2021年 Rust 行业调研报告

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"文前"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 语言是一门通用系统级编程语言，无GC且能保证内存安全、并发安全和高性能而著称。自2008年开始由 Graydon Hoare 私人研发，2009年得到 Mozilla 赞助，2010年首次发布 0.1.0 版本，用于Servo 引擎的研发，于 2015年5月15号发布 1.0 版本。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"自发布以来，截止到2021 年的今天，经历六年的发展，Rust 得到稳步上升，已逐渐趋于成熟稳定。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"至 2016 年开始，截止到 2021年，Rust 连续五年成为"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/insights.stackoverflow.com\/survey\/2020","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" StackOverflow 语言榜上最受欢迎的语言"}]},{"type":"text","text":"。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/d8\/3a\/d8ea7195e54a9yyfe16d1f7c310d3b3a.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2021年 2 月 9 号，"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Rust 基金会宣布成立"},{"type":"text","text":"。"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"华为、AWS、Google、微软、Mozilla、Facebook 等科技行业领军巨头加入 Rust 基金会"},{"type":"text","text":"，成为白金成员，以致力于在全球范围内推广和发展 Rust 语言。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"那 Rust 语言到底有何魅力，能让广大开发者和巨头公司这么感兴趣呢？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"本文打算从 Rust 语言自身特性 和 Rust 行业应用盘点两个方面的社区调研来尝试来解答这个问题。供想选择 Rust 的公司参考。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"其实 Rust 生态还有很多内容，等待大家挖掘。本文内容还未覆盖完全 Rust 生态的方方面面。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"注明： 本文中所罗列数据均来源互联网公开内容。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"认识 Rust 语言"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"编程语言设计在两个看似不可调和的愿望之间长期存在着矛盾对立。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"安全 ( safe )。 我们想要强类型系统来静态地排除大量错误。 我们要自动内存管理。我们想要数据封装， 这样我们就可以对私有变量执行不变的对象的表示形式，并确保它们将不会被不受信任的代码破坏。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"控制 (control )。 至少对于 Web浏览器，操作系统，或游戏引擎这样的 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"系统编程 (system programming)"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 程序，约束它们性能或资源是一个重要的问题，我们想了解数据的字节级表示。 我们想要用"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"底层语言 (low-level programming)"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 的编程技术优化我们程序的时间和空间的使用。 我们希望在需要时使用 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"裸机"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"然而，按照传统的看法，鱼和熊掌不能兼得。 Java 之类的语言使我们极大的安全保证，但代价是牺牲对底层的控制。结果，对于许多系统编程应用程序，唯一现实的选择是使用一种像 C 或 C++ 提供细粒度的语言控制资源管理。 但是，获得这种控制需要很高的成本。例如，微软最近报告说，他们修复的 70％ 安全漏洞都归因于内存安全违规行为 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/rustmagazine.github.io\/rust_magazine_2021\/chapter_4\/safe_system.html#33","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"33"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，并且都是能被强类型系统排除的问题。同样，Mozilla 报告指出，绝大多数关键 他们在Firefox中发现的错误是内存有关的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/rustmagazine.github.io\/rust_magazine_2021\/chapter_4\/safe_system.html#16","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"16 "}]},{"type":"text","text":"。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如果可以以某种方式两全其美: 安全系统编程的同时对底层有控制权，岂不美哉。因此，Rust 语言应运而生。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"官方网如此介绍 Rust : 一门赋予每个人 构建可靠且高效软件能力的语言。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 语言有三大优势值得大家关注："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"numberedlist","attrs":{"start":1,"normalizeStart":1},"content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":1,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"高性能。Rust 速度惊人且内存利用率极高。由于没有运行时和垃圾回收，它能够胜任对性能要求特别高的服务，可以在嵌入式设备上运行，还能轻松和其他语言集成。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":2,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"可靠性。Rust 丰富的类型系统和所有权模型保证了内存安全和线程安全，让您在编译期就能够消除各种各样的错误。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":3,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"生产力。Rust 拥有出色的文档、友好的编译器和清晰的错误提示信息， 还集成了一流的工具——包管理器和构建工具， 智能地自动补全和类型检验的多编辑器支持， 以及自动格式化代码等等。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 足够底层，如果有必要，它可以像 C 一样进行优化，以实现最高性能。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"抽象层次越高，内存管理越方便，可用库越丰富，Rust 程序代码就越多，做的事情越多，但如果不进行控制，可能导致程序膨胀。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"然而，Rust 程序的优化也很不错，有时候比 C 语言更好，C 语言适合在逐个字节逐个指针的级别上编写最小的代码，而 Rust 具有强大的功能，能够有效地将多个函数甚至整个库组合在一起。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但是，最大的潜力是可以无畏（fearless）地并行化大多数 Rust 代码，即使等价的 C 代码并行化的风险非常高。在这方面，Rust 语言是比 C 语言更为成熟的语言。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 语言也支持高并发零成本的异步编程，Rust 语言应该是首个支持异步编程的系统级语言。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"媲美 C \/ Cpp 的高性能"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Rust vs C"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/bd\/24\/bd0a19be7f71e5a2a6e6bbd0cf1c0a24.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Rust vs Cpp"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/35\/ee\/3568b321c7de5a445e024ff6faa707ee.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Rust vs Go"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/f7\/77\/f79007fb4e39a7929606b007fa7c4e77.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"用 Rust 编写的程序的运行时速度和内存使用量应该和用 C 编写的程序差不多，但这两种语言的总体编程风格不同，很难去概括它们的性能。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"总的来说："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"numberedlist","attrs":{"start":1,"normalizeStart":1},"content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":1,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"抽象是一把双刃剑。Rust 语言抽象程度比 C 语言更高，抽象会隐藏一些不是那么优化的代码，这意味着，默认实现的 Rust 代码性能不是最好的。所以，你的 Rust 代码必须经过优化才能达到媲美 C 的性能。Unsafe Rust 就是高性能出口。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":2,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 默认线程安全，消除数据竞争，让多线程并发编程更具实用价值。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":3,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 在有些方面确实比 C 快。理论上，C 语言什么都可以做。 但在实践中，C 抽象能力比较低，不那么现代化，开发效率比较低。只要开发者有无限时间和精力，就可以让 C 语言在这些方面比 Rust 更快。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"因为 C 语言足以代表高性能，下面就分别谈一下 C 和 Rust 的异同。如果你熟悉 C\/Cpp，也可以根据此对比来评估 Cpp 和 Rust。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 和 C 都是硬件直接抽象"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 和 C 都是直接对硬件的抽象，都可看作一种「可移植汇编程序」。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 和 C 都能控制数据结构的内存布局、整数大小、栈与堆内存分配、指针间接寻址等，并且一般都能翻译成可理解的机器代码，编译器很少插入 \"魔法\"。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"即便 Rust 比 C 有更高层次的结构，如迭代器、特质（trait）和智能指针，它们也被设计为可预测地优化为简单的机器代码（又称 \"零成本抽象\"）。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust的类型的内存布局很简单，例如，可增长的字符串"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"String"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 和 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Vec"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 正好是"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"{byte*, capacity, length}"}]},{"type":"text","text":"。Rust没有任何像 Cpp里的 移动 或 复制构造函数 这样的概念，所以对象的传递保证不会比传递指针或 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"memcpy"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 更复杂。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 借用检查只是编译器对代码中引用的静态分析。生命周期（lifetime）信息早就在 中级中间语言（MIR） 生成前完全抽离了。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 中不使用传统的异常处理，而是使用基于返回值的错误处理。但你也可以使用 恐慌（Panic）来处理像 Cpp 中那样的异常行为。它可以在编译时被禁用"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"（panic = abort）"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，但即便如此，Rust 也不喜欢 与 Cpp异常 或 longjmp 混在一起。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"同样的 LLVM 后端"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust与LLVM有很好的整合，所以它支持链接时间优化，包括ThinLTO，甚至是跨越C\/C++\/Rust语言边界的内联。也有按配置优化（Profile-guided Optimization，PGO）的支持。尽管 rustc 比 clang 生成的LLVM IR更加冗长，但优化器仍然能够很好地处理它。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"C 语言用 GCC 编译比用 LLVM 更快，现在 Rust 社区也有人在开发 GCC 的 Rust 前端。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"理论上，因为 Rust 有比C 更严格的不可变和别名规则，应该比 C 语言有更好的性能优化，但实际上并没有起到这样的效果。目前在LLVM中，超越 C语言的优化是一项正在进行的工作，所以Rust仍然没有达到其全部潜力。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"都允许手工优化，但有一些小例外"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 的代码足够底层和可预测，可以通过手工调整它的优化到什么样的汇编代码。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 支持 SIMD ，对内联和调用约定有很好的控制。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 和 C 语言足够相似，C 语言的一些分析工具通常可以用于 Rust 。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"总的来说，如果性能绝对关键，并且需要手工优化压榨最后一点性能，那么优化 Rus t 与 优化 C 语言并没有什么不同。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但是在一些比较底层的特性，Rust 没有特别好的替代方法。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"goto"}]},{"type":"text","text":"。Rust 中没有提供"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"goto"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，不过你可以使用循环的 break 标签来代替。C 语言中一般使用 goto 来清理内存，但是 Rust 因为有确定性析构功能，所以不需要 goto。然而有一个 非标准的 goto 扩展，对性能优化比较有用。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"栈内存分配"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"alloca"}]},{"type":"text","text":"和"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"C99"}]},{"type":"text","text":"可变长度数组，可以节省内存空间，减少内存分配次数。但这些即使在 C 语言中也是有争议的，所以Rust远离了它们。"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 相比 C 语言的一些开销"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如果没有经过手工优化，Rust 因为其抽象表达也会有一些开销。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust缺乏隐式类型转换和只用usize的索引，这导致开发者只能使用这种类型，哪怕只需要更小的数据类型。64位平台上用usize做索引更容易优化，而不需要担心未定义行为，但多余的bit位可能会给寄存器和内存带来更大的压力。而在 C 中，你可以选择 32位类型。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 中的字符串，总是会携带指针和长度。但是很多 C 代码中的函数只接收指针而不管大小。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"像 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"for i in 0...len {arr[i]}"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 这样的迭代，性能取决于 LLVM 优化器能否证明长度匹配。有时候，它不能，并且边界检查也会抑制自动矢量化。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"C 语言比较自由，对于内存有很多“聪明”的使用技巧，但在 Rust 里就没这么自由了。但Rust仍然给了内存分配很多控制权，并且可以做一些基本的事情，比如内存池、将多个分配合并为一个、预分配空间等等。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在不熟悉 Rust 借用检查的情况下，可能会用 Clone 来逃避使用引用。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 的标准库中 I\/O 是不带缓存的，所以需要使用 "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"BufWriter"},{"type":"text","text":" 来包装。这就是为什么有些人说 Rust 写的代码还不如 Python 快的原因，因为 99% 的时间都用在 I\/O上了。"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"可执行文件大小"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"每个操作系统都有一些内置的标准C库，其中有大约30MB的代码。C 语言的执行文件，可以“免费”使用这些库。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"一个小的 \"Hello World \" 级 C 可执行文件实际上不能打印任何东西，它只调用操作系统提供的printf。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"而 Rust 则不可以，Rust可执行文件会捆绑自己的标准库（300KB或更多）。幸运的是，这只是一次性的开销，可以减少。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"对于嵌入式开发，可以关闭标准库，使用 \"no-std\"，Rust将生成 \"裸 \"代码。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在每个函数的基础上，Rust代码的大小与C差不多，但有一个 \"泛型膨胀 \"的问题。泛型函数为它们所使用的每一种类型都有优化的版本，所以有可能出现同一个函数有8个版本的情况，"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/lib.rs\/cargo-bloat","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"cargo-bloat"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 库有助于发现这些问题。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在Rust中使用依赖关系是非常容易的。与 JS\/npm 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turboblub 选项，因为本来就没有这个选项，所以 C 语言不会保证你线程安全 ）。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"异步并发"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 语言支持 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"async\/await"}]},{"type":"text","text":"异步编程模型。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"该编程模型，基于一个叫做 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Future"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 的概念，，在 JavaScript 中也叫做 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对象，而一旦网络请求完成，它将返回任何响应可能包含的值；你也可以表示诸如“超时”之类的东西，“超时”其实就是一个在过了特定时间后被解决的 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Future"}]},{"type":"text","text":" ；甚至不属于 I\/O 的工作或者需要放到某个线程池中运行的CPU密集型的工作，也可以通过一个 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Future"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 来表示，这个 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Future"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 将会在线程池完成工作后被解决。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Future"}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":" 存在的问题"},{"type":"text","text":" 是它在大多数语言中的表示方式是这种基于回调的方法，使用这种方式时，你可以指定在 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Future"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 被解决之后运行什么回调函数。也就是说， 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，因为取消 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Future"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 只需要停止持有 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Future"}]},{"type":"text","text":"。而如果采用基于回调的方法，要通过调度来取消并使其停止就没这么容易了。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"同时它还能够使我们在程序的不同部分之间建立真正清晰的抽象边界，大多数其他 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Future"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 库都带有事件循环（event loop），这也是调度 你的"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Future"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 执行 I\/O 的方法，但实际上你对此没有任何控制权。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"而在 Rust 中，各组件之间的边界非常整洁，执行器（executor）负责调度你的 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Future"}]},{"type":"text","text":" ，反应器（reactor）处理所有的 I\/O ，然后是你的实际代码。因此最终用户可以自行决定使用什么执行器，使用他们想使用的反应器，从而获得更强的控制力，这在系统编程语言中真的很重要。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"而此模型最重要的真正优势在于，它使我们能够以一种真正零成本的完美方式实现这种状态机式的 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Future"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 。也就是当你编写的 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Future"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 代码被编译成实际的本地（native）代码时，它就像一个状态机；在该状态机中，每次 I\/O 的暂停点都有一个变体（variant），而每个变体都保存了恢复执行所需的状态。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"而这种 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Future"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 抽象的真正有用之处在于，我们可以在其之上构建其他 API 。可以通过将这些组合器方法应用于 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Future"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 来构建状态机，它们的工作方式类似于迭代器（"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Iterator"}]},{"type":"text","text":"）的适配器（如 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"filter"}]},{"type":"text","text":"、"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"map"}]},{"type":"text","text":"）。但是这种方式是有一些缺点的，尤其是诸如嵌套回调之类，可读性非常差。所以才需要实现 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"async"}]},{"type":"text","text":" \/ "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"await"}]},{"type":"text","text":"异步语法。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"目前 Rust 生态中，已经有了成熟的 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/tokio.rs\/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"tokio"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 运行时生态，支持 epoll 等异步 I\/O。如果你想用 io_uring ，也可以使用 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/DataDog\/glommio","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Glommio"}]},{"type":"text","text":" ，或者等待 tokio 对 io_uring 的支持。甚至，你可以使用 smol 运行时提供的 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/smol-rs\/async-executor","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"async_executor"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 和 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/smol-rs\/async-io","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"async-io"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 来构建你自己的运行时。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"编译期计算"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 可以支持类似于 Cpp 那样的 编译期常量求值。这一点是明显比C优越的。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"虽然目前功能还不如 Cpp 那样强大，但还在不断的维护中。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"为什么 Rust 中支持 编译期计算这么谨慎呢？因为Rust 编译期求值是必须要保证安全的，所以有很多考虑。Rust 编译期求值不像 Cpp 那样自由且容易滥用。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"可靠性"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2020 年 6月份，来自3所大学的5位学者在ACM SIGPLAN国际会议（PLDI'20）上发表了一篇研究成果，针对近几年使用Rust语言的开源项目中的安全缺陷进行了全面的调查。这项研究调查了5个使用Rust语言开发的软件系统，5个被广泛使用的Rust库，以及两个漏洞数据库。调查总共涉及了850处unsafe代码使用、70个内存安全缺陷、100个线程安全缺陷。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在调查中，研究员不光查看了所有漏洞数据库中报告的缺陷和软件公开报告的缺陷，还查看了所有开源软件代码仓库中的提交记录。通过人工的分析，他们界定出提交所修复的BUG类型，并将其归类到相应的内存安全\/线程安全问题中。所有被调查过的问题都被整理到了公开的Git仓库中："},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/system-pclub\/rust-study","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/github.com\/system-pclub\/rust-study"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"调查结果说明："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"numberedlist","attrs":{"start":1,"normalizeStart":1},"content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":1,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust语言的safe代码对于空间和时间内存安全问题的检查非常有效，所有稳定版本中出现的内存安全问题都和unsafe代码有关。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":2,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"虽然内存安全问题都和unsafe代码有关，但大量的问题同时也和safe代码有关。有些问题甚至源于safe代码的编码错误，而不是unsafe代码。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":3,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"线程安全问题，无论阻塞还是非阻塞，都可以在safe代码中发生，即使代码完全符合Rust语言的规则。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":4,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"大量问题的产生是由于编码人员没有正确理解Rust语言的生命周期规则导致的。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":5,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"有必要针对Rust语言中的典型问题，建立新的缺陷检测工具。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"那么这份调查报告背后 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的类型系统那里借鉴了以下特性："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"没有空指针"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"默认不可变"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"表达式"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"高阶函数"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"代数数据类型"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"模式匹配"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"泛型"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"trait 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语义。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"借用、生命周期。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"借助类型系统的强大，Rust 编译器可以在编译期对类型进行检查，看其是否满足安全内存模型，在编译期就能发现内存不安全问题，有效地阻止未定义行为的发生。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"内存安全的 Bug 和并发安全的 Bug 产生的内在原因是相同的，都是因为内存的不正当访问而造成的。同样，利用装载了所有权的强大类型系统，Rust 还解决了并发安全的问题。Rust 编译器会通过静态检查分析，在编译期就检查出多线程并发代码中所有的数据竞争问题。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Unsafe Rust ：划分安全边界"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"**为了和现有的生态系统良好地集成，**Rust 支持非常方便且零成本的 FFI 机制，兼容 C-ABI，并且从语言架构层面上将 Rust 语言分成 Safe Rust 和 Unsafe Rust 两部分。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"其中 Unsafe Rust 专门和外部系统打交道，比如操作系统内核。之所以这样划分，是因为 Rust 编译器的检查和跟踪是有能力范围的，它不可能检查到外部其他语言接口的安全状态，所以只能靠开发者自己来保证安全。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 的最终目标并不是完全消除那些危险点，因为在某种程度上，我们需要能够访问内存和其他资源。实际上，Rust 的目标是将所有的unsafe元素抽象出来。在考虑安全性时，你需要考虑“攻击面”，或者我们可以与程序的哪些部分进行交互。像解析器这样的东西是一个很大的攻击面，因为："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"它们通常可以被攻击者访问；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"攻击者提供的数据可以直接影响解析通常需要的复杂逻辑。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":"none"},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"你可以进一步分解，将传统的攻击面分解成“攻击面”（可以直接影响程序代码的部分）和“安全层”，这部分代码是攻击面依赖的代码，但是无法访问，而且可能存在潜在的 Bug。在 C 语言中，它们是一样的：C 语言中的数组根本不是抽象的，所以如果你读取了可变数量的项，就需要确保所有的不变量都保持不变，因为这是在不安全层中操作，那里可能会发生错误。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"所以，Rust 提供了 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"unsafe"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 关键字和"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"unsafe"}]},{"type":"text","text":"块，显式地将安全代码和访问外部接口的不安全代码进行了区分，也为开发者调试错误提供了方便。Safe Rust 表示开发者将信任编译器能够在编译时保证安全，而 Unsafe Rust 表示让编译器信任开发者有能力保证安全。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"有人的地方就有 Bug。Rust 语言通过精致的设计，将机器可以检查控制的部分都交给编译器来执行，而将机器无法控制的部分交给开发者自己来执行。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Safe Rust 保证的是编译器在编译时最大化地保障内存安全，阻止未定义行为的发生。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Unsafe Rust 用来提醒开发者，此时开发的代码有可能引起未定义行为，请谨慎！人和编译器共享同一个“安全模型”，相互信任，彼此和谐，以此来最大化地消除人产生 Bug 的可能。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Unsafe Rust，是Rust的安全边界。世界的本质就是Unsafe的。你无法避免它。还有人说，因为Unsafe Rust的存在，所以也不见得能比C\/C++安全到哪里去？Unsafe Rust确实和C\/C++一样，要靠人来保证它的安全。但它对人的要求更高。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"它也给了开发者一个Unsafe的边界，这其实也是一种安全边界。它把你代码里的雷区，显式地标记了出来。团队代码里review的话，可以更快地发现问题。这本身就是一种安全。而反观C++，你写出的每一行代码都是Unsafe的，因为它没有像Rust这样明显的界限（Unsafe 块）。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"以下是我总结的五条使用Unsafe的简单规范，方便大家做权衡："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"numberedlist","attrs":{"start":1,"normalizeStart":1},"content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":1,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"能用Safe Rust就用Safe Rust；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":2,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"为了性能可以使用Unsafe Rust；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":3,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在使用Unsafe Rust的时候确保不要产生UB，并且尽量判断其安全边界，抽象为 Safe 方法；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":4,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如果无法抽象为Safe，需要标注为Unsafe，并配以产生UB的条件文档；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":5,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"对于Unsafe的代码，大家可以重点review。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"所以，Unsafe 使用不当也会引发内存安全或逻辑 Bug 。所以，学习 如何对 Unsafe Rust 进行安全抽象至关重要。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"不过，Rust 社区生态中有一个 Rust 安全工作组，该组提供 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/RustSec\/rustsec","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"cargo-audit等一系列工具"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，并且维护"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/rustsec.org\/advisories\/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"RustSecurity"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 安全数据库库"}]},{"type":"text","text":"中记录的"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust"}]},{"type":"text","text":"生态社区中发现的安全问题。可以方便地检查 Rust 项目中依赖库的安全问题。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"生产力"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"编程语言生产力，大概可以通过以下三个方面来评估："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"numberedlist","attrs":{"start":1,"normalizeStart":1},"content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":1,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"学习曲线。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":2,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"语言工程能力。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":3,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"领域生态。"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"学习曲线"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"学习曲线的高低，依个人水平不同而不同。以下罗列了不同基础学习 Rust 应该注意的地方。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"numberedlist","attrs":{"start":1,"normalizeStart":1},"content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":1,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"完全零基础的开发者：掌握计算机基础体系知识结构，理解Rust语言和硬件\/OS层的抽象，理解Rust语言核心概念、以及它的抽象模式，选择Rust语言的某个适用领域进行实操训练，通过实践来提升Rust语言的熟练度和理解深度，同时掌握领域知识。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":2,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"有C语言基础：由于C语言开发者对高级语言的抽象不是很理解，所以着重了解掌握Rust所有权机制，包括所有权的语义，生命周期和借用检查。了解Rust语言的抽象模式，主要是类型和trait；以及Rust本身的的OOP和函数式语言特性。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":3,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"有C++基础：C++开发者对于Rust语言的所有权有很好的理解能力，主要精力放在Rust的抽象模式和函数式语言特性上。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":4,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"有Java\/Python\/Ruby基础：着重理解攻克Rust所有权机制、抽象模式、函数式编程语言特性。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":5,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"有Go基础：Go语言开发者比较容易理解Rust的类型和trait抽象模式，但Go也是GC语言，所以所有权机制和函数式语言特性是他们的学习重点。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":6,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"有Haskell基础：Haskell系的开发者对Rust语言函数式特性能很好的理解，主要攻克所有权机制和OOP语言特性。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"所以，对于有一定基础的开发者来说，学习Rust语言要掌握的几个关键概念有："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"1、Rust所有权机制，包括所有权的语义，生命周期和借用检查"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"​所有权机制是Rust语言最核心的特性，它保证了在没有垃圾回收机制下的内存安全，所以对于习惯了GC的开发者，理解Rust的所有权是最关键的一环，切记这三点："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust中的每一个值都有一个被称为其所有者 (owner)的变量。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"值有且只有一个所有者。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"当所有者（变量）离开作用域，这个值将被丢弃。这其中又涉及到生命周期和借用检查等概念，是相对比较难啃的一块硬骨头。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2、Rust语言的抽象模式，主要是类型和trait。trait借鉴了Haskell中的Typeclass，它是对类型行为的抽象，可以通俗地类比为其他编程语言里的接口，它告诉编译器一个类型必须提供哪些功能语言特性。使用时要遵循一致性，不能定义相互冲突的实现。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"3、OOP语言特性。熟悉面向对象编程（OOP）的常见的四个特性：对象、封装、继承和多态，可以更好地理解Rust的一些特性，比如impl、pub、trait等等。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"4、函数式语言特性。Rust语言的设计深受函数式编程的影响，看到函数式特性，数学不好的人可能会望而却步，因为函数式编程语言的最大特点是把运算过程尽量写成一系列嵌套的函数调用,在Rust中，掌握闭包和迭代器是编写函数式语言风格的高性能Rust代码的重要一环。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"语言工程能力"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 已经为开发工业级产品做足了准备。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"为了保证安全性，Rust 引入了强大的类型系统和所有权系统，不仅保证内存安全，还保证了并发安全，同时还不会牺牲性能。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"为了保证支持硬实时系统，Rust 从 C++那里借鉴了确定性析构、RAII 和智能指针，用于自动化地、确定性地管理内存，从而避免了 GC 的引入，因而就不会有“世界暂停”的问题了。这几项虽然借鉴自 C++，但是使用起来比 C++更加简洁。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"为了保证程序的健壮性，Rust 重新审视了错误处理机制。日常开发中一般有三类非正常情况：失败、错误和异常。但是像 C 语言这种面向过程的语言，开发者只能通过返回值、goto 等语句进行错误处理，并且没有统一的错误处理机制。而 C++和 Java 这种高级语言虽然引入了异常处理机制，但没有专门提供能够有效区分正常逻辑和错误逻辑的语法，而只是统一全局进行处理，导致开发者只能将所有的非正常情况都当作异常去处理，这样不利于健壮系统的开发。并且异常处理还会带来比较大的性能开销。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 语言针对这三类非正常情况分别提供了专门的处理方式，让开发者可以分情况去选择。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"对于失败的情况，可以使用断言工具。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"对于错误，Rust 提供了基于返回值的分层错误处理方式，比如 Option 可以用来处理可能存在空值的情况，而 Result 就专门用来处理可以被合理解决并需要传播的错误。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"对于异常，Rust 将其看作无法被合理解决的问题，提供了线程恐慌机制，在发生异常的时候，线程可以安全地退出。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"通过这样精致的设计，开发者就可以从更细的粒度上对非正常情况进行合理处理，最终编写出更加健壮的系统。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"为了提供灵活的架构能力"},{"type":"text","text":"，Rust 使用 特质（trait） 来作为零成本抽象的基础。特质 面向组合而非继承，让开发者可以灵活地架构 紧耦合 和 松耦合的系统。Rust 也提供了 泛型 来表达类型抽象，结合 trait 特性，让 Rust 拥有静态多态 和 代码复用 的能力。泛型和trait 让你可以灵活使用各种设计模式来对系统架构进行重塑。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"为了提供强大的语言扩展能力和开发效率"},{"type":"text","text":"，Rust 引入了基于宏的元编程机制。Rust提供了两种宏，分别是声明宏和过程宏。声明宏的形式和C的宏替换类似，区别在于Rust会对宏展开后的代码进行检查，在安全方面更有优势。过程宏则让 Rust 在代码复用、代码生成拥有强大的能力。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"为了和现有的生态系统良好地集成，Rust 支持非常方便且零成本的 FFI 机制，兼容 C-ABI，并且从语言架构层面上将 Rust 语言分成 Safe Rust 和 Unsafe Rust 两部分。其中 Unsafe Rust 专门和外部系统打交道，比如操作系统内核。之所以这样划分，是因为 Rust 编译器的检查和跟踪是有能力范围的，它不可能检查到外部其他语言接口的安全状态，所以只能靠开发者自己来保证安全。Unsafe Rust 提供了 unsafe 关键字和 unsafe 块，显式地将安全代码和访问外部接口的不安全代码进行了区分，也为开发者调试错误提供了方便。Safe Rust 表示开发者将信任编译器能够在编译时保证安全，而 Unsafe Rust 表示让编译器信任开发者有能力保证安全。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"有人的地方就有 Bug。Rust 语言通过精致的设计，将机器可以检查控制的部分都交给编译器来执行，而将机器无法控制的部分交给开发者自己来执行。Safe Rust 保证的是编译器在编译时最大化地保障内存安全，阻止未定义行为的发生。Unsafe Rust 用来提醒开发者，此时开发的代码有可能引起未定义行为，请谨慎！人和编译器共享同一个“安全模型”，相互信任，彼此和谐，以此来最大化地消除人产生 Bug 的可能。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"为了让开发者更方便地相互协作，Rust 提供了非常好用的包管理器"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/doc.rust-lang.org\/cargo\/guide\/index.html","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Cargo"}]},{"type":"text","text":"。Rust 代码是以包（crate）为编译和分发单位的，Cargo 提供了很多命令，方便开发者创建、构建、分发、管理自己的包。Cargo 也提供插件机制，方便开发者编写自定义的插件，来满足更多的需求。比如官方提供的 rustfmt 和 clippy 工具，分别可以用于自动格式化代码和发现代码中的“坏味道”。再比如，rustfix 工具甚至可以帮助开发者根据编译器的建议自动修复出错的代码。Cargo 还天生拥抱开源社区和 Git，支持将写好的包一键发布到 crates.io 网站，供其他人使用。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"为了方便开发者学习 Rust，Rust 官方团队做出了如下努力："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"独立出专门的社区工作组，编写官方 "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"Rust Book"},{"type":"text","text":"，以及其他各种不同深度的文档，比如编译器文档、nomicon book 等。甚至组织免费的社区教学活动 Rust Bridge，大力鼓励社区博客写作，等等。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 语言的文档支持 Markdown 格式，因此 Rust 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Rust 绑定，2021 年维护状态，不太活跃。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/whatlang.org\/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Whatlang"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，基于 Rust 实现的 自然语言 识别项目。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/vaaaaanquish\/Awesome-Rust-MachineLearning","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Awesome-Rust-MachineLearning"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，Rust 机器学习相关生态项目列表。"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"游戏"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"游戏领域包括，使用 Rust 制作的游戏、Rust 游戏引擎、Rust 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"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/veloren.net\/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"官网"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 了解更多。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Veloren 应该是最早使用 Rust 的项目了，该项目在 2013 年就开始使用 Rust 开发，当时 Rust 还未 1.0 。截止到2021年的今天，该项目还保持着活跃更新。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Veloren 的创始人，也是 Rust 官方游戏开发组成员之一。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"代码及团队规模"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"代码量大约为 20 万行 Rust 代码。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"团队规模："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"主力开发：15 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(国外\/开源\/街景交通探索游戏)"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"关键字："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/a-b-street\/abstreet","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"A \/ B Street"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 是一个游戏，探索城市对驾驶员，骑自行车者，过境用户和行人的运动的小变化。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"游戏最终目标是让玩家成为调整西雅图（默认）基础设施的真正建议，A\/B Street 使用"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/about","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"OpenStreetMap"}]},{"type":"text","text":" ，所以游戏可以是世界上任何一个地方。 A \/ B街当然是一个游戏，使用简化的交通建模方法，所以城市政府仍然必须使用现有方法来评估提案。 A \/ B Street旨在作为与交互式可视化传达想法的对话启动器和工具，或者给城市规划专家做参考。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"代码量及团队规模"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"代码量大约为 10 万 行 Rust 代码。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"团队规模："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"主力开发：1 人"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"社区贡献：24 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Ecosystem"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"介绍"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Embark 公司是 Johan Andersson （游戏界知名人物）创建的游戏工作室，在创建之初就选择 Rust 作为主要语言。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我们相信，通过与社区公开分享我们的工作、问题和想法，我们将创造更多的合作和讨论机会，使我们走向Rust和整个游戏行业的伟大未来。 -- Johan Andersson (@repi), CTO, Embark"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"在Embark，我们一直用 Rust 从头开始构建自己的游戏引擎。 我们在RLSL原型的内部开发方面拥有先前的经验，我们拥有一支由出色的渲染工程师组成的团队，他们熟悉游戏，游戏引擎和其他行业中当今着色器语言的问题。 因此，我们认为我们处于解决这一问题的独特位置。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我们希望使用一种出色的语言简化我们自己的内部开发，建立一个开源图形社区和生态系统，促进GPU和CPU之间的代码共享，最重要的是-使我们（未来的）用户和其他开发人员拥有更多快速创建引人入胜的体验。"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"创建 Rust 游戏生态并非口号，Embark 公司也加入了 Rust 游戏工作组，并且创建了一系列打造 Rust 游戏生态的库。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"这些库都罗列在 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/EmbarkStudios\/rust-ecosystem","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"rust-ecosystem"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 仓库中。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"embedcomp","attrs":{"type":"table","data":{"content":"

Name	Description
🌋 ash-molten	Statically linked MoltenVK for Vulkan on Mac using Ash
👷 buildkite-jobify	Kubekite, but in Rust, using configuration from your repos
📜 cargo-about	Cargo plugin to generate list of all licenses for a crate
❌ cargo-deny	Cargo plugin to help you manage large dependency graphs
🎁 cargo-fetcher	cargo fetch alternative for use in CI or other \"clean\" environments
⚙️ cfg-expr	A parser and evaluator for Rust cfg() expressions
⛴️ discord-sdk	An open implementation of the Discord Game SDK in Rust
🚙 gsutil	A small, incomplete replacement for the official gsutil
📦 krates	Creates graphs of crates from cargo metadata
🆙 octobors	GitHub action for automerging PRs based on a few rules
🎳 physx	Use NVIDIA PhysX in Rust
🐦 puffin	Simple instrumentation profiler for Rust
📓 relnotes	Automatic GitHub release notes
🐏 rpmalloc-rs	Cross-platform Rust global memory allocator using rpmalloc
🐉 rust-gpu	Making Rust a first-class language & ecosystem for GPU code
🆔 spdx	Helper crate for SPDX expressions
🛠 spirv-tools-rs	An unofficial wrapper for SPIR-V Tools
🔆 superluminal-perf	Superluminal Performance profiler integration
📂 tame-gcs	Google Cloud Storage functions that follows the sans-io approach
🔐 tame-oauth	Small OAuth crate that follows the sans-io approach
🧬 tame-oidc	Small OIDC crate that follows the sans-io approach
🎨 texture-synthesis	Example-based texture synthesis generator and CLI example
💫 tryhard	Easily retry futures"}}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"其中最重要的一个库是 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/EmbarkStudios\/rust-gpu","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"rust-gpu"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，旨在让 Rust 成为建立GPU代码的一流语言和生态系统。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"使用Rust的愿望"},{"type":"text","text":" 为GPU编写程序 "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"不仅源于安全功能和高性能，"},{"type":"text","text":" 而且还需要获得与软件包和模块一起使用的现代工具，以提高开发过程的效率。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"历史上，在游戏中，GPU编程是通过编写HLSL完成的"},{"type":"text","text":" 或在较小程度上包括GLSL。 这些是简单的编程语言，这些年来随着渲染API一起发展。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但是，随着游戏引擎的发展，这些语言还没有提供处理大型代码库的机制，总的来说， "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"与其他编程语言相比，它们已经落后了。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"虽然一般来说，两种语言都有更好的替代方法，但是都无法代替HLSL或GLSL。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"是因为它们被提供程序阻止，还是因为它们不受支持"},{"type":"text","text":" 与传统的图形管道。 "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"这样的示例包括CUDA和OpenCL。"},{"type":"text","text":" 尽管已尝试在此空间中创建语言，但没有一个在gamedev社区中获得明显的吸引力。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Rust GPU继续根据RLSL项目开发思想"},{"type":"text","text":"，其中尝试为SPIR-V通用着色器中间件创建Rust编译器，该编译器在Vulkan API中提出，并在OpenGL 4.6中得到支持。在目前的开发阶段，Rust GPU已经允许您运行简单的图形着色器并编译Rust基本标准库的重要部分。 同时，该项目还没有为广泛使用做好准备，例如，着色器尚不支持循环。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"基于Rust语言的代码，形成了SPIR-V着色器的表示形式，为此开发了一个Rust编译器的特殊后端，该类后端类似于用来编译成表示形式的Cranelift代码生成器WebAssembly。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"当前的方法是支持Vulkan图形API和SPIR-V视图，"},{"type":"text","text":" 但是计划在未来的DXIL（DirectX）和WGSL（WebGPU）着色器视图中使用生成器。 基于Cargo和crates.io，正在开发工具来开发和发布带有SPIR-V格式的着色器的程序包。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"目前还属于非常早期，以平均每周一个小版本迭代，现在发布 0.3 版。主力开发大约六人，社区贡献 35 人。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Bevy （国外\/游戏引擎\/开源）"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"关键字：游戏引擎\/ ECS"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"介绍"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Bevy 是一个基于 Rust 实现的 数据驱动游戏引擎。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Bevy完整实践了时下比较热门的data-driven开发理念， 也就是ECS模式。相比于其他架构比较老的开源引擎，比如Godot等，Bevy有一整套的从造轮子到游戏开发落地的ECS开发模式。而和商业引擎相比，Bevy的历史包袱也很少，不用像unity的DOTS开发一样还需要兼容传统的GameObject模式。此外，得益于Rust语言强大的表达能力，整个引擎在接口上看起来比用C++造的那些data-driven的轮子要简洁明了的多。 -- "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/zhuanlan.zhihu.com\/p\/356881497","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"《安利一个Rust Game Engine：Bevy--ECS部分》"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"相比于 Rust 实现的其他游戏引擎，比如 Amethyst， Bevy 属于后来着居上。Bevy 在 API 设计方面独具匠心，充分利用 Rust 语言特点，让开发者上手非常简单方便。得力于其 Plugin 机制，目前 Bevy 已经逐渐形成自己的生态，逐步涌现出很多基于 Bevy 的 Plugin 。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"代码及团队模式"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"代码量大约为 65000 行 Rust 代码。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"团队规模："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"主力开发：1 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客户端。不过有两年没有维护了。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":1,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/EgeBalci\/amber","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"amber"}]},{"type":"text","text":"， 号称首款 反射式 PE 打包器，目前开发很活跃。amber 提供的打包方法，可以改变将恶意软件传送到系统的方式。 通过尝试通过无文件代码注入将有效负载传递到系统，可以直接绕过大多数安全机制，而不是尝试寻找提供机器学习数据集的新的反检测技术。 使用这种新的打包方法，可以将已编译的PE文件转换为可与常见软件漏洞（例如缓冲区溢出）一起使用的多阶段感染有效负载。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":1,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/kpcyrd\/sn0int","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"sn0int"}]},{"type":"text","text":"， 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工具。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":1,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/cortex\/ripasso\/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"ripasso"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，一款密码管理工具。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":1,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/arvancloud\/libinjection-rs","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"libinjection-rs"}]},{"type":"text","text":"， 对 libinjection 的 Rust 绑定，libinjection 是一款 SQL 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生产级用户。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"秘猿和溪塔同是 Rust China Conf 2020 金牌赞助商。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"国内其他区块链公司"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Bitfrost"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Bitfrost 也是区块链项目，为 Staking 提供流动性的跨链网络。Rust China Conf 2020 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编译器和库做贡献。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Mozilla"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 语言的诞生之地。Servo 浏览器内核项目使用 Rust 开发，代码量大约为 30万 行 。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Apple"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"苹果在招聘公告中写到：“我们构建的系统的性能和安全性至关重要。目前使用异步 I\/O 和线程来分配工作负载，直接与底层 Linux 内核接口进行交互。首次成功使用 Rust 之后，我们正在将已建立的代码库从 C 迁移到 Rust，并计划未来主要使用 Rust 构建新功能。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"苹果目前没有加入 Rust 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novo）的语言。"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Discord"}]},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"当开始一个新的项目或组件时，我们首先考虑使用 Rust。当然，我们只在适合的地方使用。除了性能之外，Rust 对工程团队也有很多优势。例如，它的类型安全性和借用\/引用检查器，使重构代码变得非常容易。此外，Rust 的生态系统和工具都非常出色，背后有着巨大的动力。"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"IBM"}]},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"IBM 的一个团队使用 WebAssembly 和 Rust，实现了难以置信的性能改进。"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Dropbox"}]},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我们用 Rust 开发了 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nucleus"}]},{"type":"text","text":"！Rust 帮助我们团队力量倍增，选择 Rust 是我们做出的最好决定之一。Rust 的人机工程学和正确原则，不仅有助于我们驯服 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"sync"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 的复杂性。而且，我们可以在类型系统中，对系统进行复杂的不变量编码，并让编译器为我们检查它们。"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"npm"}]},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"npm 的第一个 Rust 程序，在一年半的生产环境中，没有发生任何警报。‘我对 Rust 最大的赞美，是它很无聊’，Dickinson说，‘这是一个令人惊奇的赞美’。部署新的 Rust 服务的过程是直接的，很快，他们就能够忘记这项 Rust 服务，因为它只引起很少的操作问题。"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"OneSignal"}]},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"就在这个月，我们突破了每天发送 70亿 条通知的门槛，并创下了每秒 175 万条的记录。"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Qovery"}]},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"随着公司意识到云计算的好处，Rust 的势头就越来越强劲。Dropbox 使用 Rust 重写了它的一些核心系统，而 Mozilla 使用 Rust 构建了 Firefox 浏览器引擎，展示了 Rust 强大的优势。在 Qovery，我们相信 Rust 能够云构建的未来。"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Astropad"}]},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"有了 Rust，我们将拥有一个高性能、可移植的平台，可以轻松地在 Mac、iOS、Linux、Android，以及 Windows 上运行。这不仅极大地扩大了我们潜在的市场规模，而且还看到了我们的 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"LIQUID"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 技术的许多有趣的新用途。我们有信心用以强大的代码、更好的产品和对 Astropad 未来的乐观展望，以完成我们的 Rust 之旅。"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Coursera"}]},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我们在增强的 Docker 容器中，高效、可靠、安全地为提交的作业评分。虽然我们将集群调度到 Amazon EC2 容器服务（ECS）上，但许多程序之间协同工作，是用 Rust 开发的。"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"三星"}]},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"我们想向 Rust 语言的 5 个核心团队、Mozilla，以及 Rust 语言生态系统中众多软件包的贡献者们公开道谢：我们正在利用 Rust 开发新的更新客户端和服务器，以及其他一些软件的主干，并希望随着时间的推移，继续扩大我们对该语言的使用。”"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"System76"}]},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"像我们今天的所有项目一样，它是用 Rust 编写的，并且遵循当前的最佳实践。该项目被配置为一个工作区，核心 crate 提供了一个通用库，用于从多个固件服务中发现和管理固件。支持 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"fwupd"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 和 "},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"system76-firmware"}]},{"type":"text","text":"。"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Clever Cloud"}]},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"对我们来说，这些好处有力地证明了 Rust 是生产平台的可靠构建块。这是一段我们不必担心的代码，它将使其它服务能够安全地运行。"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rapid7"}]},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我们在 Rust 部署中，看到的主要加速点是，不同平台上的部署工具，能够很容易地适应该语言。代理开发人员，能够很快地学习该语言，并开发与托管运行时的集成。"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Figma"}]},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"虽然我们有一些挫折，但我想强调的是，我们在 Rust 方面的经验，总体上是非常积极的。这是一个非常有前途的项目，我们拥有坚实的核心和健康的社区。"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Fly.io"}]},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我们基础设施中的每台服务器，都在运行一个名为 fly-proxy 的基于信任的代理。此代理负责接受客户端连接、将其与客户应用程序匹配、应用处理程序（例如：TLS终止）以及服务器之间的回程处理。"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Everlane"}]},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rust 给予我们锻造性。这项服务已经在生产环境运行 4 个月了，它平均每秒处理 40 个请求，响应时间为 10ms。它的内存使用量很少超过 100MB。"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"还有很多公司，可以在 Rust 官网里看到介绍 ："},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.rust-lang.org\/production\/users","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Rust Production users"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"作者简介："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"张汉东 ，《Rust 编程之道》作者，独立企业咨询顾问，开源爱好者。喜欢读书、写作、分享，欢迎交流。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2}}]}