2021年Python的好与坏

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"摘要"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Python在许多领域都是首选语言，包括编程入门、机器学习、数据科学以及数据工程等。在这篇文章中，我想聊下Python最大的优势和不足，以不足为主，因为这些问题已经存在了许多年，而且其中有些导致了很多问题。这篇文章对Python的评价看起来非常负面。但我仍然喜欢并每天使用Python，并希望它能有所改进并不断变好。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"正文"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"},{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#333333","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"本文最初发布于"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Shantnu Tiwari的个人"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"},{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#333333","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"博客，经原作者授权由InfoQ中文站翻译并分享。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"前言"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在这篇文章中，我想聊下Python最大的优势和不足，以不足为主，因为这些问题已经存在了许多年，而且其中有些导致了很多问题。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Python闪光之处"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"现在，Python在许多领域都是首选语言——编程入门、机器学习、数据科学以及数据工程（包括清理数据、提取数据并存储为一个容易阅读的格式，等等）。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在有些领域，Python并不是Number One，但它是一个强有力的竞争者。Web应用开发，尤其是后端部分。测试和自动化，也主要是后端，还有服务器应用程序。我之前就职的一家初创公司使用Powershell和C做自动化测试，这引发了很大的分歧，直到我介入，宣布我们将使用Python。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如果你要在Linux服务器上做什么事情，如果脚本行数超过几百行，那么大多数人的选择会是Python而不是Bash。在企业里，任何bash脚本超过20行，评审人员就会抱怨；我不是在指责他们。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"X是一个很棒的库，但如果它不支持Python，我连试也不会试"},{"type":"text","text":"。像这样的评论，我见过许多次了。不支持Python的应用可是在自找麻烦。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"因此，如果你2021年要学习编程，或者是学习一项新技能，那么Python是一个不错的选项。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Python糟糕之处"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1）Python很难安装，经常需要碰运气"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"每次我这样说的时候都会遭到反驳。我之前在一个私人小组中分享了这篇文章之前的一个版本，最多的一种评论是："},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"我从来没有遇到过这个问题，你确定这不是你自己的想象？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Reddit\/HN上的有些人更粗鲁："},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"你甚至不会安装Python或某个版本，你一定是个傻瓜"},{"type":"text","text":"。有一个人告诉我，非常非常严肃："},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"你只要学会使用virtualenv，你所有的问题就都不存在了"},{"type":"text","text":"。好吧，谢谢，好像我没那样想过是的。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"有那么一会儿，我真以为"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"也许是我傻"},{"type":"text","text":"。毕竟，不会所有那些聪明人都错了，对吧？不对！"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"只要花几分钟搜索一下就会发现，其他许多人也遇到了同样的问题："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/5f\/49\/5f756f45d9fdd6f77681234b8b7f7c49.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/72\/a3\/72de96ef80a33616e11e52eb804b66a3.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/3e\/53\/3eab7247ab6a4ef27c912430a10c8153.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/85\/54\/85b41159db044f12ca57c0354cea7b54.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"那么，为什么会存在这个问题？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我发现，如果你使用的是非常标准的Web开发库，如Flask\/Django，它们主要是纯Python代码，那么什么问题也没有。这就是为什么人们会说，而且是非常严肃地说，Python很容易安装。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"这个问题会在以下3个情况下出现："}]},{"type":"numberedlist","attrs":{"start":null,"normalizeStart":1},"content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":1,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"数据科学、视频\/图像处理、游戏或其他有大量C\/C++代码的库"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":2,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"试图将Python代码给非开发人员甚或是非Python开发人员"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":3,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"像我一样喜欢尝试许多新库，只是为了学习新东西"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"就在两周前，我升级了一个库（我需要使用一个比较新的特性；另见下文的向后兼容性），原本可以正常运行的代码就不正常了。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我正在试用一个新的游戏库——但就是安装不到Windows上，在Linux上却没问题。在Python的世界里，Windows仍然是一个二等公民。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"更糟糕的是，我在使用"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"pip 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3.8"},{"type":"text","text":"。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我都不记得自己被迫放弃了多少优秀的库\/项目，只因为安装不上。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如果你想与Python新手分享自己的代码，那简直是噩梦。当我在写"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/new.pythonforengineers.com\/books","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"书"}]},{"type":"text","text":"时，我发现，与其帮助人们安装Python，还不如提供一个什么都装好了的5GB的虚拟机，那样更简单（许多其他的作者也是这样做的，我的虚拟机文件夹一度有60到80GB，全都是针对Python的）。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Python开发者嘲笑JavaScript和NodeJs平台让人凌乱，但Python与Node相比有过之而无不及。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2）只有一种方法和有200种方法"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Python之禅中有这样一句话，我不知道为什么人们不再说："}]},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"尽量找一种最好是唯一一种明显的解决方案。"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2021年："}]},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"你想创建独立的环境？很好！你可以使用virtualenv、virtualenv wrapper、pipenv、poetry、conda。有点关系，但应用场景稍有不同：pyenv和pipx。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"安装Python或库？你可以使用pip install、apt install、brew install，它们会变着法把你的系统搞乱。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"随时会有库进来搞乱你的系统。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"现在，Python精英人士会居高临下地说："},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"嘿，伙计，你应该使用*#@%等来简化自己的工作"},{"type":"text","text":"。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但初学者一个都不知道（说真的，难道他们真要为了测个脚本去学习那些东西吗？）。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"有10多年开发经验的程序员（不过是Python新手）也会为此纠结不已。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/7d\/ba\/7d167ff4acb4b3c519621bf1267126ba.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"3）今天写好的代码明天就被破坏了——向后兼容性就是个笑话"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"曾经有一名Java程序员攻击我说（好吧，他是在抱怨，但他向我这边看，所以我就认为他是针对我）："}]},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"我用Java 7写的这些代码（当时已经有9年了），到现在还能正常运行。而用Python，上周的代码今天就不能用了。"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我都准备好和他决斗了。但我突然就停住了，这家伙说得很有道理。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"这个问题主要存在于库中，但这种"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"快速变化且有破坏性"},{"type":"text","text":"的东西令人非常恼火。我看不出来这些库有什么理由重写\/重构。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"是的，我明白。有时候，你不得不重构代码。代码是由不取得报酬的志愿者维护的，诸如此类。但我希望社区能更严肃地对待向后兼容性。所有 \"成熟 \"的语言都是如此。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"小结"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我知道，这篇文章对Python的评价看起来非常负面。但我仍然喜欢并每天使用Python，并希望它能有所改进并不断变好。以至于只要有Rust程序员想开口，就会有十几个Python程序员跳出来说，"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"其实你应该用Python重写"},{"type":"text","text":"。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"简而言之："}]},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"用Python找工作很不错；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"用Python编程也很有趣，而且效率极高；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"问题是安装Python库，以及分发代码供其他人使用。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"查看英文原文："},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/new.pythonforengineers.com\/blog\/python-in-2021-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Python in 2021: The Good, The Bad, and the Ugly"}]}]}]}