走私、搶劫、造假，全球缺芯困局下，“奇景”頻頻上演

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"全球芯片短缺不斷升級，引發了一系列市場及社會問題。"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"芯片走私"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在全球芯片短缺的大環境下，芯片走私成了一個奇景。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"以往，邊境走私者經常走私手機等電子產品，如今在嚴峻的缺芯態勢下，他們把目光轉向了芯片。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"近期，香港出現多起芯片走私案件。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"7月5日，香港海關在落馬洲口岸查獲了一批涉嫌走私的貨物，運輸包括2200多個CPU、1000 多個內存條、約630部智能手機，還有約70件化妝品。這些貨物都被混在裝滿電子零件的箱子裏。據悉，這些貨物總價值約爲400萬美元（約2592萬元人民幣）。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"6月16日，香港海關在進境客車通道攔截了一輛通過港珠澳大橋的司機，該司機的行爲非常可疑，神色緊張。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"經過查驗，海關人員在該司機的兩肋、小腿等處查獲綁藏的英特爾CPU共計256枚。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/2c\/f4\/2c7af13f61acfa75f43649f67f121ef4.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"圖源：海關發佈"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"6月26日，香港海關又查獲一輛芯片走私車輛。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"海關人員在對一輛粵澳兩地牌客車進行非侵入式機檢查驗時發現圖像異常，隨後，海關人員在該車輛的主副駕駛座位間查獲了全新包裝的英特爾CPU共計52枚。據悉，這些芯片的總價值約爲128700美元。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"依據國家法律法規，以藏匿、僞裝、瞞報、僞報或者其他方式逃避海關監管，運輸、攜帶、郵寄國家禁止或者限制進出境的貨物、物品或依法應繳納稅款的貨物、物品進出境，均屬於走私行爲，將被依法追究法律責任，情節嚴重構成犯罪的，將被依法追究刑事責任。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"根據《進出口條例》，任何人進口或出口未列艙單貨物一經定罪，最高可被判罰款200萬元及監禁7年。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"儘管法律嚴苛，但芯片短缺恐怕短期內難以緩解，且隨着價格上漲，芯片走私很可能演化成一種趨勢。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"芯片大劫案"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"不止走私，連劫匪都開始打芯片的主意了。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"6月16日下午，香港屯門發生了一起芯片搶劫案。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"當天下午3點左右，一名送貨男子在河田街東亞紗廠工業大廈遭到3名男子襲擊，劫匪對他拳打腳踢導致他臉及腹部受傷。劫匪趁混亂搶走了十四箱芯片。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這14箱芯片總價值約65萬美元（約500萬港元）。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/41\/43\/41f80dyyc0e226d2c82084b3949ce743.jpg","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"據悉，這批芯片是之前有人訂購的，訂購方要求物流公司在6月16日下午將芯片送到8樓一間公司。當時，送貨的男子單獨一人將貨物送上樓，後面3名劫匪也尾隨他進入了電梯，當電梯到達7層時，這3人見電梯門打開，就開始毆打送貨人員，並趁亂搶走了貨物。接着，劫匪乘坐電梯返回停車場，將打劫來的芯片搬上前來接應的輕型貨車迅速逃走。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"隨後，在接到報案後，警方隨後封鎖現場並截查可疑車輛。從搶劫的情況來看，犯罪分子應該事先知道送貨的箱子裏是價值不菲的芯片。警察不排除有內鬼通風報信的可能。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"目前該案件，香港屯門警方還在調查過程中。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"而就在這起香港芯片“大劫案”發生前幾周，深圳發生了一起芯片被盜案。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"據深圳都市頻道報道，深圳市某電子廠裝有21萬個芯片的10個箱子被盜走，連同丟失的還有電腦主機。該批芯片價值千萬元。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"5月25日上午，電子廠負責人王先生髮現倉庫丟失裝着21萬個芯片的10個箱子後報警，王先生還發現儲存監控視頻的電腦主機也已被人拆走。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"深圳市公安局寶安分局黃田派出所接到報案後，僅用13個小時，就成功將3名盜竊嫌疑人和1名隱瞞犯罪所得嫌疑人抓捕歸案，並追回了全部被盜芯片。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"警方通過查閱公共區域監控視頻發現，5月24日晚有兩名年輕男子開着一輛灰色麪包車來到事發電子廠樓下，後從樓上搬下來10個箱子並迅速逃離現場。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"經過審訊，嫌疑人黃某供出另兩位嫌疑人詹某和陳某。經確認，陳某爲該電子廠員工，隨後警方在電子廠將陳某成功抓獲。據陳某交代，其發現電子廠管理鬆散，遂慫恿朋友詹某和黃某策劃了這起芯片盜竊案。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"芯片也開始造假了"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"今年6月，全球知名的供應鏈採購解決方案提供商"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.idofea.org\/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Independent Distributors of Electronics Association "}]},{"type":"text","text":"(IDEA)"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/gadgets\/2021\/06\/chip-shortages-lead-to-more-counterfeit-chips-and-devices\/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"創始人Steve Calabria表示"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，疫情持續使得芯片短缺不斷升級，直接導致了很多劣質芯片進入市場。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"仿冒芯片進入市場的根本原因是供需嚴重失衡"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"疫情的持續使得人們的工作和生活方式都發生了巨大變化，居家辦公，居家休假已成爲大多數人的習慣性日常。遠程會議，線上娛樂需要大量的電子設備，這使得電子消費品的需求增大，相應地芯片需求也不斷上漲。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"然而，生產芯片的工廠在疫情的影響下產能不足，芯片產業整體的供應能力甚至不如疫情之前，與激增的市場需求形成強烈對比。需求上漲，產能下降，最終造成芯片的嚴重短缺，供需失衡。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"相比仿冒電子產品，仿冒芯片的使用更難被消費者察覺。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"電子產品的生產需要兼顧軟硬件，簡單來說操作系統和硬件的整合就是一門學問。消費者獲得一個電子產品後，外觀和使用體驗能在第一時間獲得反饋，即使單獨的硬件或者操作系統可以以假亂真，二者的整合也還有相當的門檻，整合不夠優良將直接影響消費者的使用體驗。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"相比之下，生產仿冒芯片要容易得多。首先，生產仿冒芯片面臨的挑戰不如成品艱鉅，同時，僞冒芯片並不直接面對消費者。而在全行業芯片告急的情況下，沒有芯片就意味着要關閉生產線，這就使得下游廠商不太可能嚴格測試收到的芯片。最終，仿冒芯片可以更容易地進入市場。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在顯卡急缺的當下，"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/cn.msi.com\/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"製造商 MSI"}]},{"type":"text","text":"曾重新啓用 2014 年的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.nvidia.com\/en-us\/drivers\/results\/132845\/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nvidia GT 730"}]},{"type":"text","text":"。然而，對硬件有所瞭解的讀者都知道，GT 730 是一個過時的產品 —— 其能提供的性能僅爲"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.intel.cn\/content\/www\/cn\/zh\/support\/products\/126789\/graphics\/graphics-for-8th-generation-intel-processors\/intel-uhd-graphics-620.html","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"英特爾 UHD"}]},{"type":"text","text":"集成顯卡的一半左右，甚至不如 2015 年 的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.nvidia.cn\/geforce\/graphics-cards\/geforce-gtx-950\/specifications\/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"GTX 950"}]},{"type":"text","text":"的五分之一。但對於製造商來說，GT 730 是可以工作的，換句話說，有芯片總比沒有好。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"那麼，這樣的芯片最終都賣給哪些下游廠商了呢？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"受仿冒芯片影響最大的是中小公司，造假者利用時間壓力出貨"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"就目前的市場情況來看，購買仿冒芯片的主要羣體是沒有議價能力的中小公司，涉及醫療保健，汽車和國防等行業。中小公司通過供應鏈下游的分銷商小批量購買組件，完成自己的產品生產。相對而言，科技行業的製造巨頭們擁有強勢的話語權，往往從芯片代工廠直接購買大量零件，並不會受到影響。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"而在仿冒芯片的另一端，造假者們很清楚客戶面臨的時間壓力，並設計好針對他們的宣傳。據"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/gadgets\/2021\/06\/chip-shortages-lead-to-more-counterfeit-chips-and-devices\/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"arstechnica 報道"}]},{"type":"text","text":"中描述造假者的話術 -- “我有 5,000 個這樣的庫存，但你需要在今天而不是下週購買”。絕望的製造商們迫於時間壓力便會偷工減料，跳過其正常的供應鏈驗證過程。最終造假者們得以順利出貨，繼續做下一個訂單。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"延伸閱讀："},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/lXbWTQv0R80Uev6MQ3RD","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"《芯片也開始造假了，都是短缺惹的禍》"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"芯片短缺何時能解？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"全球缺芯危機蔓延，供小於求之下，芯片的價格也隨之水漲船高，且芯片體積小，便於運輸和藏匿，這是不少不法分子盯上芯片的主要原因。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"走私、搶劫、盜竊芯片等案件頻頻發生的背後，也折射出，當下芯片短缺的困局仍未消解。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"去年以來，受疫情、中美經貿摩擦等多個因素影響，全球半導體遭遇芯片短缺危機，波及汽車、消費電子等多個行業，如在汽車行業，受疫情影響，一些特定汽車電子元件的芯片供應緊張。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"國內芯片短缺態勢也尤爲嚴峻。疫情影響下，國內芯片廠商遭遇了停產等產能危機。中美貿易摩擦依舊膠着，美國對華爲、中芯國際等多家芯片公司的制裁行爲使其遭遇斷芯、禁芯危機。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"去年半導體產業罕見地出現了產能不足的瓶頸。“美黑名單觸發了半導體產業之急，由於種種原因，芯片及所有元器件都在漲價，大家都在備貨，產能緊張，有些公司甚至沒有產能給客戶供貨。上次發生類似的事情還是在十年前”，文治資本聯合創始人唐德明曾向 InfoQ 表示，他預計 2021 年下半年，芯片產能短缺狀態也許會有些緩和。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"缺芯問題也是全球手機廠商所面臨的一個重大挑戰。中信證券《智能手機行業深度追蹤 2021》報告顯示，先進製程資源緊缺、手機需求復甦 、下游應用競爭共同加劇芯片缺貨 ，預計缺芯問題將持續全年。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"此前，小米集團副總裁盧偉冰曾在微博感嘆，“今年芯片太缺了，不是缺，是極缺”。芯片短缺已造成 2020 年第四季度小米智能手機出貨量與營收的環比下滑，不及市場預期。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"當下全球芯片短缺壓力山大，加之，中美貿易關係充滿不確定性，華爲芯片被禁事件敲響警鐘，國內高端芯片生產自主化問題備受關注，國產芯片廠商正在加大研發力度，一些國內大的手機廠商開始佈局自研芯片，以尋求緩解“缺芯”之痛的解決方案。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"size","attrs":{"size":10}},{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"參考鏈接："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"size","attrs":{"size":10}},{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.pcgamer.com\/chip-shortage-sees-people-cling-filming-cpus-to-their-bodies-and-millions-of-dollars-worth-of-components-seized\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.pcgamer.com\/chip-shortage-sees-people-cling-filming-cpus-to-their-bodies-and-millions-of-dollars-worth-of-components-seized\/"}],"marks":[{"type":"size","attrs":{"size":10}},{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"size","attrs":{"size":10}},{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/lXbWTQv0R80Uev6MQ3RD","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/lXbWTQv0R80Uev6MQ3RD"}],"marks":[{"type":"size","attrs":{"size":10}},{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}}]}