才兩年技術就已過時？微軟100億美元的雲合同沒了

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"將100億美元的JEDI雲計算合同給到微軟20多個月後，美國國防部在當地時間7月7日宣佈正式取消該合作，後續計劃將此分拆給微軟和亞馬遜兩家公司。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"美國國防部在聲明中表示，由於需求的不斷變化、雲計算行業能力的提升和進步，JEDI合同已經無法滿足如今發展的需要。對此，微軟方面表示理解並尊重撤銷合同的決定。受此消息影響，微軟股價盤中微跌約0.5%，亞馬遜則收盤大漲4.69%。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"充滿爭議的合同"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"JEDI，全稱“Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure”，即“聯合企業國防基礎設施”，美國國防部希望藉助這套架構，對美軍指揮系統進行一次劃時代的升級。該計劃中，美國國防部希望與一家企業合作來構建自己的雲設施"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.cloud.mil\/JEDI-Cloud\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"JEDI Cloud"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"。JEDI Cloud 將爲所有級別的用戶提供快速、響應迅速、靈活和自適應的雲服務。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"2018年，微軟、亞馬遜、IBM、Oracle和Google等多家公司報名參與了 JEDI 項目的競標。無論誰拿下這份合同，都有可能在政府的其他類似項目中佔據一席之地。如果一家公司能夠通過該項目證明他們的能力，那麼很有可能改變雲市場的競爭格局。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"雖然拿下訂單的好處很明顯，但Google第一個退出了競爭。2018年 10 月，迫於內部員工的壓力，Google主動宣佈退出。Google 表示，JEDI 項目與Google的行事原則相悖，違反了“禁止將人工智能技術用於殺傷性武器裝備”這一條準則。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Google退出之後，微軟員工們也聯名簽署了一份公開信，希望微軟不要競標JEDI項目。“我們當初決定效力於微軟時，抱着‘讓地球上的每個人取得更大成就’的希望，而不是爲了結束生命、提高殺傷力。”但是，這並沒有影響微軟最後的決定。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"2019 年4月，IBM 和Oracle從競爭名單上被剔除。美國防部表示，只有亞馬遜和微軟兩家公司能在技術上滿足履行合同的要求。同年10月底，美國國防部正式宣佈，由微軟負責在10年合同期內，爲美軍打造一套雲計算系統，讓美國不同軍隊的計算機能夠藉由這套系統實現更高效地交流與作戰。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"而亞馬遜認爲自己之所以輸給微軟，是因爲創始人傑夫·貝佐斯“得罪”了特朗普總統。針對這一情況，美國防部在一份聲明中稱：“採購程序是按照聯邦相關法律法規進行的，所有參與競爭的企業都獲得了公平的對待，按照相關評估標準對它們進行了完善的評估。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"競標結果公佈一個月後，亞馬遜向美國聯邦申訴法院提起訴訟，對美國國防部的這一決定提出抗訴。訴訟稱，時任美國總統的唐納德·特朗普對亞馬遜及其CEO官傑夫·貝佐斯抱有偏見，從而影響美國司法部作出了將這份合同交給微軟的決定。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"亞馬遜在法院文件中表示，要求特朗普總統、國防部部長Mark Esper和前國防部長James Mattis宣誓作證，以此抗議JEDI雲合同授予微軟。由於亞馬遜的訴訟，聯邦法官下令暫停JEDI雲合同執行。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"有趣的是，2018年還有消息傳出美國政府內定了亞馬遜，當時兩名美國國會議員還要求對把合同授予單一供應商的做法展開調查。同爲共和黨派衆議院代表的Tom Cole 和Steve Womack 更致函美國國防部總檢察長，要求其調查和彙報五角大樓在確定這份鉅額雲技術合同需求時所走的流程。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"2020 年 4 月，國防部監察長辦公室得出結論，合同過程符合法律和政府採購標準。監察長沒有發現白宮干預合同授予過程的證據。但該審查也表示，調查人員無法全面審查此事，因爲白宮不允許不受限制地接觸證人。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"五個月後，美國國防部重申微軟是合同的贏家，但工作仍因亞馬遜的法律挑戰而停滯不前。今年，美國國防部一直在"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.fedscoop.com\/jedi-cloud-pentagon-political-bias\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"表達"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"對該訴訟長期無法裁決的擔憂，尤其在4 月份一名聯邦法官拒絕國防部駁回亞馬遜訴訟的關鍵指控後，該部表示感到不得不重新考慮其選擇。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"美國國防部分析，無論法院傾向於亞馬遜還是國防部，過程都是複雜且漫長的，並不利於JEDI雲採購計劃的未來發展。“國防部沒有企業雲功能的每一天都是在浪費機會。”美國司法部代理首席信息官約翰·謝爾曼（John Sherman）說道。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"一切並未結束"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"與微軟結束合作，並不意味着JEDI Cloud 計劃的結束。美國國防部在新聞稿中表示，該部仍然需要企業級的雲計算能力，並宣佈了一項名爲“聯合戰士雲能力”（Joint Warfighter Cloud Capability，以下簡稱“JWCC”）的新的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.defense.gov\/Newsroom\/Releases\/Release\/Article\/2682992\/future-of-the-joint-enterprise-defense-infrastructure-cloud-contract\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"多供應商合同"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"美國國防部表示，其計劃向亞馬遜和微軟徵求對該合同的建議書，並補充說目前只有這兩家公司能夠滿足其需求。但美國司法部也表示，該部將繼續進行市場研究，看看其他公司是否也能滿足要求。目前，該部計劃聯繫其他雲提供商包括 IBM、谷歌和甲骨文，瞭解他們是否有適合該部門計劃的地方。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"謝爾曼表示，訴訟本身不一定是該部改變做法的主要原因。但考慮到這段時間裏，很多情況發生了巨大的變化，即使JEDI按期進行，國防部也會進行多雲討論。“現在是 2021 年，不是 2018 年，很多因素已經發生了變化，我們也必須採用我們自己的方法。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.defense.gov\/Newsroom\/Releases\/Release\/Article\/2682992\/future-of-the-joint-enterprise-defense-infrastructure-cloud-contract\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"美國國防部表示"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"，由於雲計算行業能力不斷增強，國防部自身需求的不斷變化，JEDI合同已經不再適用。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"“JEDI提出時，CSPs技術並不成熟，我們對雲也不太熟悉。基於JADC2、AI和數據加速(ADA)等新技術的發展、國防部雲生態系統的演變，以及利用多種雲環境執行任務需求的變化，現在技術形勢已然不同。我們有必要在傳統和非傳統作戰領域取得主導地位。”美國國防部代理首席信息官約翰·謝爾曼(John Sherman)表示。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"美國司法部稱，新合同的雲服務供應商必須滿足幾個標準，比如在所有三個保密級別（非機密、機密或絕密）上都能運行、在世界各地都可使用，並擁有頂級網絡安全控制。國防部表示，預計新合同價值將達到數十億美元，但最高價值仍有待確定，並預計合同有效期最長爲5年，包括3年的業績基準期和兩個分別爲期1年的選擇期。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"謝爾曼稱，美國司法部預計，JWCC將“成爲通向我們長期做法的橋樑”。他表示，該部預計將在2022年4月前後通過這份合同提供直接獎勵，並最早在2025年開啓更廣泛的競爭。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"關於美國國防部的決定，"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.microsoft.com\/blog\/2021\/07\/06\/microsofts-commitment-to-the-dod-remains-steadfast\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"微軟"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"表示理解其處境，“國防部面臨着一個艱難的選擇：要麼繼續一場可能長達數年的訴訟，要麼找到另一條前進的道路。”當然，微軟方面也提出，“一家公司可以將捍衛國家關鍵技術升級推遲數年，這是值得政策制定者關注的問題。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"亞馬遜方面表示，理解並同意國防部的決定。但亞馬遜發言人在接受"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/tech-policy\/2021\/07\/dod-cancels-10b-jedi-cloud-contract-with-microsoft-says-tech-already-outdated\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Arstechnica"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" 採訪時表示，“不幸的是，合同授予的結果不是基於企業提案的優勢，而是政府採購中本不該出現的外部干擾。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"參考鏈接："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.fedscoop.com\/dod-cancels-10b-jedi-contract\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.fedscoop.com\/dod-cancels-10b-jedi-contract\/"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.defense.gov\/Newsroom\/Releases\/Release\/Article\/2682992\/future-of-the-joint-enterprise-defense-infrastructure-cloud-contract\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.defense.gov\/Newsroom\/Releases\/Release\/Article\/2682992\/future-of-the-joint-enterprise-defense-infrastructure-cloud-contract\/"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/tech-policy\/2021\/07\/dod-cancels-10b-jedi-cloud-contract-with-microsoft-says-tech-already-outdated\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/tech-policy\/2021\/07\/dod-cancels-10b-jedi-cloud-contract-with-microsoft-says-tech-already-outdated\/"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]}]}]}