至是科技巨頭都採用開源的理想。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"對於一些公司來說，OCI 的努力是他們開發容器生態系統產品併爲開源容器項目方面做出貢獻的一個原因，並且他們計劃長期這樣做。比如 Weaveworks 提供了 Kubernetes 的商業產品和支持。Richardson 說：“目前，在希望一切免費的終端用戶的利益和爲最終用戶支持的企業利益之間存在一個平衡。雙方所使用的技術中許多共同的部分都是開源的，但是工作流程、活動和結果都與商業交易相關。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"未來不會私有化"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Aniszczyk 和 OCI 希望確保容器的未來能在未來幾年中以開源範式爲根基。OCI 並不滿足於阻止有可能破壞容器應用的潛在的標準軍備競賽，因爲，在撰寫本文時，OCI 希望發佈新的鏡像規範，使容器的應用變得更有效。Aniszczyk 進一步指出：“運行時是標準化的，鏡像規範也是標準化的，分發規範也是標準化的。建立規範是最後要做的事情，因此在未來的一兩年裏可能會有類似的事情要做。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"OCI 主席希望容器有一個明確的前進方向：開源的未來意味着社區不會陷入混亂。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"“容器總體上來說，我們已經在行業上實現了現代化，並且使用了一系列良好的原則來完成開源的基礎設施，”Aniszczyk 說，“它從容器開始，但是它正在向下一個編排工作負載轉移。Kubernetes 是事實上的方式，但是誰知道接下來會發生什麼呢？”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Richardson 同樣對容器技術的發展道路感到好奇。他說：“我並不擔心開源容器或者 Kubernetes 會在某種程度上成爲閉源。但是，對 Linux 和 Kubernetes 進行投資並從中獲益的公司是否會有長期的興趣？”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"考慮到容器作爲“計算機基礎設施通用語言”的角色，他說，這個問題是至關重要的。據他估計，現在有 2000 到 3000 萬人能寫軟件應用程序：這個數字大約每五年翻一番。“十年內，將會有 1 億到 1.5 億的開發者，”他表示，“這意味着，75% 的開發者甚至還沒有開始。它們並不想知道關於 Kubernetes 的事情——他們想知道如何爲朋友或企業編寫有趣的應用程序。他們在廣泛性和價值性上有一定的技能，但在工程方面並不深入。這些都顯示出一個趨勢，即（需要）更好的開發者體驗，因此，容器和其周圍的產品需要很好地配合才能做到這一點。”爲了確保容器繼續得到廣泛使用，就必須使其易於訪問，而具有高門檻的碎片化系統對此無益。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"不管計算機世界發生了什麼變化，處於生態系統核心的那些人堅信，容器的未來絕對是開源的。就像 Aniszczyk 說的那樣：“所有這些技術都是開源的，這是肯定的。對於基礎設施而言，我認爲，現在祕密已無從隱藏。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"作者介紹："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Chris Stokel-Walker，《經濟學人》（"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"},{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"The Economist"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"）、彭博社（"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"},{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Bloomberg"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"）、BBC、《連線英國》（"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"},{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Wired UK"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"）的駐英國特約記者。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"原文鏈接："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"https:\/\/increment.com\/containers\/containers-and-open-source\/"}]}]}