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175流程进行管理。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"尽管大多数计算机用户从未听说过时区数据库，但tz数据库对全世界的计算机非常重要。所有基于Linux和Mac的计算机都是从一个极其重要的数据库（时区数据库）中提取时区。目前，使用该数据库的项目包括：the GNU C Library (used in GNU\/Linux), Android, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Chromium OS, Cygwin, MariaDB, MINIX, MySQL, webOS, AIX, BlackBerry 10, iOS, macOS, Microsoft Windows, OpenVMS, Oracle Database, Oracle Solaris等。"}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/7c\/c0\/7cc937bbf0yy959c5d46530090b687c0.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#757575","name":"user"}}],"text":"如果你想知道你的计算机在Ubuntu Linux中被配置成什么时区，你可以在终端运行'timedatectl'命令。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"tz数据库背后，一个人在维护"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"tz数据库由David Olson创立，收集了自1970年以来被广泛认可的民用时钟的时区信息。2011年，互联网域名与数字地址分配机构ICANN 接管了这个被全球电脑和网站广泛使用的时区数据库，该机构通常只赞助对互联网发展非常重要的项目，"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"现在，具体的维护工作由互联网分配号码管理局（Internet Assigned Numbers Authority， IANA）负责。Paul Eggert是时区数据库的项目负责人，该职位被称为TZ协调员。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/0f\/06\/0f9901489b4e60e5e2e527a7423d3a06.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Paul Eggert，图片来源：加州大学洛杉矶分校官网"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Paul Eggert 是一位计算机科学家，在加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校的计算机科学系任教，也是GNU\/Linux核心开发者之一。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"据说，学生们想要从他那里拿到高学分几乎是不可能的。有选过 Eggert 课程的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/r\/todayilearned\/comments\/q041gt\/til_theres_a_guy_who_is_responsible_for","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"网友表示"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"，Eggert 的课程很有趣，但考试却很让人“抓狂”。他的考试并不考计算机知识，而是哲学。“有一次他期中考试出了一道题他自己也不知道答案，他表示他希望有学生能替他解答这个问题……”“他的考试open book open notes，还把过去所有他的考试以及答案都发给学生，因为他知道这是没用的。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我和同学在准备期中考试时，一位助教说：“我会给你们一些过去期中考试的题目和答案，但这其实没什么用”。几个学生问助教这是什么意思。“你们会知道的。一定要回答每个问题，把任何能想到的都写上去。” Eggert一直在教授新东西，他的期中考试题目从来不会重复。有一次，他甚至到了期中考试前一天晚上才开始准备考试题目。班级平均通过率为 30%，因为大多数人拿到了相同的错误答案，所以助教还是给了一些分数。"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"网友“GoatRocketeer”分享道："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"有一次，我找他寻求家庭作业上的帮助，因为我不确定其中的一个解决方案的方向是否正确。我告诉他之后，他说“这很有趣”，我说“这是一个很好的补充，但不知道是对还是错的”，他回答道“我不知道答案，我只是想看看你们在想什么。” 最后都没有回答我的疑问！"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"当然，Eggert 也会犯错，但他犯的错可能也会成为考试题目。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"在一次关于汇编的演讲中，Eggert 指出某些编译器会以某种方式翻译代码，并给出了背后的推理。只是他错了。后来，一名学生发邮件向他解释了正确的推理过程。这件事直接成为期中考试的问题： “XXX 是我认为编译器做该优化的原因。说明我错在了哪里，我为什么会犯这个错误，以及正确的推理过程是什么。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Eggert 的考试会有课堂或家庭作业中没有涉及到的内容，这让一些学生感到沮丧。Eggert 解释道：“考试中当然会有新内容。有些学生旷课，写作业也会作弊，所以我只有在考试中才能让所有人全神贯注。这是最好的教学时间！”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Eggert 办公室的门总是开着。无论是讲座还是教学时间，他都会留下来回答任何人提出的任何问题。他总是满脸笑容。“我记得有一次，他不得不离开去看眼科医生，但他提出让学生和他去，他在路上甚至到候诊室后仍在回答他们的问题。”GoatRocketeer在帖子里写道。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"有网友评论表示，“听起来确实像是那种会维护时区数据库的人。”Eggert 的学生们在谈论他时，都带着尊敬且敬畏的语气。但他的学生们之前可能并不知道 Eggert 数十年来一直参与记录时区数据。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"在Eggert的事迹被广泛传播后，Reddit 用户分享了一部来自"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/xkcd.com\/2347","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"xkcd"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"的漫画，该漫画描述了互联网不为人知的另一面：大量互联网程序依赖某个小型项目及其工作人员（如Eggert等人的工作），来为使用计算机的人提供真正必要的服务。"}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/25\/4d\/254b9b5c19374e97aa2d06659byy854d.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" 除了Eggert，还有一些开发者也是凭一己之力守护着某个重要开源项目。比如开源项目 cURL 真正的核心主力开发 Daniel Stenberg。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"cURL主要包括curl（命令行工具）和libcurl（C语言的API库）两大块。curl 和 libcurl 在几乎所有的互联网服务器上都可以使用，并且是 PHP 默认的传输引擎，而在全球近 20 亿个网站中，有近 80% 使用了 PHP。虽然cURL项目有不少贡献者，但是 Daniel 为 cURL 提交了 16000 次 commit，并在几年前全职维护该项目。目前，curl 完全独立于任何组织和公司。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"有句话是这样说的：世界上，有一半的技术大师是像比尔·盖茨和史蒂夫·乔布斯这样的人，另一半的人被称为 Ronald ，他们运行着一台叫做R.u.n.k的机器，这个机器代表了Ronald的通用数字计数器，来为地球上的每台机器做所有的数学运算。总有一些人，不为大众熟悉，但默默为世界做着贡献。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"单人维护让社区不“和谐”了吗"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"一个人维护项目听起来很爽，但社区并没有大家想象的和谐。时区项目也有自己的社区，但如果你认为社区很简单、无聊，甚至很少发生争议的话，那就错了。这个社区目前似乎陷入了如何维护数据库的程序性争议之中。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"今年9月，tz 数据库社区就对是否合并某些时区的提议发生过激烈"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.theregister.com\/2021\/09\/28\/time_zone_database_controversy","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"争吵"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"。由于担心 ID 剔除可能导致 1970 年之前的数据变得难以获取，Eggert提议将 1970 年之后具有相同数据的多个地区合并到一个时区。比如，将“Europe\/Oslo”作为“Europe\/Berlin”的别名后，就意味着奥斯陆在1970年以前的数据会被柏林的数据取代。这当然遭到了很多人的反对。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"著名的Java专家 Stephen Colebourne 表示，“为什么柏林可以保留其状态和完整历史，而奥斯陆却被删除了?”“答案是柏林的人口更多。”在 Colebourne 看来，项目负责人正试图通过时区的合并影响1970年以前的时间戳。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"要理解为什么社区决策如此反复无常，大家可以先看看"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/youtu.be\/-5wpm-gesOY","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Tom Scott"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"的视频。Tom在视频里指出，处理时区的最好方法就是不要通过将库集成到代码中来处理时区。最好不惜一切代价避免这种情况发生，不然会引发各种各样的问题。他提到一系列令人发狂的问题、例外情况和矛盾。值得庆幸的是，现在任何开发人员都可以通过简单地集成时区数据库来避免这些问题。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"维护tz数据库的人做着吃力不讨好的工作。Tom的视频可能让他抓狂了五分钟，但对这些人来说，解决这些问题是他们整个职业生涯都在努力的事。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" 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这个重要开源项目全靠一位低调的“怪老头”维护！他和比尔盖茨一样撑起了计算机世界
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用户分享了一部来自"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/xkcd.com\/2347","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"xkcd"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"的漫画，该漫画描述了互联网不为人知的另一面：大量互联网程序依赖某个小型项目及其工作人员（如Eggert等人的工作），来为使用计算机的人提供真正必要的服务。"}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/25\/4d\/254b9b5c19374e97aa2d06659byy854d.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" 除了Eggert，还有一些开发者也是凭一己之力守护着某个重要开源项目。比如开源项目 cURL 真正的核心主力开发 Daniel 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"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"一个人维护项目听起来很爽，但社区并没有大家想象的和谐。时区项目也有自己的社区，但如果你认为社区很简单、无聊，甚至很少发生争议的话，那就错了。这个社区目前似乎陷入了如何维护数据库的程序性争议之中。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"今年9月，tz 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