伴鱼数仓演进

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"伴鱼离线数仓建立,与伴鱼的业务一起快速发展,从一条业务线,到多条业务线。在演进的过程中,有很多总结和沉淀的内容。本篇文章主要介绍伴鱼离线数据仓库的发展历史,在发展过程中遇到的各种问题,以及针对问题的解决方案。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"业务介绍"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/3c\/3c5a34f4e4d6e7ce160136f21e137376.png","alt":"datawarehouse_devlopment","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"首先介绍伴鱼的主要业务线,流量型产品:伴鱼绘本,业务型产品:伴鱼AI课,伴鱼少儿英语等十几条业务线:"}]},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"伴鱼绘本:承担着给其他业务线导流的功能,其核心业务流程是,用户注册 app 为起点,app 内广告访问,app 内听读录绘本功能的使用,以及 VIP 的购买、转化。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"伴鱼少儿英语:用户核心链路涉及到的实体多,用户申请试听成为少儿英语用户,先触达到销售,然后分配老师,再完成上课,购买课程,然后分配班主任。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"AI课:用户购买体验课成为AI课的用户,通过分配到运营,运营转化用户购买正式课。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"由于各个业务线有互相交叉的部分,比如:数学业务使用少儿业务的班主任作为销售售卖课程、业务线之间也可以互相引流等。导致实体数据之间的关系复杂度较高。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在伴鱼数据仓库部门主要的工作内容:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"各个业务线的产品需求支持。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"给算法、分析团队数据特征的加工与提供。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"公司指标体系的设计与搭建。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"数据仓库的底层建设与维护。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"全公司数据的收集与整合。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"研发团队数据需求提供。"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"数仓前世"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在伴鱼数仓建设之前,数据部门会给各个业务线提供数据支持,当时的业务需求比较少,内容和形式也相对简单。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"当时的做法:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"业务开发人员自己写 python 脚本。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"直连数据库,查询需要的数据。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"基于内存计算结果。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"将结果数据写出到对应存储 DB。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"开发报表展示页面,提供数据报表,或通过邮件将数据结果发送给业务方。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"以上数据支持流程足以应对当时业务不太复杂的伴鱼公司,但是随着公司的发展和业务线的增加,对数据的需求量以及需求复杂度都在增加和提高,以上流程的开发效率就显得捉襟见肘,主要体现在以下问题:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"数据无法沉淀:脚本产生的中间结果都是存储内存,数据没有任何沉淀。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"脚本维护较为困难:不同开发人员写在不同目录下,文档缺失。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"数据稳定性得不到保证:脚本历史数据无沉淀,导致每次计算未必可以保证幂等。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"开发效率低:由于数据无沉淀,导致使用任何数据都需要重新开发,同一个数据,每个使用方都需要自己开发逻辑。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"为了解决以上问题伴鱼开始构建自己的数据仓库。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"数仓建设"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"数仓 1.0"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2019年Q3之前,整体数据情况是:数据体量小,团队人员不足,底层表调整频繁,业务灵活多变,要求响应速度快。建设目标:快速响应需求,以最少的人力支持全公司的业务决策需求。基于当时的背景和目标,数仓架构主要是基于 TIBD 构建的3层数仓结构,原始数据层、base 层、stat 层。数据整体架构如下图:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/65\/65c0fb979d309457dcc14179ad23899d.png","alt":"datawarehouse_devlopment","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"数据层级浅,针对主题只抽象出一个层级,保证底层数据可复用即可。其中数据源,出现了日志进入到hive的步骤是因为:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"数仓基于 TIDB 构建,所有数据都需要同步至 TIDB。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"业务形态导致,早期的流量数据不作为重点关注内容,日志数据主要在hive中存储,需要使用的数据同步至TIDB。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"随着业务的发展,数据量的增多,业务形态越发复杂。基于 TIDB 构建的数仓已经无法满足要求,主要体现在:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"数据口径难以保持一致,虽然基于原始数据构建了 base 层,但是在数据开发的过程中为了满足特殊的需求也经常直接使用原始数据。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"日志数据使用日益增多,导致计算能力无法达到要求。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"数据库报警频繁,维护成本过高。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"当时的 TIDB 版本不支持窗口函数,自定义函数等功能。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"难以配合大数据生态体系工具。"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"数仓 2.0"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"针对上述问题,从以下几个方面进行了调整:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"明确职责划分。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"数仓基础平台由 TIDB 更换为 HADOOP 生态体系。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"制定数仓建设规范、开发流程。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"数仓整体架构的调整,明确新的分层方式,进行更加细化的建模。"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"职责划分"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"目前伴鱼数仓团队,承接公司全部业务线的数仓建设工作,对接公司内部各个业务线,每条业务线的形态不同,数据的使用方式也不同。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"基于当前能力该如何解决上述问题?调研后发现大体有如下几种方式:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"方式一(分总形式):"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"​业务线或部门自建数仓,各个业务线分别建设自己的数仓,数仓与数仓之间无直接关系,使用其他业务线数据,通过权限申请拉取使用,或通过FTP文件的形式同步数据。例如运营商各个省份的数仓是独自建设的,可能由不同的厂商承接建设,在建设后以统一的格式推送至总部,再在总部进行进一步的数据清洗。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"方式二(分层形式):"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"​ 划分基础数仓与应用数仓,基础数仓通过自下而上,面向于主题的方式进行设计,更加专注的做好底层建设。应用数仓通过自上而下,面向于应用的进行开发,更好的支持业务需求。很多大厂当前都是以这样的方式设计,集团总部负责总部的开发与设计,业务线使用总部加工的数据宽表或事实表进行业务开发,如果遇到新的数据表。需要给基础数仓提需求,由基础数仓排期开发。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/75\/75339dce1722f746cb6d6f9ef7dde889.png","alt":"datawarehouse_devlopment","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"方式三(总分形式):"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"​业务线内垂直建设,横向设计,纵向开发,统一设计并制定数仓整体规范,各个业务线按照统一的规范进行各自业务线的开发。跨业务线使用数据需要申请相应的数据权限,了解其表结构与口径,直接使用其他业务线数据。在中小型企业中,业务线杂而多,但是业务线内部也没有数据开发人员,使用这种方式成本较低,并且可以快速响应业务需求。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/5b\/5b61060ad43ef7403307ba74d86b60c4.png","alt":"datawarehouse_devlopment","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"伴鱼内部也针对以上的部分方式进行思考与尝试:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"方式一,自建数仓,这样会带来以下问题:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如果每个团队自己都有一套小的数仓架构,对公司资产来说是资产冗余。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"没有一套专业的数据资产对外提供。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"每个团队对数仓的认知和理解程度不同,会导致数据无法公用并沉淀。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"数据口径、数据质量难以保障。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"基于以上问题,数仓是由数据中台统一建设。未对此方式进行尝试。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"方式二,分层建设,遇到的问题:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"响应及时度达不到业务要求:业务需求要求当天提供数据,如果遇到基础数仓未建模的业务,无法及时提供。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"沟通成本高:一个口径不同的研发人员需要反复沟通多次。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"不同层级的目标不一致:基础数仓的目标是合理的建设模型,模型排期是以周为单位,应用数仓则是快速响应业务需求。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"变动兼容时效性差:业务方对于数据表的调整往往是较为随意的,表有调整或改动基础数仓感知时效性差。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"应用数仓自建底层模型:为了快速响应业务需求,应用数仓研发自己开发了所需的DW层表,等基础数仓开发完后,无时间进行迁移改造,造成新的烟囱式问题。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"方式二最主要的问题是,业务反馈数仓团队效率变低,无法快速响应需求。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"方式三,横向设计,纵向开发,遇到的问题:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"numbe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