2021年 Rust 行業調研報告

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"文前"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 語言是一門通用系統級編程語言，無GC且能保證內存安全、併發安全和高性能而著稱。自2008年開始由 Graydon Hoare 私人研發，2009年得到 Mozilla 贊助，2010年首次發佈 0.1.0 版本，用於Servo 引擎的研發，於 2015年5月15號發佈 1.0 版本。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"自發布以來，截止到2021 年的今天，經歷六年的發展，Rust 得到穩步上升，已逐漸趨於成熟穩定。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"至 2016 年開始，截止到 2021年，Rust 連續五年成爲"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/insights.stackoverflow.com\/survey\/2020","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" StackOverflow 語言榜上最受歡迎的語言"}]},{"type":"text","text":"。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/d8\/3a\/d8ea7195e54a9yyfe16d1f7c310d3b3a.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2021年 2 月 9 號，"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Rust 基金會宣佈成立"},{"type":"text","text":"。"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"華爲、AWS、Google、微軟、Mozilla、Facebook 等科技行業領軍巨頭加入 Rust 基金會"},{"type":"text","text":"，成爲白金成員，以致力於在全球範圍內推廣和發展 Rust 語言。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"那 Rust 語言到底有何魅力，能讓廣大開發者和巨頭公司這麼感興趣呢？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"本文打算從 Rust 語言自身特性 和 Rust 行業應用盤點兩個方面的社區調研來嘗試來解答這個問題。供想選擇 Rust 的公司參考。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"其實 Rust 生態還有很多內容，等待大家挖掘。本文內容還未覆蓋完全 Rust 生態的方方面面。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"註明： 本文中所羅列數據均來源互聯網公開內容。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"認識 Rust 語言"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"編程語言設計在兩個看似不可調和的願望之間長期存在着矛盾對立。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"安全 ( safe )。 我們想要強類型系統來靜態地排除大量錯誤。 我們要自動內存管理。我們想要數據封裝， 這樣我們就可以對私有變量執行不變的對象的表示形式，並確保它們將不會被不受信任的代碼破壞。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"控制 (control )。 至少對於 Web瀏覽器，操作系統，或遊戲引擎這樣的 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"系統編程 (system programming)"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 程序，約束它們性能或資源是一個重要的問題，我們想了解數據的字節級表示。 我們想要用"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"底層語言 (low-level programming)"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 的編程技術優化我們程序的時間和空間的使用。 我們希望在需要時使用 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"裸機"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"然而，按照傳統的看法，魚和熊掌不能兼得。 Java 之類的語言使我們極大的安全保證，但代價是犧牲對底層的控制。結果，對於許多系統編程應用程序，唯一現實的選擇是使用一種像 C 或 C++ 提供細粒度的語言控制資源管理。 但是，獲得這種控制需要很高的成本。例如，微軟最近報告說，他們修復的 70％ 安全漏洞都歸因於內存安全違規行爲 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/rustmagazine.github.io\/rust_magazine_2021\/chapter_4\/safe_system.html#33","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"33"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，並且都是能被強類型系統排除的問題。同樣，Mozilla 報告指出，絕大多數關鍵 他們在Firefox中發現的錯誤是內存有關的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/rustmagazine.github.io\/rust_magazine_2021\/chapter_4\/safe_system.html#16","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"16 "}]},{"type":"text","text":"。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如果可以以某種方式兩全其美: 安全系統編程的同時對底層有控制權，豈不美哉。因此，Rust 語言應運而生。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"官方網如此介紹 Rust : 一門賦予每個人 構建可靠且高效軟件能力的語言。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 語言有三大優勢值得大家關注："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"numberedlist","attrs":{"start":1,"normalizeStart":1},"content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":1,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"高性能。Rust 速度驚人且內存利用率極高。由於沒有運行時和垃圾回收，它能夠勝任對性能要求特別高的服務，可以在嵌入式設備上運行，還能輕鬆和其他語言集成。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":2,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"可靠性。Rust 豐富的類型系統和所有權模型保證了內存安全和線程安全，讓您在編譯期就能夠消除各種各樣的錯誤。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":3,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"生產力。Rust 擁有出色的文檔、友好的編譯器和清晰的錯誤提示信息， 還集成了一流的工具——包管理器和構建工具， 智能地自動補全和類型檢驗的多編輯器支持， 以及自動格式化代碼等等。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 足夠底層，如果有必要，它可以像 C 一樣進行優化，以實現最高性能。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"抽象層次越高，內存管理越方便，可用庫越豐富，Rust 程序代碼就越多，做的事情越多，但如果不進行控制，可能導致程序膨脹。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"然而，Rust 程序的優化也很不錯，有時候比 C 語言更好，C 語言適合在逐個字節逐個指針的級別上編寫最小的代碼，而 Rust 具有強大的功能，能夠有效地將多個函數甚至整個庫組合在一起。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但是，最大的潛力是可以無畏（fearless）地並行化大多數 Rust 代碼，即使等價的 C 代碼並行化的風險非常高。在這方面，Rust 語言是比 C 語言更爲成熟的語言。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 語言也支持高併發零成本的異步編程，Rust 語言應該是首個支持異步編程的系統級語言。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"媲美 C \/ Cpp 的高性能"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Rust vs C"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/bd\/24\/bd0a19be7f71e5a2a6e6bbd0cf1c0a24.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Rust vs Cpp"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/35\/ee\/3568b321c7de5a445e024ff6faa707ee.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Rust vs Go"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/f7\/77\/f79007fb4e39a7929606b007fa7c4e77.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"用 Rust 編寫的程序的運行時速度和內存使用量應該和用 C 編寫的程序差不多，但這兩種語言的總體編程風格不同，很難去概括它們的性能。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"總的來說："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"numberedlist","attrs":{"start":1,"normalizeStart":1},"content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":1,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"抽象是一把雙刃劍。Rust 語言抽象程度比 C 語言更高，抽象會隱藏一些不是那麼優化的代碼，這意味着，默認實現的 Rust 代碼性能不是最好的。所以，你的 Rust 代碼必須經過優化才能達到媲美 C 的性能。Unsafe Rust 就是高性能出口。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":2,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 默認線程安全，消除數據競爭，讓多線程併發編程更具實用價值。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":3,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 在有些方面確實比 C 快。理論上，C 語言什麼都可以做。 但在實踐中，C 抽象能力比較低，不那麼現代化，開發效率比較低。只要開發者有無限時間和精力，就可以讓 C 語言在這些方面比 Rust 更快。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"因爲 C 語言足以代表高性能，下面就分別談一下 C 和 Rust 的異同。如果你熟悉 C\/Cpp，也可以根據此對比來評估 Cpp 和 Rust。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 和 C 都是硬件直接抽象"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 和 C 都是直接對硬件的抽象，都可看作一種「可移植彙編程序」。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 和 C 都能控制數據結構的內存佈局、整數大小、棧與堆內存分配、指針間接尋址等，並且一般都能翻譯成可理解的機器代碼，編譯器很少插入 \"魔法\"。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"即便 Rust 比 C 有更高層次的結構，如迭代器、特質（trait）和智能指針，它們也被設計爲可預測地優化爲簡單的機器代碼（又稱 \"零成本抽象\"）。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust的類型的內存佈局很簡單，例如，可增長的字符串"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"String"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 和 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Vec"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 正好是"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"{byte*, capacity, length}"}]},{"type":"text","text":"。Rust沒有任何像 Cpp裏的 移動 或 複製構造函數 這樣的概念，所以對象的傳遞保證不會比傳遞指針或 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"memcpy"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 更復雜。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 借用檢查只是編譯器對代碼中引用的靜態分析。生命週期（lifetime）信息早就在 中級中間語言（MIR） 生成前完全抽離了。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 中不使用傳統的異常處理，而是使用基於返回值的錯誤處理。但你也可以使用 恐慌（Panic）來處理像 Cpp 中那樣的異常行爲。它可以在編譯時被禁用"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"（panic = abort）"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，但即便如此，Rust 也不喜歡 與 Cpp異常 或 longjmp 混在一起。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"同樣的 LLVM 後端"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust與LLVM有很好的整合，所以它支持鏈接時間優化，包括ThinLTO，甚至是跨越C\/C++\/Rust語言邊界的內聯。也有按配置優化（Profile-guided Optimization，PGO）的支持。儘管 rustc 比 clang 生成的LLVM IR更加冗長，但優化器仍然能夠很好地處理它。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"C 語言用 GCC 編譯比用 LLVM 更快，現在 Rust 社區也有人在開發 GCC 的 Rust 前端。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"理論上，因爲 Rust 有比C 更嚴格的不可變和別名規則，應該比 C 語言有更好的性能優化，但實際上並沒有起到這樣的效果。目前在LLVM中，超越 C語言的優化是一項正在進行的工作，所以Rust仍然沒有達到其全部潛力。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"都允許手工優化，但有一些小例外"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 的代碼足夠底層和可預測，可以通過手工調整它的優化到什麼樣的彙編代碼。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 支持 SIMD ，對內聯和調用約定有很好的控制。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 和 C 語言足夠相似，C 語言的一些分析工具通常可以用於 Rust 。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"總的來說，如果性能絕對關鍵，並且需要手工優化壓榨最後一點性能，那麼優化 Rus t 與 優化 C 語言並沒有什麼不同。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但是在一些比較底層的特性，Rust 沒有特別好的替代方法。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"goto"}]},{"type":"text","text":"。Rust 中沒有提供"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"goto"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，不過你可以使用循環的 break 標籤來代替。C 語言中一般使用 goto 來清理內存，但是 Rust 因爲有確定性析構功能，所以不需要 goto。然而有一個 非標準的 goto 擴展，對性能優化比較有用。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"棧內存分配"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"alloca"}]},{"type":"text","text":"和"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"C99"}]},{"type":"text","text":"可變長度數組，可以節省內存空間，減少內存分配次數。但這些即使在 C 語言中也是有爭議的，所以Rust遠離了它們。"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 相比 C 語言的一些開銷"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如果沒有經過手工優化，Rust 因爲其抽象表達也會有一些開銷。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust缺乏隱式類型轉換和只用usize的索引，這導致開發者只能使用這種類型，哪怕只需要更小的數據類型。64位平臺上用usize做索引更容易優化，而不需要擔心未定義行爲，但多餘的bit位可能會給寄存器和內存帶來更大的壓力。而在 C 中，你可以選擇 32位類型。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 中的字符串，總是會攜帶指針和長度。但是很多 C 代碼中的函數只接收指針而不管大小。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"像 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"for i in 0...len {arr[i]}"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 這樣的迭代，性能取決於 LLVM 優化器能否證明長度匹配。有時候，它不能，並且邊界檢查也會抑制自動矢量化。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"C 語言比較自由，對於內存有很多“聰明”的使用技巧，但在 Rust 裏就沒這麼自由了。但Rust仍然給了內存分配很多控制權，並且可以做一些基本的事情，比如內存池、將多個分配合併爲一個、預分配空間等等。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在不熟悉 Rust 借用檢查的情況下，可能會用 Clone 來逃避使用引用。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 的標準庫中 I\/O 是不帶緩存的，所以需要使用 "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"BufWriter"},{"type":"text","text":" 來包裝。這就是爲什麼有些人說 Rust 寫的代碼還不如 Python 快的原因，因爲 99% 的時間都用在 I\/O上了。"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"可執行文件大小"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"每個操作系統都有一些內置的標準C庫，其中有大約30MB的代碼。C 語言的執行文件，可以“免費”使用這些庫。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"一個小的 \"Hello World \" 級 C 可執行文件實際上不能打印任何東西，它只調用操作系統提供的printf。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"而 Rust 則不可以，Rust可執行文件會捆綁自己的標準庫（300KB或更多）。幸運的是，這只是一次性的開銷，可以減少。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"對於嵌入式開發，可以關閉標準庫，使用 \"no-std\"，Rust將生成 \"裸 \"代碼。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在每個函數的基礎上，Rust代碼的大小與C差不多，但有一個 \"泛型膨脹 \"的問題。泛型函數爲它們所使用的每一種類型都有優化的版本，所以有可能出現同一個函數有8個版本的情況，"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/lib.rs\/cargo-bloat","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"cargo-bloat"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 庫有助於發現這些問題。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在Rust中使用依賴關係是非常容易的。與 JS\/npm 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可以將來自標準庫、依賴項和其他編譯單元的函數內聯。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":3,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 會對結構體字段進行重排，以優化內存佈局。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":4,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"字符串攜帶大小信息，使得長度檢查速度很快。並允許就地生成子串。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":5,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"與 C++ 模板類似，Rust 中泛型函數會單態化，生成不同類型的副本，因此像 sort 這樣的函數和 HashMap 這樣的容器總是針對相應的類型進行優化。對於 C 語言，則必須在修改宏或者處理"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"void*"}]},{"type":"text","text":"和運行時變量大小的效率較低的函數之間做出選擇。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":6,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust的迭代器可以組合成鏈狀，作爲一個單元一起被優化。因此，你可以調用"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"it.buy().use().break().change().mail().upgrade()"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，而不是對同一個緩存區多次寫入的一系列調用。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":7,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"同樣，通過 Read 和 Write 接口，接收一些未緩存的流數據，在流中執行 CRC 校驗，然後將其轉碼、壓縮，再寫入網絡中，所有這些都可以在一次調用中完成。雖然 C 語言中應該也可以做到，但它沒有泛型和特質（trait），將很難做到。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":8,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 標準庫中內置高質量的容器和優化過的數據結構，比 C 使用起來更方便。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":9,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust的 serde 是世界上最快的JSON解析器之一，使用體驗非常棒。"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 比 C 明顯優越的地方"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"主要是兩點："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"numberedlist","attrs":{"start":1,"normalizeStart":1},"content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":1,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 消除數據競爭，天生線程安全，解放多線程生產力，是 Rust 明顯比 C \/ Cpp 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也會強制實現所有代碼和數據的線程安全，哪怕那些代碼的作者沒有注意線程安全。一切都遵循一個特定的線程安全保證，或者不允許跨線程使用。當你編寫的代碼不符合線程安全時，編譯器會準確地指出不安全之處。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 生態中已經有了很多庫，如數據並行、線程池、隊列、任務、無鎖數據結構等。有了這類組件的幫助，再加上類型系統強大的安全網，完全可以很輕鬆地實現併發\/並行化 Rust 程序。有些情況下，用 par_iter 代替 iter 是可以的，只要能夠進行編譯，就可以正常工作！這並不總是線性加速（ 阿姆達爾定律（Amdahl's law）很殘酷），但往往是相對較少的工作就能加速 2~3 倍。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"延伸：阿姆達爾定律，一個計算機科學界的經驗法則，因 Gene Amdahl 而得名。它代表了處理器並行計算之後效率提升的能力。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在記錄線程安全方面，Rust 和 C 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庫，沒有這樣的說法：“可以在一個線程上分配它，在另一個線程上釋放它，但不能同時從兩個線程中使用它”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"根據數據類型，Rust 描述了線程安全性，它可以泛化到所有使用它們的函數。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"對於 C 語言來說，線程安全只涉及單個函數和配置標誌。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 的保證通常是在編譯時提供的，至少是無條件的。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"對於 C 語言，常見的是“僅當 turboblub 選項設置爲 7 時，這纔是線程安全的” （這句話並不是真的讓你去設置 turboblub 選項，因爲本來就沒有這個選項，所以 C 語言不會保證你線程安全 ）。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"異步併發"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 語言支持 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"async\/await"}]},{"type":"text","text":"異步編程模型。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"該編程模型，基於一個叫做 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Future"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 的概念，，在 JavaScript 中也叫做 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Promise"}]},{"type":"text","text":"。"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Future"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 表示一個尚未得出的值，你可以在它被解決（resolved）以得出那個值之前對它進行各種操作。在許多語言中，對 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Future"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 所做的工作並不多，這種實現支持很多特性比如組合器（Combinator），尤其是能在此基礎上實現更符合人體工程學的 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"async"}]},{"type":"text","text":"\/"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"await"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 語法。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Future"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 可以表示各種各樣的東西，尤其適用於表示異步 I\/O ：當你發起一次網絡請求時，你將立即獲得一個 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Future"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 對象，而一旦網絡請求完成，它將返回任何響應可能包含的值；你也可以表示諸如“超時”之類的東西，“超時”其實就是一個在過了特定時間後被解決的 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Future"}]},{"type":"text","text":" ；甚至不屬於 I\/O 的工作或者需要放到某個線程池中運行的CPU密集型的工作，也可以通過一個 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Future"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 來表示，這個 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Future"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 將會在線程池完成工作後被解決。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Future"}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":" 存在的問題"},{"type":"text","text":" 是它在大多數語言中的表示方式是這種基於回調的方法，使用這種方式時，你可以指定在 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Future"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 被解決之後運行什麼回調函數。也就是說， "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Future"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 負責弄清楚什麼時候被解決，無論你的回調是什麼，它都會運行；而所有的不便也都建立在此模型上，它非常難用，因爲已經有很多開發者進行了大量的嘗試，發現他們不得不寫很多分配性的代碼以及使用動態派發；實際上，你嘗試調度的每個回調都必須獲得自己獨立的存儲空間，例如 crate 對象、堆內存分配，這些分配以及動態派發無處不在。這種方法沒有滿足零成本抽象的第二個原則，如果你要使用它，它將比你自己寫要慢很多，那你爲什麼還要用它。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 中的方案有所不同。不是由 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Future"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 來調度回調函數，而是由一個被稱爲執行器（executor）的組件去輪詢 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Future"}]},{"type":"text","text":"。而 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Future"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 可能返回“尚未準備就緒（Pending）”，也可能被解決就返回“已就緒（Ready）”。該模型有很多優點。其中一個優點是，你可以非常容易地取消 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Future"}]},{"type":"text","text":" ，因爲取消 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Future"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 只需要停止持有 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Future"}]},{"type":"text","text":"。而如果採用基於回調的方法，要通過調度來取消並使其停止就沒這麼容易了。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"同時它還能夠使我們在程序的不同部分之間建立真正清晰的抽象邊界，大多數其他 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Future"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 庫都帶有事件循環（event loop），這也是調度 你的"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Future"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 執行 I\/O 的方法，但實際上你對此沒有任何控制權。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"而在 Rust 中，各組件之間的邊界非常整潔，執行器（executor）負責調度你的 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Future"}]},{"type":"text","text":" ，反應器（reactor）處理所有的 I\/O ，然後是你的實際代碼。因此最終用戶可以自行決定使用什麼執行器，使用他們想使用的反應器，從而獲得更強的控制力，這在系統編程語言中真的很重要。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"而此模型最重要的真正優勢在於，它使我們能夠以一種真正零成本的完美方式實現這種狀態機式的 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Future"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 。也就是當你編寫的 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Future"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 代碼被編譯成實際的本地（native）代碼時，它就像一個狀態機；在該狀態機中，每次 I\/O 的暫停點都有一個變體（variant），而每個變體都保存了恢復執行所需的狀態。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"而這種 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Future"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 抽象的真正有用之處在於，我們可以在其之上構建其他 API 。可以通過將這些組合器方法應用於 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Future"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 來構建狀態機，它們的工作方式類似於迭代器（"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Iterator"}]},{"type":"text","text":"）的適配器（如 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"filter"}]},{"type":"text","text":"、"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"map"}]},{"type":"text","text":"）。但是這種方式是有一些缺點的，尤其是諸如嵌套回調之類，可讀性非常差。所以才需要實現 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"async"}]},{"type":"text","text":" \/ "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"await"}]},{"type":"text","text":"異步語法。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"目前 Rust 生態中，已經有了成熟的 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/tokio.rs\/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"tokio"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 運行時生態，支持 epoll 等異步 I\/O。如果你想用 io_uring ，也可以使用 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/DataDog\/glommio","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Glommio"}]},{"type":"text","text":" ，或者等待 tokio 對 io_uring 的支持。甚至，你可以使用 smol 運行時提供的 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/smol-rs\/async-executor","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"async_executor"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 和 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/smol-rs\/async-io","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"async-io"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 來構建你自己的運行時。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"編譯期計算"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 可以支持類似於 Cpp 那樣的 編譯期常量求值。這一點是明顯比C優越的。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"雖然目前功能還不如 Cpp 那樣強大，但還在不斷的維護中。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"爲什麼 Rust 中支持 編譯期計算這麼謹慎呢？因爲Rust 編譯期求值是必須要保證安全的，所以有很多考慮。Rust 編譯期求值不像 Cpp 那樣自由且容易濫用。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"可靠性"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2020 年 6月份，來自3所大學的5位學者在ACM SIGPLAN國際會議（PLDI'20）上發表了一篇研究成果，針對近幾年使用Rust語言的開源項目中的安全缺陷進行了全面的調查。這項研究調查了5個使用Rust語言開發的軟件系統，5個被廣泛使用的Rust庫，以及兩個漏洞數據庫。調查總共涉及了850處unsafe代碼使用、70個內存安全缺陷、100個線程安全缺陷。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在調查中，研究員不光查看了所有漏洞數據庫中報告的缺陷和軟件公開報告的缺陷，還查看了所有開源軟件代碼倉庫中的提交記錄。通過人工的分析，他們界定出提交所修復的BUG類型，並將其歸類到相應的內存安全\/線程安全問題中。所有被調查過的問題都被整理到了公開的Git倉庫中："},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/system-pclub\/rust-study","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/github.com\/system-pclub\/rust-study"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"調查結果說明："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"numberedlist","attrs":{"start":1,"normalizeStart":1},"content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":1,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust語言的safe代碼對於空間和時間內存安全問題的檢查非常有效，所有穩定版本中出現的內存安全問題都和unsafe代碼有關。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":2,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"雖然內存安全問題都和unsafe代碼有關，但大量的問題同時也和safe代碼有關。有些問題甚至源於safe代碼的編碼錯誤，而不是unsafe代碼。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":3,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"線程安全問題，無論阻塞還是非阻塞，都可以在safe代碼中發生，即使代碼完全符合Rust語言的規則。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":4,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"大量問題的產生是由於編碼人員沒有正確理解Rust語言的生命週期規則導致的。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":5,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"有必要針對Rust語言中的典型問題，建立新的缺陷檢測工具。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"那麼這份調查報告背後 Rust 的安全性是如何保證的呢？Unsafe Rust 又是爲什麼 Unsafe 呢？"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"所有權： Rust 語言內存安全機制"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 的設計深深地吸取了關於安全系統編程的學術研究的精髓。特別是，與其他主流語言相比，Rust 設計的最大特色在於採用了"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"所有權類型系統"},{"type":"text","text":"（在學術文獻中通常稱爲"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"仿射"},{"type":"text","text":"或"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"子結構"},{"type":"text","text":"類型系統"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/rustmagazine.github.io\/rust_magazine_2021\/chapter_4\/safe_system.html#36","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"36"}]},{"type":"text","text":"）。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"所有權機制，就是Rust 語言藉助類型系統，承載其“內存安全”的思想，表達出來的安全編程語義和模型。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"所有權機制要解決的內存不安全問題包括："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"numberedlist","attrs":{"start":1,"normalizeStart":1},"content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":1,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"引用空指針。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":2,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"使用未初始化內存。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":3,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"釋放後使用，也就是使用懸垂指針。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":4,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"緩衝區溢出，比如數組越界。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":5,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"非法釋放已經釋放過的指針或未分配的指針，也就是重複釋放。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"注意，內存泄露不屬於內存安全問題範疇，所以 Rust 也不解決內存泄露問題。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"爲了保證內存安全，Rust 語言建立了嚴格的安全內存管理模型："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"所有權系統。每個被分配的內存都有一個獨佔其所有權的指針。只有當該指針被銷燬時，其對應的內存才能隨之被釋放。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"借用和生命週期。每個變量都有其生命週期，一旦超出生命週期，變量就會被自動釋放。如果是借用，則可以通過標記生命週期參數供編譯器檢查的方式，防止出現懸垂指針，也就是釋放後使用的情況。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"其中所有權系統還包括了從現代 C++ 那裏借鑑的 RAII 機制，這是 Rust 無 GC 但是可以安全管理內存的基石。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"建立了安全內存管理模型之後，再用類型系統表達出來即可。"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Rust 從 Haskell 的類型系統那裏借鑑了以下特性："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"沒有空指針"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"默認不可變"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"表達式"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"高階函數"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"代數數據類型"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"模式匹配"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"泛型"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"trait 和關聯類型"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"本地類型推導"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"爲了實現內存安全，Rust 還具備以下獨有的特性："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"仿射類型（Affine Type），該類型用來表達 Rust 所有權中的 Move 語義。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"借用、生命週期。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"藉助類型系統的強大，Rust 編譯器可以在編譯期對類型進行檢查，看其是否滿足安全內存模型，在編譯期就能發現內存不安全問題，有效地阻止未定義行爲的發生。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"內存安全的 Bug 和併發安全的 Bug 產生的內在原因是相同的，都是因爲內存的不正當訪問而造成的。同樣，利用裝載了所有權的強大類型系統，Rust 還解決了併發安全的問題。Rust 編譯器會通過靜態檢查分析，在編譯期就檢查出多線程併發代碼中所有的數據競爭問題。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Unsafe Rust ：劃分安全邊界"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"**爲了和現有的生態系統良好地集成，**Rust 支持非常方便且零成本的 FFI 機制，兼容 C-ABI，並且從語言架構層面上將 Rust 語言分成 Safe Rust 和 Unsafe Rust 兩部分。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"其中 Unsafe Rust 專門和外部系統打交道，比如操作系統內核。之所以這樣劃分，是因爲 Rust 編譯器的檢查和跟蹤是有能力範圍的，它不可能檢查到外部其他語言接口的安全狀態，所以只能靠開發者自己來保證安全。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 的最終目標並不是完全消除那些危險點，因爲在某種程度上，我們需要能夠訪問內存和其他資源。實際上，Rust 的目標是將所有的unsafe元素抽象出來。在考慮安全性時，你需要考慮“攻擊面”，或者我們可以與程序的哪些部分進行交互。像解析器這樣的東西是一個很大的攻擊面，因爲："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"它們通常可以被攻擊者訪問；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"攻擊者提供的數據可以直接影響解析通常需要的複雜邏輯。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":"none"},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"你可以進一步分解，將傳統的攻擊面分解成“攻擊面”（可以直接影響程序代碼的部分）和“安全層”，這部分代碼是攻擊面依賴的代碼，但是無法訪問，而且可能存在潛在的 Bug。在 C 語言中，它們是一樣的：C 語言中的數組根本不是抽象的，所以如果你讀取了可變數量的項，就需要確保所有的不變量都保持不變，因爲這是在不安全層中操作，那裏可能會發生錯誤。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"所以，Rust 提供了 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"unsafe"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 關鍵字和"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"unsafe"}]},{"type":"text","text":"塊，顯式地將安全代碼和訪問外部接口的不安全代碼進行了區分，也爲開發者調試錯誤提供了方便。Safe Rust 表示開發者將信任編譯器能夠在編譯時保證安全，而 Unsafe Rust 表示讓編譯器信任開發者有能力保證安全。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"有人的地方就有 Bug。Rust 語言通過精緻的設計，將機器可以檢查控制的部分都交給編譯器來執行，而將機器無法控制的部分交給開發者自己來執行。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Safe Rust 保證的是編譯器在編譯時最大化地保障內存安全，阻止未定義行爲的發生。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Unsafe Rust 用來提醒開發者，此時開發的代碼有可能引起未定義行爲，請謹慎！人和編譯器共享同一個“安全模型”，相互信任，彼此和諧，以此來最大化地消除人產生 Bug 的可能。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Unsafe Rust，是Rust的安全邊界。世界的本質就是Unsafe的。你無法避免它。還有人說，因爲Unsafe Rust的存在，所以也不見得能比C\/C++安全到哪裏去？Unsafe Rust確實和C\/C++一樣，要靠人來保證它的安全。但它對人的要求更高。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"它也給了開發者一個Unsafe的邊界，這其實也是一種安全邊界。它把你代碼裏的雷區，顯式地標記了出來。團隊代碼裏review的話，可以更快地發現問題。這本身就是一種安全。而反觀C++，你寫出的每一行代碼都是Unsafe的，因爲它沒有像Rust這樣明顯的界限（Unsafe 塊）。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"以下是我總結的五條使用Unsafe的簡單規範，方便大家做權衡："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"numberedlist","attrs":{"start":1,"normalizeStart":1},"content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":1,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"能用Safe Rust就用Safe Rust；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":2,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"爲了性能可以使用Unsafe Rust；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":3,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在使用Unsafe Rust的時候確保不要產生UB，並且儘量判斷其安全邊界，抽象爲 Safe 方法；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":4,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如果無法抽象爲Safe，需要標註爲Unsafe，並配以產生UB的條件文檔；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":5,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"對於Unsafe的代碼，大家可以重點review。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"所以，Unsafe 使用不當也會引發內存安全或邏輯 Bug 。所以，學習 如何對 Unsafe Rust 進行安全抽象至關重要。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"不過，Rust 社區生態中有一個 Rust 安全工作組，該組提供 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/RustSec\/rustsec","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"cargo-audit等一系列工具"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，並且維護"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/rustsec.org\/advisories\/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"RustSecurity"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 安全數據庫庫"}]},{"type":"text","text":"中記錄的"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust"}]},{"type":"text","text":"生態社區中發現的安全問題。可以方便地檢查 Rust 項目中依賴庫的安全問題。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"生產力"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"編程語言生產力，大概可以通過以下三個方面來評估："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"numberedlist","attrs":{"start":1,"normalizeStart":1},"content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":1,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"學習曲線。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":2,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"語言工程能力。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":3,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"領域生態。"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"學習曲線"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"學習曲線的高低，依個人水平不同而不同。以下羅列了不同基礎學習 Rust 應該注意的地方。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"numberedlist","attrs":{"start":1,"normalizeStart":1},"content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":1,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"完全零基礎的開發者：掌握計算機基礎體系知識結構，理解Rust語言和硬件\/OS層的抽象，理解Rust語言核心概念、以及它的抽象模式，選擇Rust語言的某個適用領域進行實操訓練，通過實踐來提升Rust語言的熟練度和理解深度，同時掌握領域知識。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":2,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"有C語言基礎：由於C語言開發者對高級語言的抽象不是很理解，所以着重瞭解掌握Rust所有權機制，包括所有權的語義，生命週期和借用檢查。瞭解Rust語言的抽象模式，主要是類型和trait；以及Rust本身的的OOP和函數式語言特性。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":3,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"有C++基礎：C++開發者對於Rust語言的所有權有很好的理解能力，主要精力放在Rust的抽象模式和函數式語言特性上。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":4,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"有Java\/Python\/Ruby基礎：着重理解攻克Rust所有權機制、抽象模式、函數式編程語言特性。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":5,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"有Go基礎：Go語言開發者比較容易理解Rust的類型和trait抽象模式，但Go也是GC語言，所以所有權機制和函數式語言特性是他們的學習重點。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":6,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"有Haskell基礎：Haskell系的開發者對Rust語言函數式特性能很好的理解，主要攻克所有權機制和OOP語言特性。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"所以，對於有一定基礎的開發者來說，學習Rust語言要掌握的幾個關鍵概念有："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"1、Rust所有權機制，包括所有權的語義，生命週期和借用檢查"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"​所有權機制是Rust語言最核心的特性，它保證了在沒有垃圾回收機制下的內存安全，所以對於習慣了GC的開發者，理解Rust的所有權是最關鍵的一環，切記這三點："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust中的每一個值都有一個被稱爲其所有者 (owner)的變量。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"值有且只有一個所有者。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"當所有者（變量）離開作用域，這個值將被丟棄。這其中又涉及到生命週期和借用檢查等概念，是相對比較難啃的一塊硬骨頭。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2、Rust語言的抽象模式，主要是類型和trait。trait借鑑了Haskell中的Typeclass，它是對類型行爲的抽象，可以通俗地類比爲其他編程語言裏的接口，它告訴編譯器一個類型必須提供哪些功能語言特性。使用時要遵循一致性，不能定義相互衝突的實現。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"3、OOP語言特性。熟悉面向對象編程（OOP）的常見的四個特性：對象、封裝、繼承和多態，可以更好地理解Rust的一些特性，比如impl、pub、trait等等。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"4、函數式語言特性。Rust語言的設計深受函數式編程的影響，看到函數式特性，數學不好的人可能會望而卻步，因爲函數式編程語言的最大特點是把運算過程儘量寫成一系列嵌套的函數調用,在Rust中，掌握閉包和迭代器是編寫函數式語言風格的高性能Rust代碼的重要一環。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"語言工程能力"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 已經爲開發工業級產品做足了準備。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"爲了保證安全性，Rust 引入了強大的類型系統和所有權系統，不僅保證內存安全，還保證了併發安全，同時還不會犧牲性能。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"爲了保證支持硬實時系統，Rust 從 C++那裏借鑑了確定性析構、RAII 和智能指針，用於自動化地、確定性地管理內存，從而避免了 GC 的引入，因而就不會有“世界暫停”的問題了。這幾項雖然借鑑自 C++，但是使用起來比 C++更加簡潔。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"爲了保證程序的健壯性，Rust 重新審視了錯誤處理機制。日常開發中一般有三類非正常情況：失敗、錯誤和異常。但是像 C 語言這種面向過程的語言，開發者只能通過返回值、goto 等語句進行錯誤處理，並且沒有統一的錯誤處理機制。而 C++和 Java 這種高級語言雖然引入了異常處理機制，但沒有專門提供能夠有效區分正常邏輯和錯誤邏輯的語法，而只是統一全局進行處理，導致開發者只能將所有的非正常情況都當作異常去處理，這樣不利於健壯系統的開發。並且異常處理還會帶來比較大的性能開銷。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 語言針對這三類非正常情況分別提供了專門的處理方式，讓開發者可以分情況去選擇。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"對於失敗的情況，可以使用斷言工具。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"對於錯誤，Rust 提供了基於返回值的分層錯誤處理方式，比如 Option 可以用來處理可能存在空值的情況，而 Result 就專門用來處理可以被合理解決並需要傳播的錯誤。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"對於異常，Rust 將其看作無法被合理解決的問題，提供了線程恐慌機制，在發生異常的時候，線程可以安全地退出。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"通過這樣精緻的設計，開發者就可以從更細的粒度上對非正常情況進行合理處理，最終編寫出更加健壯的系統。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"爲了提供靈活的架構能力"},{"type":"text","text":"，Rust 使用 特質（trait） 來作爲零成本抽象的基礎。特質 面向組合而非繼承，讓開發者可以靈活地架構 緊耦合 和 松耦合的系統。Rust 也提供了 泛型 來表達類型抽象，結合 trait 特性，讓 Rust 擁有靜態多態 和 代碼複用 的能力。泛型和trait 讓你可以靈活使用各種設計模式來對系統架構進行重塑。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"爲了提供強大的語言擴展能力和開發效率"},{"type":"text","text":"，Rust 引入了基於宏的元編程機制。Rust提供了兩種宏，分別是聲明宏和過程宏。聲明宏的形式和C的宏替換類似，區別在於Rust會對宏展開後的代碼進行檢查，在安全方面更有優勢。過程宏則讓 Rust 在代碼複用、代碼生成擁有強大的能力。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"爲了和現有的生態系統良好地集成，Rust 支持非常方便且零成本的 FFI 機制，兼容 C-ABI，並且從語言架構層面上將 Rust 語言分成 Safe Rust 和 Unsafe Rust 兩部分。其中 Unsafe Rust 專門和外部系統打交道，比如操作系統內核。之所以這樣劃分，是因爲 Rust 編譯器的檢查和跟蹤是有能力範圍的，它不可能檢查到外部其他語言接口的安全狀態，所以只能靠開發者自己來保證安全。Unsafe Rust 提供了 unsafe 關鍵字和 unsafe 塊，顯式地將安全代碼和訪問外部接口的不安全代碼進行了區分，也爲開發者調試錯誤提供了方便。Safe Rust 表示開發者將信任編譯器能夠在編譯時保證安全，而 Unsafe Rust 表示讓編譯器信任開發者有能力保證安全。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"有人的地方就有 Bug。Rust 語言通過精緻的設計，將機器可以檢查控制的部分都交給編譯器來執行，而將機器無法控制的部分交給開發者自己來執行。Safe Rust 保證的是編譯器在編譯時最大化地保障內存安全，阻止未定義行爲的發生。Unsafe Rust 用來提醒開發者，此時開發的代碼有可能引起未定義行爲，請謹慎！人和編譯器共享同一個“安全模型”，相互信任，彼此和諧，以此來最大化地消除人產生 Bug 的可能。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"爲了讓開發者更方便地相互協作，Rust 提供了非常好用的包管理器"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/doc.rust-lang.org\/cargo\/guide\/index.html","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Cargo"}]},{"type":"text","text":"。Rust 代碼是以包（crate）爲編譯和分發單位的，Cargo 提供了很多命令，方便開發者創建、構建、分發、管理自己的包。Cargo 也提供插件機制，方便開發者編寫自定義的插件，來滿足更多的需求。比如官方提供的 rustfmt 和 clippy 工具，分別可以用於自動格式化代碼和發現代碼中的“壞味道”。再比如，rustfix 工具甚至可以幫助開發者根據編譯器的建議自動修復出錯的代碼。Cargo 還天生擁抱開源社區和 Git，支持將寫好的包一鍵發佈到 crates.io 網站，供其他人使用。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"爲了方便開發者學習 Rust，Rust 官方團隊做出瞭如下努力："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"獨立出專門的社區工作組，編寫官方 "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"Rust Book"},{"type":"text","text":"，以及其他各種不同深度的文檔，比如編譯器文檔、nomicon book 等。甚至組織免費的社區教學活動 Rust Bridge，大力鼓勵社區博客寫作，等等。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 語言的文檔支持 Markdown 格式，因此 Rust 標準庫文檔表現力豐富。生態系統內很多第三方包的文檔的表現力也同樣得以提升。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"提供了非常好用的在線 Playground 工具，供開發者學習、使用和分享代碼。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 語言很早就實現了自舉，方便學習者通過閱讀源碼瞭解其內部機制，甚至參與貢獻。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 核心團隊一直在不斷改進 Rust，致力於提升 Rust 的友好度，極力降低初學者的心智負擔，減緩學習曲線。比如引入 NLL 特性來改進借用檢查系統，使得開發者可以編寫更加符合直覺的代碼。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"雖然從 Haskell 那裏借鑑了很多類型系統相關的內容，但是 Rust 團隊在設計和宣傳語言特性的時候，會特意地去學術化，讓 Rust 的概念更加親民。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在類型系統基礎上提供了混合編程範式的支持，提供了強大而簡潔的抽象表達能力，極大地提升了開發者的開發效率。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"提供更加嚴格且智能的編譯器。基於類型系統，編譯器可以嚴格地檢查代碼中隱藏的問題。Rust 官方團隊還在不斷優化編譯器的診斷信息，使得開發者可以更加輕鬆地定位錯誤，並快速理解錯誤發生的原因。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"爲了方便 Rust 開發者提升開發效率，Rust 社區還提供了強大的 IDE 支持。VSCode\/Vim\/Emacs + Rust Analyzer 成爲了 Rust 開發的標配。當然 JetBrains家族的 IDEA\/ Clion 也對 Rust 支持十分強力。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 與 開源"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 語言自身作爲一個開源項目，也是現代開源軟件中的一顆璀璨的明珠。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在 Rust 之前誕生的所有語言，都僅僅用於商用開發，但是 Rust 語言改變了這一狀況。對於 Rust 語言來說，Rust 開源社區也是語言的一部分。同時，Rust 語言也是屬於社區的。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 團隊由 Mozilla 和非 Mozilla 成員組成，至今 Rust 項目貢獻者已經超過了 1900 人。Rust 團隊分爲核心組和其他領域工作組，針對 Rust 2018 的目標，Rust 團隊被分爲了嵌入式工作組、CLI 工作組、網絡工作組以及 WebAssembly 工作組，另外還有生態系統工作組和社區工作組等。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這些領域中的設計都會先經過一個 RFC 流程，對於一些不需要經過 RFC 流程的更改，只需要給 Rust 項目庫提交 Pull Request 即可。所有過程都是對社區透明的，並且貢獻者都可參與評審，當然，最終決策權歸核心組及相關領域工作組所有。後面爲了精簡 FCP流程，也引入了 MCP。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 團隊維護三個發行分支：穩定版（Stable）、測試版（Beta）和開發版（Nightly）。**其中穩定版和測試版每 6 周發佈一次。標記爲不穩定（Unstable）和特性開關（Feature Gate）的語言特性或標準庫特性只能在開發版中使用。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在 Rust 基金會成立以後，Rust 團隊也在不斷探索新的開源治理方案。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 語言的不足"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 雖然有很多優勢，但肯定也存在一些缺點。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"numberedlist","attrs":{"start":1,"normalizeStart":1},"content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":1,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 編譯速度很慢。雖然 Rust 官方也一直在改進 Rust 編譯速度，包括增量編譯支持，引入新的編譯後端（ cranelift ），並行編譯等措施，但還是慢。而且 增量編譯目前也有 Bug。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":2,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"學習曲線陡峭。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":3,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"IDE 支持不夠完善。比如，對宏代碼的支持不是很好。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":4,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"缺乏針對 Rust 語言特有內存不安全問題的各種檢測工具。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":5,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"針對某些場景、架構和硬件生態支持不是很完善，這其實是需要投入人力和硬件成本來支持了，需要社區和生態的共同努力。"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 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月"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"http:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MzA3MzI4MjgzMw==&mid=2650729915&idx=1&sn=2c75c059166a9f00942d9cc3326afb65&chksm=871b29c5b06ca0d3e16dc3e82397af9c076931185ce55b018a0b001a1ba6bb131148416bc05f&scene=21#wechat_redirect","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"機器之心曾對其進行過簡要介紹"}]},{"type":"text","text":"。該技術能自動爲大多數計算硬件生成可部署優化代碼，其性能可與當前最優的供應商提供的優化計算庫相比，且可以適應新型專用加速器後端。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"簡單來說，TVM可以稱爲許多工具集的集合，其中這些工具可以組合起來使用，來實現我們的一些神經網絡的加速和部署功能。這也是爲什麼叫做"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"TVM Stack"},{"type":"text","text":"了。TVM的使用途徑很廣，幾乎可以支持市面上大部分的神經網絡權重框架(ONNX、TF、Caffe2等)，也幾乎可以部署在任何的平臺，例如Windows、Linux、Mac、ARM等等。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"代碼及團隊規模"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"代碼量大約爲 1 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層、GRU、LSTM 和 1d-2d-3d CNN，然而，缺少池化層等等。Neuronika 還提供了損失函數、優化器、計算圖、張量和數據實用程序。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"速度方面，項目作者表示 Neuronika 的表現可與 PyTorch 媲美。你可以對它進行基準測試。但目前還不能支持 GPU。想要進行基準測試，可以參考測試文檔。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Neuronika 的核心機制是一種叫做反向模式自動微分機制（ reverse-mode automatic differentiation），這種機制允許用戶在改變動態神經網絡時可以輕鬆實現，沒有任何開銷，可通過 API 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Rust 綁定，2021 年維護狀態，不太活躍。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/whatlang.org\/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Whatlang"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，基於 Rust 實現的 自然語言 識別項目。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/vaaaaanquish\/Awesome-Rust-MachineLearning","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Awesome-Rust-MachineLearning"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，Rust 機器學習相關生態項目列表。"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"遊戲"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"遊戲領域包括，使用 Rust 製作的遊戲、Rust 遊戲引擎、Rust 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"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/veloren.net\/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"官網"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 瞭解更多。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Veloren 應該是最早使用 Rust 的項目了，該項目在 2013 年就開始使用 Rust 開發，當時 Rust 還未 1.0 。截止到2021年的今天，該項目還保持着活躍更新。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Veloren 的創始人，也是 Rust 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(國外\/開源\/街景交通探索遊戲)"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"關鍵字："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/a-b-street\/abstreet","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"A \/ B Street"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 是一個遊戲，探索城市對駕駛員，騎自行車者，過境用戶和行人的運動的小變化。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"遊戲最終目標是讓玩家成爲調整西雅圖（默認）基礎設施的真正建議，A\/B Street 使用"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/about","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"OpenStreetMap"}]},{"type":"text","text":" ，所以遊戲可以是世界上任何一個地方。 A \/ B街當然是一個遊戲，使用簡化的交通建模方法，所以城市政府仍然必須使用現有方法來評估提案。 A \/ B Street旨在作爲與交互式可視化傳達想法的對話啓動器和工具，或者給城市規劃專家做參考。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"代碼量及團隊規模"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"代碼量大約爲 10 萬 行 Rust 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倉庫中。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"embedcomp","attrs":{"type":"table","data":{"content":"

Name	Description
🌋 ash-molten	Statically linked MoltenVK for Vulkan on Mac using Ash
👷 buildkite-jobify	Kubekite, but in Rust, using configuration from your repos
📜 cargo-about	Cargo plugin to generate list of all licenses for a crate
❌ cargo-deny	Cargo plugin to help you manage large dependency graphs
🎁 cargo-fetcher	cargo fetch alternative for use in CI or other \"clean\" environments
⚙️ cfg-expr	A parser and evaluator for Rust cfg() expressions
⛴️ discord-sdk	An open implementation of the Discord Game SDK in Rust
🚙 gsutil	A small, incomplete replacement for the official gsutil
📦 krates	Creates graphs of crates from cargo metadata
🆙 octobors	GitHub action for automerging PRs based on a few rules
🎳 physx	Use NVIDIA PhysX in Rust
🐦 puffin	Simple instrumentation profiler for Rust
📓 relnotes	Automatic GitHub release notes
🐏 rpmalloc-rs	Cross-platform Rust global memory allocator using rpmalloc
🐉 rust-gpu	Making Rust a first-class language & ecosystem for GPU code
🆔 spdx	Helper crate for SPDX expressions
🛠 spirv-tools-rs	An unofficial wrapper for SPIR-V Tools
🔆 superluminal-perf	Superluminal Performance profiler integration
📂 tame-gcs	Google Cloud Storage functions that follows the sans-io approach
🔐 tame-oauth	Small OAuth crate that follows the sans-io approach
🧬 tame-oidc	Small OIDC crate that follows the sans-io approach
🎨 texture-synthesis	Example-based texture synthesis generator and CLI example
💫 tryhard	Easily retry futures"}}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"其中最重要的一個庫是 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/EmbarkStudios\/rust-gpu","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"rust-gpu"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，旨在讓 Rust 成爲建立GPU代碼的一流語言和生態系統。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"使用Rust的願望"},{"type":"text","text":" 爲GPU編寫程序 "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"不僅源於安全功能和高性能，"},{"type":"text","text":" 而且還需要獲得與軟件包和模塊一起使用的現代工具，以提高開發過程的效率。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"歷史上，在遊戲中，GPU編程是通過編寫HLSL完成的"},{"type":"text","text":" 或在較小程度上包括GLSL。 這些是簡單的編程語言，這些年來隨着渲染API一起發展。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但是，隨着遊戲引擎的發展，這些語言還沒有提供處理大型代碼庫的機制，總的來說， "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"與其他編程語言相比，它們已經落後了。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"雖然一般來說，兩種語言都有更好的替代方法，但是都無法代替HLSL或GLSL。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"是因爲它們被提供程序阻止，還是因爲它們不受支持"},{"type":"text","text":" 與傳統的圖形管道。 "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"這樣的示例包括CUDA和OpenCL。"},{"type":"text","text":" 儘管已嘗試在此空間中創建語言，但沒有一個在gamedev社區中獲得明顯的吸引力。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Rust 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基於Cargo和crates.io，正在開發工具來開發和發佈帶有SPIR-V格式的着色器的程序包。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"目前還屬於非常早期，以平均每週一個小版本迭代，現在發佈 0.3 版。主力開發大約六人，社區貢獻 35 人。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Bevy （國外\/遊戲引擎\/開源）"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"關鍵字：遊戲引擎\/ ECS"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"介紹"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Bevy 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的基於信任的代理。此代理負責接受客戶端連接、將其與客戶應用程序匹配、應用處理程序（例如：TLS終止）以及服務器之間的回程處理。"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Everlane"}]},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 給予我們鍛造性。這項服務已經在生產環境運行 4 個月了，它平均每秒處理 40 個請求，響應時間爲 10ms。它的內存使用量很少超過 100MB。"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"還有很多公司，可以在 Rust 官網裏看到介紹 ："},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.rust-lang.org\/production\/users","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Rust Production users"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"作者簡介："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"張漢東 ，《Rust 編程之道》作者，獨立企業諮詢顧問，開源愛好者。喜歡讀書、寫作、分享，歡迎交流。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2}}]}