Python这么完美，但为什么反对者还是不放弃诋毁它？

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"软件开发长期以来一直是一个雷区。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"普通人会发现，用传统的编程语言（如C和JAVA）闯入软件领域是很可怕的。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但一旦Python加入游戏，这种情况很快就改变了。Python以其革命性的编程方法在软件开发方面是一个巨大的飞跃。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"人们爱上Python，是因为其简洁性、广泛的库支持和表达能力。因此，像C和Java这样的语言的统治结束了。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"没有什么是完美的。等等，真的吗？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如果你是一个软件开发者，你可能熟悉**权衡（trade-off）**这个词。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"每当一个关于编程语言的问题突然出现时，人们通常会得到一个传统的答案：“视情况而定”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"普遍认为没有一种完美的编程语言。等等， 是真的吗？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"对我来说，不是这样。我认为Python是编程语言中的银弹。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"到目前为止，我用过Python、C、C++、MATLAB、JAVA。Python是我接触最晚的，但却是最好的。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"为了测试Python，我做了一个实验，并将大多数非Python程序转换为Python。最终的Python版本要好得多。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"目前，据我所知，Python在两个问题上一直受到严重批评："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"动态类型"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"速度"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"虽然我同意这些问题在某种程度上对软件开发有重大影响，但我可以确认，这些大部分是Python诞生初期存在的问题。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"然而，多亏了rock-solid社区，Python已经演变到几乎与每一种编程语言相当。动态类型和速度不再对编码实践产生重大影响。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Python可以用来处理任何问题。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如果是这样的话，为什么Python还没有被大规模采用呢？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"因此，有必要解释为什么动态类型和性能问题是容易被忽略的小问题。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"动态类型"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"为了理解动态类型，最好先理解其反面——静态类型。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"静态类型语言有C、JAVA等。这些语言与它们的动态类型对应语言之间的主要区别在于类型检查。静态类型是在编译时进行类型检查，而动态类型是在运行时进行类型检查。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"注：这是对动态类型和静态类型的平淡定义。其中具体的技术细节超出了本文要讨论的范畴。"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"由于Python的调试问题，以及Python语言如何使跟踪bug的过程变得比现在更复杂，一些开发人员对Python大发牢骚。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"这种抱怨源于这样一个事实：作为一种动态类型语言，Python在运行时标记错误，这使得它比Java等静态类型语言更容易出错。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"理论上，这是一个威胁，毕竟考虑到一个著名的谚语——是人都会犯错。但是在实践中，我怀疑类型错误有没有他们声称的那样严重。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"说真的，现在谁还犯类型错误？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"静态类型语言远不是一个无障碍的调试避风港。除了类型错误之外，大多数静态类型语言都无法捕获到你可能认为应该检测到的细微错误。这些错误同样发生在静态类型和动态类型中。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"此外，几乎没有代码会不经过单元测试就部署。单元测试可以很好地防范类型错误。只有极少数情况下，类型错误会绕过单元测试来搞乱代码。在调试方面，编程语言的另一个特性是安全类型和不安全类型。允许用户重写系统类型的语言被认为具有不安全的类型——例如C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