pci設備的枚舉(轉)

 

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一:前言
Pci,是Peripheral Component Interconnect的縮寫,翻譯成中文即爲外部設備互聯.與傳統的總線相比.它的傳輸速率較高.能爲用戶提供動態查詢pci deivce.和局部總線信息的方法,此外,它還能自動爲總線提供仲裁.在近幾年的發展過程中,被廣泛應用於多種平臺.
pci協議比較複雜,關於它的詳細說明,請查閱有關pci規範的資料,本文不會重複這些部份.
對於驅動工程師來說,Pci設備的枚舉是pci設備驅動編寫最複雜的操作.分析和理解這部份,是進行深入分析pci設備驅動架構的基礎.
我們也順便來研究一下,linux是怎麼對這個龐然大物進行封裝的.
二:pci架構概貌
上圖展現了pci驅動架構中,pci_bus.pci_dev之間的關係.
如上圖所示:所有的根總線都鏈接在pci_root_buses鏈表中. Pci_bus ->device鏈表鏈接着該總線下的所有設備.而pci_bus->children鏈表鏈接着它的下層總線.
對於pci_dev來說,pci_dev->bus指向它所屬的pci_bus. Pci_dev->bus_list鏈接在它所屬bus的device鏈表上.此外,所有pci設備都鏈接在pci_device鏈表中.
三:pci設備的配置空間
每個pci設備都有最多256個連續的配置空間.配置空間中包含了設備的廠商ID,設備ID,IRQ,設備存儲區信息等.摘下LDD3中的一副說明圖,如下:
要注意了,上圖是以字節爲單位的,而不是以位爲單位.
那怎麼去讀取每個設備的配置空間呢?我們在開篇的時候提到過,pci總線爲用戶提供了動態查詢pci設備信息的方法.
在x86上,保留了0xCF8~0xCFF的8個寄存器.實際上就是對應地址爲0xCF8的32位寄存器和地址爲0xCFC的32位寄存器.
在0xCF8寄存中寫入要訪問設備對應的總線號, 設備號、功能號和寄存器號組成的一個32位數寫入0xCF8.然後從0xCFC上就可以取出對應pci設備的信息.
寫入到0xCF8寄存器的格式如下:
低八位(0~7):            (寄存器地址)&0xFC.低二位爲零
8~10:功能位.            有時候,一個pci設備對應多個功能.將每個功能單元分離出來,對應一個獨立的pci device
11~15位:設備號        對應該pci總線上的設備序號
16~23位:總線號        根總線的總線號爲0.每遍歷到下層總線,總線號+1
31:有效位                    如果該位爲1.則說明寫入的數據有效,否則無效
例如:要讀取n總線號m設備號f功能號對應設備的vendor id和Device id.過程如下:
要寫入到0xCF8中的數爲: l = 0x80<<23 | n<<16 | m<<11 | f<<8 | 0x00
即:outl(l,0xCF8)
從0xCFC中讀相關信息:
L = Inw(0xCFC)  (從上圖中看到,vendor id和device id總共佔四個字節.因此用inw)
所以:device id = L&0xFF
         Vendor id = (L>>8)&0xFF
 
四:總線枚舉入口分析
Pci的代碼分爲兩個部份.一個部份是與平臺相關的部份.存放在linux-2.6.25/arch/XXX/pci.在x86,對應爲linux-2.6.25/arch/x86/pci/  另一個部份是平臺無關的代碼,存放在linux-2.6.25/driver/pci/下面.
大致瀏覽一下這兩個地方的init函數.發現可能枚舉pci設備是由函數pcibios_scan_root()完成的.不過搜索源代碼後,發現有兩個地方會調用這個調數.一個是在linux-2.6.25/arch/x86/pci/numa.c 另一個是linux-2.6.25/arch/x86/pci/Legacy.c
這兩個地方都是封裝在一個subsys_initcall()所引用的初始化函數呢? 到底哪一個文件纔是我們要分析的呢?
分析一下linux-2.6.25/arch/x86/pci/下的Makefile_32.內容如下:
obj-y                             := i386.o init.o
 
obj-$(CONFIG_PCI_BIOS)                 += pcbios.o
obj-$(CONFIG_PCI_MMCONFIG)     += mmconfig_32.o direct.o mmconfig-shared.o
obj-$(CONFIG_PCI_DIRECT)  += direct.o
 
pci-y                             := fixup.o
pci-$(CONFIG_ACPI)                  += acpi.o
pci-y                             += legacy.o irq.o
 
pci-$(CONFIG_X86_VISWS)              := visws.o fixup.o
pci-$(CONFIG_X86_NUMAQ)            := numa.o irq.o
 
obj-y                             += $(pci-y) common.o early.o
從這個makefile中可以看出:legacy.c是一定會編譯到了.而numa.c只有在編譯選擇了CONFIG_X86_NUMAQ的時候才起效.所以,我們可以毫不猶豫的將眼光放到了legacy.c中.
該文件中的初始化函數如下:
static int __init pci_legacy_init(void)
{
         if (!raw_pci_ops) {
                   printk("PCI: System does not support PCI/n");
                   return 0;
         }
 
         if (pcibios_scanned++)
                   return 0;
 
         printk("PCI: Probing PCI hardware/n");
         pci_root_bus = pcibios_scan_root(0);
         if (pci_root_bus)
                   pci_bus_add_devices(pci_root_bus);
 
         pcibios_fixup_peer_bridges();
 
         return 0;
}
 
subsys_initcall(pci_legacy_init);
由subsys_initcall()引用的函數都會放在init區域,這裏面的函數是kernel啓動的時候會自己執行的函數.首先我們碰到的問題是raw_pci_ops是在什麼地方被賦值的.搜索整個代碼樹,發現是在pci_access_init()中初始化的.如下:
static __init int pci_access_init(void)
{
         int type __maybe_unused = 0;
 
#ifdef CONFIG_PCI_DIRECT
         type = pci_direct_probe();
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_PCI_MMCONFIG
         pci_mmcfg_init(type);
#endif
         if (raw_pci_ops)
                   return 0;
#ifdef CONFIG_PCI_BIOS
         pci_pcbios_init();
#endif
         /*
          * don't check for raw_pci_ops here because we want pcbios as last
          * fallback, yet it's needed to run first to set pcibios_last_bus
          * in case legacy PCI probing is used. otherwise detecting peer busses
          * fails.
          */
#ifdef CONFIG_PCI_DIRECT
         pci_direct_init(type);
#endif
         if (!raw_pci_ops)
                   printk(KERN_ERR
                   "PCI: Fatal: No config space access function found/n");
 
         return 0;
}
arch_initcall(pci_access_init);
由於arch_initcall()的優先級比subsys_initcall要高.因此,會先運行完pci_access_init之後,纔會執行pci_legacy_init.
 
上面的代碼看起來很複雜,沒關係,去掉幾個我們沒有用到的編譯代碼就簡單了. 在x86中,bios其實提供了pci設備的枚舉功能.這也是CONFIG_PCI_BIOS的作用,如果對它進行了定義,那麼就用bios的pci枚舉功能.如果沒有定義,說明不採用bios的功能,而是自己手動去枚舉,這就是CONFIG_PCI_DIRECT的作用.爲了一般性,我們分析CONFIG_PCI_DIRECT的過程.把其它不相關的代碼略掉.剩餘的就簡單了.
 
在pci規範中,定義了兩種操作配置空間的方法,即type1 和type2.在新的設計中,type2的配置機制不會被採用,通常會使用type1.因此,在代碼中pci_direct_probe()一般會返回1,即使用type1.
pci_direct_init()的代碼如下:
void __init pci_direct_init(int type)
{
         if (type == 0)
                   return;
         printk(KERN_INFO "PCI: Using configuration type %d/n", type);
         if (type == 1)
                   raw_pci_ops = &pci_direct_conf1;
         else
                   raw_pci_ops = &pci_direct_conf2;
}
在這裏看到,ram_pci_ops最終會指向pci_direct_conf1.順便看下這個結構:
struct pci_raw_ops pci_direct_conf1 = {
         .read =               pci_conf1_read,
         .write =      pci_conf1_write,
};
這個結構其實就是pci設備配置空間操作的接口.
 
五:pci設備的枚舉過程
返回到pci_legacy_init()中
static int __init pci_legacy_init(void)
{
         ……
         printk("PCI: Probing PCI hardware/n");
         pci_root_bus = pcibios_scan_root(0);
         if (pci_root_bus)
                   pci_bus_add_devices(pci_root_bus);
         ……
}
Pci設備的枚舉過程是由pcibios_scan_root()完成的.在這裏調用是以0爲參數.說明是從根總線起開始枚舉.
 
pcibios_scan_root()代碼如下:
struct pci_bus * __devinit pcibios_scan_root(int busnum)
{
         struct pci_bus *bus = NULL;
         struct pci_sysdata *sd;
 
         dmi_check_system(pciprobe_dmi_table);
         while ((bus = pci_find_next_bus(bus)) != NULL) {
                   if (bus->number == busnum) {
                            /* Already scanned */
                            return bus;
                   }
         }
 
         /* Allocate per-root-bus (not per bus) arch-specific data.
          * TODO: leak; this memory is never freed.
          * It's arguable whether it's worth the trouble to care.
          */
         sd = kzalloc(sizeof(*sd), GFP_KERNEL);
         if (!sd) {
                   printk(KERN_ERR "PCI: OOM, not probing PCI bus %02x/n", busnum);
                   return NULL;
         }
 
         printk(KERN_DEBUG "PCI: Probing PCI hardware (bus %02x)/n", busnum);
 
         return pci_scan_bus_parented(NULL, busnum, &pci_root_ops, sd);
}
 
先在pci_root_buses中判斷是否存在這個根總線對應的總線號.如果存在,說明這條總線已經遍歷過了,直接退出.
Pci_root_ops這是定義的pci設備配置空間的操作.在沒有選擇CONFIG_PCI_MMCONFIG的情況下,它的操作都會轉入我們在上面的分析的,ram_pci_ops中.這個過程非常簡單,可以自行分析.
然後,流程轉入pci_scan_bus_parented().代碼如下:
struct pci_bus * __devinit pci_scan_bus_parented(struct device *parent,
                   int bus, struct pci_ops *ops, void *sysdata)
{
         struct pci_bus *b;
 
         b = pci_create_bus(parent, bus, ops, sysdata);
         if (b)
                   b->subordinate = pci_scan_child_bus(b);
         return b;
}
在pci_create_bus()中,爲對應總線號構建pci_bus,然後將其掛入到pci_root_buses鏈表.該函數代碼比較簡單,請自行分析.然後,調用然後pci_scan_child_bus枚舉該總線下的所有設備.pci_bus->subordinate表示下流總線的最大總線號.pci_sacn_child_bus()代碼如下:
 
 
unsigned int __devinit pci_scan_child_bus(struct pci_bus *bus)
{
         unsigned int devfn, pass, max = bus->secondary;
         struct pci_dev *dev;
 
         pr_debug("PCI: Scanning bus %04x:%02x/n", pci_domain_nr(bus), bus->number);
 
         /* Go find them, Rover! */
         //按功能號掃描設備號對應的pci 設備
         for (devfn = 0; devfn < 0x100; devfn += 8)
                   pci_scan_slot(bus, devfn);
 
         /*
          * After performing arch-dependent fixup of the bus, look behind
          * all PCI-to-PCI bridges on this bus.
          */
         pr_debug("PCI: Fixups for bus %04x:%02x/n", pci_domain_nr(bus), bus->number);
         pcibios_fixup_bus(bus);
         for (pass=0; pass < 2; pass++)
                   list_for_each_entry(dev, &bus->devices, bus_list) {
                            if (dev->hdr_type == PCI_HEADER_TYPE_BRIDGE ||
                                dev->hdr_type == PCI_HEADER_TYPE_CARDBUS)
                                     max = pci_scan_bridge(bus, dev, max, pass);
                   }
 
         /*
          * We've scanned the bus and so we know all about what's on
          * the other side of any bridges that may be on this bus plus
          * any devices.
          *
          * Return how far we've got finding sub-buses.
          */
         pr_debug("PCI: Bus scan for %04x:%02x returning with max=%02x/n",
                   pci_domain_nr(bus), bus->number, max);
         return max;
}
這節的難點就是在這個地方了,從我們之前分析的pci設備配置空間的讀寫方式可得知.對特定總線.下面最多個32個設備號.每個設備號又對應8 個功能號.我們可以將設備號和功能號放到一起,即佔8~15位.在這面的代碼中.對每個設備號調用pci_scan_slot()去掃描它下面的8個功能號對應的設備.總而言之,把該總線下面的所有設備都要枚舉完.
 
pci_scan_slot()代碼如下:
nt pci_scan_slot(struct pci_bus *bus, int devfn)
{
         int func, nr = 0;
         int scan_all_fns;
 
         scan_all_fns = pcibios_scan_all_fns(bus, devfn);
 
         for (func = 0; func < 8; func++, devfn++) {
                   struct pci_dev *dev;
 
                   dev = pci_scan_single_device(bus, devfn);
                   if (dev) {
                            nr++;
 
                            /*
                            * If this is a single function device,
                            * don't scan past the first function.
                            */
                            if (!dev->multifunction) {
                                     if (func > 0) {
                                               dev->multifunction = 1;
                                     } else {
                                              break;
                                     }
                            }
                   } else {
                            if (func == 0 && !scan_all_fns)
                                     break;
                   }
         }
         return nr;
}
對其它的每個設備都會調用pci_scan_single_device().如果是單功能設備(dev->multifunction == 0).則只要判斷它的第一個功能號可以了,不需要判斷之後功能號對應的設備.
Pci_scan_single_device()代碼如下:
struct pci_dev *__ref pci_scan_single_device(struct pci_bus *bus, int devfn)
{
         struct pci_dev *dev;
 
         dev = pci_scan_device(bus, devfn);
         if (!dev)
                   return NULL;
 
         //將pci_dev加至pci_bus->devices
         pci_device_add(dev, bus);
 
         return dev;
}
對每個設備,都會調用pci_scan_device()執行掃描的過程,如果該設備存在,就會將該設備加入到所屬總線的devices鏈表上.這是在pci_device_add()函數中完成的,這個函數比較簡單.這裏不做詳細分析.我們把注意力集中到pci_scan_device(),這函數有點長,分段分析如下:
 
static struct pci_dev * __devinit
pci_scan_device(struct pci_bus *bus, int devfn)
{
         struct pci_dev *dev;
         u32 l;
         u8 hdr_type;
         int delay = 1;
 
         if (pci_bus_read_config_dword(bus, devfn, PCI_VENDOR_ID, &l))
                   return NULL;
 
         /* some broken boards return 0 or ~0 if a slot is empty: */
         if (l == 0xffffffff || l == 0x00000000 ||
             l == 0x0000ffff || l == 0xffff0000)
                   return NULL;
 
         /* Configuration request Retry Status */
         while (l == 0xffff0001) {
                   msleep(delay);
                   delay *= 2;
                   if (pci_bus_read_config_dword(bus, devfn, PCI_VENDOR_ID, &l))
                            return NULL;
                   /* Card hasn't responded in 60 seconds?  Must be stuck. */
                   if (delay > 60 * 1000) {
                            printk(KERN_WARNING "Device %04x:%02x:%02x.%d not "
                                               "responding/n", pci_domain_nr(bus),
                                               bus->number, PCI_SLOT(devfn),
                                               PCI_FUNC(devfn));
                            return NULL;
                   }
         }
從配置空間中讀取該設備對應的vendor id和device id.如果讀出來的值,有一個是空的,則說明該功能號對應的設備不存在,或者是配置非法.
如果讀出來的是0xffff0001.則需要重新讀一次,如果重讀次數過多,也會退出
 
         if (pci_bus_read_config_byte(bus, devfn, PCI_HEADER_TYPE, &hdr_type))
                   return NULL;
 
         dev = alloc_pci_dev();
         if (!dev)
                   return NULL;
 
         dev->bus = bus;
         dev->sysdata = bus->sysdata;
         dev->dev.parent = bus->bridge;
         dev->dev.bus = &pci_bus_type;
         dev->devfn = devfn;
         dev->hdr_type = hdr_type & 0x7f;
         dev->multifunction = !!(hdr_type & 0x80);
         dev->vendor = l & 0xffff;
         dev->device = (l >> 16) & 0xffff;
         dev->cfg_size = pci_cfg_space_size(dev);
         dev->error_state = pci_channel_io_normal;
         set_pcie_port_type(dev);
 
         /* Assume 32-bit PCI; let 64-bit PCI cards (which are far rarer)
            set this higher, assuming the system even supports it.  */
         dev->dma_mask = 0xffffffff;
接着,將不同類型設備的共同頭部配置讀出來,然後賦值給pci_dev的相應成員.這裏有個特別要值得注意的地方: dev->dev.bus = &pci_bus_type.即將pci_dev裏面封裝的device結構的bus設置爲了pci_bus_type.這個是很核心的一個步驟.我們先將它放到這裏,之後的再來詳細分析
特別的, HEADER_TYPE的最高位爲0,表示該設備是一個單功能設備
 
         if (pci_setup_device(dev) < 0) {
                   kfree(dev);
                   return NULL;
         }
 
         return dev;
}
最後,流程就會轉入到pci_setup_deivce()對特定類型的設備配置都行讀取操作了.代碼如下:
static int pci_setup_device(struct pci_dev * dev)
{
         u32 class;
 
         sprintf(pci_name(dev), "%04x:%02x:%02x.%d", pci_domain_nr(dev->bus),
                   dev->bus->number, PCI_SLOT(dev->devfn), PCI_FUNC(dev->devfn));
 
         pci_read_config_dword(dev, PCI_CLASS_REVISION, &class);
         dev->revision = class & 0xff;
         class >>= 8;                                      /* upper 3 bytes */
         dev->class = class;
         class >>= 8;
 
         pr_debug("PCI: Found %s [%04x/%04x] %06x %02x/n", pci_name(dev),
                    dev->vendor, dev->device, class, dev->hdr_type);
 
         /* "Unknown power state" */
         dev->current_state = PCI_UNKNOWN;
 
         /* Early fixups, before probing the BARs */
         pci_fixup_device(pci_fixup_early, dev);
         class = dev->class >> 8;
 
         switch (dev->hdr_type) {                 /* header type */
         case PCI_HEADER_TYPE_NORMAL:                    /* standard header */
                   if (class == PCI_CLASS_BRIDGE_PCI)
                            goto bad;
                   pci_read_irq(dev);
                   pci_read_bases(dev, 6, PCI_ROM_ADDRESS);
                   pci_read_config_word(dev, PCI_SUBSYSTEM_VENDOR_ID, &dev->subsystem_vendor);
                   pci_read_config_word(dev, PCI_SUBSYSTEM_ID, &dev->subsystem_device);
 
                   /*
                    *      Do the ugly legacy mode stuff here rather than broken chip
                    *      quirk code. Legacy mode ATA controllers have fixed
                    *      addresses. These are not always echoed in BAR0-3, and
                    *      BAR0-3 in a few cases contain junk!
                    */
                   if (class == PCI_CLASS_STORAGE_IDE) {
                            u8 progif;
                            pci_read_config_byte(dev, PCI_CLASS_PROG, &progif);
                            if ((progif & 1) == 0) {
                                     dev->resource[0].start = 0x1F0;
                                     dev->resource[0].end = 0x1F7;
                                     dev->resource[0].flags = LEGACY_IO_RESOURCE;
                                     dev->resource[1].start = 0x3F6;
                                     dev->resource[1].end = 0x3F6;
                                     dev->resource[1].flags = LEGACY_IO_RESOURCE;
                            }
                            if ((progif & 4) == 0) {
                                     dev->resource[2].start = 0x170;
                                     dev->resource[2].end = 0x177;
                                     dev->resource[2].flags = LEGACY_IO_RESOURCE;
                                     dev->resource[3].start = 0x376;
                                     dev->resource[3].end = 0x376;
                                     dev->resource[3].flags = LEGACY_IO_RESOURCE;
                            }
                   }
                   break;
 
         case PCI_HEADER_TYPE_BRIDGE:                     /* bridge header */
                   if (class != PCI_CLASS_BRIDGE_PCI)
                            goto bad;
                   /* The PCI-to-PCI bridge spec requires that subtractive
                      decoding (i.e. transparent) bridge must have programming
                      interface code of 0x01. */
                   pci_read_irq(dev);
                   dev->transparent = ((dev->class & 0xff) == 1);
                   pci_read_bases(dev, 2, PCI_ROM_ADDRESS1);
                   break;
 
         case PCI_HEADER_TYPE_CARDBUS:                 /* CardBus bridge header */
                   if (class != PCI_CLASS_BRIDGE_CARDBUS)
                            goto bad;
                   pci_read_irq(dev);
                   pci_read_bases(dev, 1, 0);
                   pci_read_config_word(dev, PCI_CB_SUBSYSTEM_VENDOR_ID, &dev->subsystem_vendor);
                   pci_read_config_word(dev, PCI_CB_SUBSYSTEM_ID, &dev->subsystem_device);
                   break;
 
         default:                                     /* unknown header */
                   printk(KERN_ERR "PCI: device %s has unknown header type %02x, ignoring./n",
                            pci_name(dev), dev->hdr_type);
                   return -1;
 
         bad:
                   printk(KERN_ERR "PCI: %s: class %x doesn't match header type %02x. Ignoring class./n",
                          pci_name(dev), class, dev->hdr_type);
                   dev->class = PCI_CLASS_NOT_DEFINED;
         }
 
         /* We found a fine healthy device, go go go... */
         return 0;
}
總共有三種類型的設備,分別爲常規設備(PCI_HEADER_TYPE_NORMAL) ,pci-pci橋設備(PCI_HEADER_TYPE_BRIDGE),筆記本電腦上使用的cardbus(PCI_HEADER_TYPE_CARDBUS).這裏的操作不外乎是IRQ的確定,設備存儲區間映射等.先將這幾個操作分析如下:
1: IRQ號的確定
該操作接口爲pci_read_irq():
static void pci_read_irq(struct pci_dev *dev)
{
         unsigned char irq;
 
         pci_read_config_byte(dev, PCI_INTERRUPT_PIN, &irq);
         dev->pin = irq;
         if (irq)
                   pci_read_config_byte(dev, PCI_INTERRUPT_LINE, &irq);
         dev->irq = irq;
}
在PCI_INTERRUPT_PIN中存放的是將INTA~INTD的哪一個引腳連接到了中斷控制器,如果該值爲零.說明並末將引腳連接至中斷控制器.自然也就不能產生中斷信號.
其實,在PCI_INTERRUPT_LINE存放的是該設備的中斷線連接在中斷控制器的哪一個IRQ線上.也就是對應設備的IRQ.
注意這裏的寄存器只讀有意義,並不是更改寄存器的值就更改該設備的IRQ
 
2:內部存儲區間的確定
從之前的pci設備配置寄存器圖中可以看到.有從0x10~0x27的6個base address寄存器.裏面存放的就是內部存儲器的地起地址和長度,及其類型.
首先將對應寄存器的值取出.如果最低位爲1.則說明該區域是I/O端口,高29位是端口地址的高29位,低3位爲零.否則是存儲映射區間.前28位是存儲區的高28位,低四位爲零.
然後,將該寄存器全部置1.再讀,取得的是長度信息. 如果是I/O端口,屏弊其低三位,如果是存儲區間,屏弊其低四位.最後取第1個位爲1對應的大小,即爲相應區間的長度.
例如,取出來的值是0xC107.假設是I/O端口
屏蔽掉低三位,爲0xC100.第一個爲1的值對應的值爲0x0100.即0x100
另上,ROM的操作也跟此類似.
在上面的代碼中,內部存儲區間的確定是由pci_read_bases()完成的.這個函數代碼比較長.涉及到的東西又不多,因此不做詳細分析.結構上面的分析,應該很容易看懂代碼了.
 
從上面的代碼可以看出,對於常規設備,有6個存儲區間和一個ROM。Pci briage只有2個存儲區間和一個ROM。Cardbus只有一個存儲區間沒有ROM。
好了,再這裏,每一類設備的信息都已經完全讀取出來了,並存放在pci_dev的相關字段。此後在驅動中就可以直接找到pci_dev.取得相應的信息,而不需要再次去枚舉了.
 
再這裏,萬里長征只是邁出了一小步。我們知道,pci總線可以通過pci bridge再連一層pci總線。這個問題顯然是一個遞歸過程。我們接下來看pci橋的處理。
返回到pci_scan_child_bus()中。我們將下面要分析的代碼列出來:
unsigned int __devinit pci_scan_child_bus(struct pci_bus *bus)
{
         ……
         ……
         for (devfn = 0; devfn < 0x100; devfn += 8)
                   pci_scan_slot(bus, devfn);
         pcibios_fixup_bus(bus);
         for (pass=0; pass < 2; pass++)
                   list_for_each_entry(dev, &bus->devices, bus_list) {
                            if (dev->hdr_type == PCI_HEADER_TYPE_BRIDGE ||
                                dev->hdr_type == PCI_HEADER_TYPE_CARDBUS)
                                     max = pci_scan_bridge(bus, dev, max, pass);
                   }
         ……
}
Pcibios_fixup_bus()這個函數看名字是用來修正總線的。芯片廠商在發佈產品後,又檢測到上次發佈的產品有問題。回廠升級是不可能的了。只能提供軟件修改的手段,發佈一些修正包。Linux將很多廠商的修改正集合在一起。這也就是pcibios_fixup_bus()要進行的操作。具體設備的修正功能,我們就不再研究了。這個函數裏還有一個重要的操作。列出代碼如下:
void __devinit  pcibios_fixup_bus(struct pci_bus *b)
{
         struct pci_dev *dev;
 
         pcibios_fixup_ghosts(b);
         pci_read_bridge_bases(b);
         list_for_each_entry(dev, &b->devices, bus_list)
                   pcibios_fixup_device_resources(dev);
}
我們所在討論的重要的操作就是在pci_read_bridge_bases()中完成的。除了之上分析的配置字段外,其實pci橋還有一個很重要的配置項。即:過濾窗口。
過濾窗口決定了訪問的方向。例如:如果cpu一側要經過pci bridge訪問pci總線,則它的地址必須要落在這個pci橋的過濾窗口內纔可以通過。另外,pci bridge下游的pci bus要訪問cpu側。則地址必須要落在過濾窗口外纔可以。
此外,pci  bridge還提供了一個命令寄存器來控制“memory access enable“和“I/O access enable”兩個位來控制兩個功能。如果全爲0.則兩個方向都會關閉。在pci初始化前,爲了防止對cpu側造成干擾, 這兩個功能都關閉的,
Pci bridge有三個這樣的窗口,分別如下:
1:起始地址在PCI_IO_BASE中,長度在PCI_IO_LIMIT中。如果是32位,還要通過PCI_IO_BASE_UPPER16和PCI_IO_LIMIT_UPPER16提供高16位。
2:起始地址在PCI_MEMORY_BASE,長度在PCI_MEMORY_LIMIT中。這個是一個16位的窗口。
3:起始地址在PCI_PREF_MEMORY_BASE,長度在PCI_PREF_MEMORY_LIMIT.默認是32位。如果是64,則需要PCI_PREF_BASE_UPPER32和PCI_PREF_LIMIT_UPPER32提供高32位.
存儲區間在這裏看起來有點繁雜。以圖的形式總結如下:
 
結合上面說的,理解pci_read_bridge_bases()的代碼就不難了。這裏不再做詳細分析。
 
現在終於把應該讀的配置讀完了,可以進行下層pci總線的遍歷了。
列出這段代碼:
unsigned int __devinit pci_scan_child_bus(struct pci_bus *bus)
{
……
         ……
for (pass=0; pass < 2; pass++)
                   list_for_each_entry(dev, &bus->devices, bus_list) {
                            if (dev->hdr_type == PCI_HEADER_TYPE_BRIDGE ||
                                dev->hdr_type == PCI_HEADER_TYPE_CARDBUS)
                                     max = pci_scan_bridge(bus, dev, max, pass);
                   }
         ……
         ……
}
上面的操作基本上就是遍歷掛在pci_bus->devices上面的設備(是否還記得上面在分析的時候,每枚舉到一個設備都會加入到pci_bus->device呢*^_^*)。如果是pci橋或者是cardbus。就會調用pci_scan_bridge()來遍歷橋下面的設備.
這裏讓人疑惑的是,爲什麼要遍歷二次呢?
這是因爲,在x86上,系統啓動的時候,bios會枚舉一次pci設備。所以有些pci bridge是經過bios處理過的。而有些是bios可能沒有枚舉到的。這就需要分兩次處理。一次來處理那裏已經由bios處理過的pci bridge.一次是處理全新的pci bridge.這樣做,這樣做是因爲,每次枚舉總線後,要爲其分配一個總線號,而bios處理後的pci bridge的總線號全部都由bios分配好了,要爲新的pci bridge分配總線號。而必須要處理完舊的pci bridge纔會知道可用的總線號是多少。
跟進pci_sacn_bridge()的代碼,這段代碼較長,分段分析如下:
 
int __devinit pci_scan_bridge(struct pci_bus *bus, struct pci_dev *dev, int max, int pass)
{
         struct pci_bus *child;
         int is_cardbus = (dev->hdr_type == PCI_HEADER_TYPE_CARDBUS);
         u32 buses, i, j = 0;
         u16 bctl;
 
         pci_read_config_dword(dev, PCI_PRIMARY_BUS, &buses);
 
         pr_debug("PCI: Scanning behind PCI bridge %s, config %06x, pass %d/n",
                    pci_name(dev), buses & 0xffffff, pass);
 
         /* Disable MasterAbortMode during probing to avoid reporting
            of bus errors (in some architectures) */
         pci_read_config_word(dev, PCI_BRIDGE_CONTROL, &bctl);
         pci_write_config_word(dev, PCI_BRIDGE_CONTROL,
                                  bctl & ~PCI_BRIDGE_CTL_MASTER_ABORT);
         if ((buses & 0xffff00) && !pcibios_assign_all_busses() && !is_cardbus) {
                   unsigned int cmax, busnr;
                   /*
                    * Bus already configured by firmware, process it in the first
                    * pass and just note the configuration.
                    */
                   if (pass)
                            goto out;
                   //次總線號,也就是下游pci的總線號
                   busnr = (buses >> 8) & 0xFF;
 
                   /*
                    * If we already got to this bus through a different bridge,
                    * ignore it.  This can happen with the i450NX chipset.
                    */
                    //如果該總線號已經在我們的遍歷樹中了,說明這條總線已經是處理過的
                   if (pci_find_bus(pci_domain_nr(bus), busnr)) {
                            printk(KERN_INFO "PCI: Bus %04x:%02x already known/n",
                                               pci_domain_nr(bus), busnr);
                            goto out;
                   }
 
                   //構造一個pci_bus.並將其鏈入到父總線的children鏈表上
                   child = pci_add_new_bus(bus, dev, busnr);
                   if (!child)
                            goto out;
                   child->primary = buses & 0xFF;
                   child->subordinate = (buses >> 16) & 0xFF;
                   child->bridge_ctl = bctl;
 
                   //遞歸遍歷子總線.返回的是下層最大的總線號
                   cmax = pci_scan_child_bus(child);
                   if (cmax > max)
                            max = cmax;
                   if (child->subordinate > max)
                            max = child->subordinate;
         } else {
                   /*
                    * We need to assign a number to this bus which we always
                    * do in the second pass.
                    */
                    //在第一次遍歷的時候。是不會處理新的pci bus的
                   if (!pass) {
                            if (pcibios_assign_all_busses())
                                     /* Temporarily disable forwarding of the
                                        configuration cycles on all bridges in
                                        this bus segment to avoid possible
                                        conflicts in the second pass between two
                                        bridges programmed with overlapping
                                        bus ranges. */
                                     pci_write_config_dword(dev, PCI_PRIMARY_BUS,
                                                               buses & ~0xffffff);
                            goto out;
                   }
 
                   /* Clear errors */
                  //往狀態寄存器全寫1
                   pci_write_config_word(dev, PCI_STATUS, 0xffff);
 
                   /* Prevent assigning a bus number that already exists.
                    * This can happen when a bridge is hot-plugged */
                    //要處理的總線編號是否已經存在了
                   if (pci_find_bus(pci_domain_nr(bus), max+1))
                            goto out;
                   child = pci_add_new_bus(bus, dev, ++max);
                   buses = (buses & 0xff000000)
                         | ((unsigned int)(child->primary)     <<  0)
                         | ((unsigned int)(child->secondary)   <<  8)
                         | ((unsigned int)(child->subordinate) << 16);
 
                   /*
                    * yenta.c forces a secondary latency timer of 176.
                    * Copy that behaviour here.
                    */
                   if (is_cardbus) {
                            buses &= ~0xff000000;
                            buses |= CARDBUS_LATENCY_TIMER << 24;
                   }
                           
                  
                  pci_write_config_dword(dev, PCI_PRIMARY_BUS, buses);
 
                   if (!is_cardbus) {
                            child->bridge_ctl = bctl;
                           
                            pci_fixup_parent_subordinate_busnr(child, max);
                            /* Now we can scan all subordinate buses... */
                            max = pci_scan_child_bus(child);
                            pci_fixup_parent_subordinate_busnr(child, max);
                   } else {
                                     for (i=0; i<CARDBUS_RESERVE_BUSNR; i++) {
                                     struct pci_bus *parent = bus;
                                     if (pci_find_bus(pci_domain_nr(bus),
                                                                 max+i+1))
                                               break;
                                     while (parent->parent) {
                                               if ((!pcibios_assign_all_busses()) &&
                                                   (parent->subordinate > max) &&
                                                   (parent->subordinate <= max+i)) {
                                                        j = 1;
                                               }
                                               parent = parent->parent;
                                     }
                                     if (j) {
                                               i /= 2;
                                               break;
                                     }
                            }
                            max += i;
                            pci_fixup_parent_subordinate_busnr(child, max);
                   }
                   child->subordinate = max;
                   pci_write_config_byte(dev, PCI_SUBORDINATE_BUS, max);
         }
 
         sprintf(child->name, (is_cardbus ? "PCI CardBus #%02x" : "PCI Bus #%02x"), child->number);
 
         /* Has only triggered on CardBus, fixup is in yenta_socket */
         while (bus->parent) {
                   if ((child->subordinate > bus->subordinate) ||
                       (child->number > bus->subordinate) ||
                       (child->number < bus->number) ||
                       (child->subordinate < bus->number)) {
                            pr_debug("PCI: Bus #%02x (-#%02x) is %s "
                                     "hidden behind%s bridge #%02x (-#%02x)/n",
                                     child->number, child->subordinate,
                                     (bus->number > child->subordinate &&
                                      bus->subordinate < child->number) ?
                                               "wholly" : "partially",
                                     bus->self->transparent ? " transparent" : "",
                                     bus->number, bus->subordinate);
                   }
                   bus = bus->parent;
         }
 
out:
         pci_write_config_word(dev, PCI_BRIDGE_CONTROL, bctl);
 
         return max;
}
忽略有關cardbus總線相關的部份。PCI_PRIMARY_BUS寄存器中的值的含義爲:從低位到高位分別爲:主總線號,次總線號,子層最大線號。各佔兩位。如果從PCI_PRIMARY_BUS取出來的值,次總線號和子層最大線號有意義。說明該pci-bridge是被bios處理過的。 這裏爲什麼沒有判斷主總線號的值呢?這是因爲總主線號可能爲零,如根總線。而次總線是每枚舉到一個pci-bridge就會增1。
如果該pci bridge是被bios處理過的,那直接構造一個pci_bus(pci_add_new_bus()).再遞歸枚舉這個pci_bus下的設備就可以了。
相反,如果該pci-bridge沒有被bios處理過,那就需要我們手動去處理了。這時,爲它分配一個可能的總線號。然後將總線號寫入PCI_PRIMARY_BUS寄存器。再構造一個pci_bus.遞歸枚舉其下的設備。
最後的一個while()循環是打印出一些DEBUG信息。不需要理會
 
TODO:在上述代碼紅色標識部份。如果是沒有由bios處理過的pci-bridge.有效設置只是次總線號和下層最大總線號。難道不需要設置主總線號麼?
特別注意.在遍其次級總線下層pci時.此時還不知道下層最大總號是多少.所以將pci_bus->subordinate賦值爲了0xFF.即其下的所有設備都可以透過這個pci-bridge(參考pci_alloc_child_bus()中的處理).然後等下層的子總線遍歷完了之後,再來確定子總線的最大總線號,將其更新至pci_bus->subordinate.
對於上次主總線號的疑問:其實這個總主線號在訪問下層總線是不會被使用到的,因爲在配置的時候,只會比較pci_bridge的次總線號和下層最大總線號.如果總線號落在這個區間中間.將其透傳到下一層總線.否則,忽略這個請求.
遞歸完成之後,pci總線上的所有信息都被找到了。所有pci_bus被存放在pci_root_buses爲根的倒立樹中.而總線上對應的pci 設備存放在pci_bus->device鏈表中.
返回到我們開篇時的初始化函數pci_legacy_init().這個函數還剩下一部份.代碼如下:
static int __init pci_legacy_init(void)
{
         if (!raw_pci_ops) {
                   printk("PCI: System does not support PCI/n");
                   return 0;
         }
 
         if (pcibios_scanned++)
                   return 0;
 
         printk("PCI: Probing PCI hardware/n");
         pci_root_bus = pcibios_scan_root(0);
         if (pci_root_bus)
                   pci_bus_add_devices(pci_root_bus);
 
         pcibios_fixup_peer_bridges();
 
         return 0;
}
如果總線遍歷成功,就會轉入pci_bus_add_devices().代碼片段如下:
void pci_bus_add_devices(struct pci_bus *bus)
{
         ……
         ……
pci_bus_add_device(dev)
……
……
}
該函數會遍歷總線上的device鏈表.然後對每個設備調用pci_bus_add_device().代碼如下:
int pci_bus_add_device(struct pci_dev *dev)
{
         int retval;
         retval = device_add(&dev->dev);
         if (retval)
                   return retval;
 
         down_write(&pci_bus_sem);
         list_add_tail(&dev->global_list, &pci_devices);
         up_write(&pci_bus_sem);
 
         pci_proc_attach_device(dev);
         pci_create_sysfs_dev_files(dev);
         return 0;
}
從上面的代碼可以看出.它先將設備添加,然後再將設備掛載到全局的pci_devices鏈表上.
這樣順着pci_devices就可以找到所有的設備信息了.
另外,對於pci_dev的初始化,我們之前曾強調過.初始化代碼片段如下:
static struct pci_dev * __devinit
pci_scan_device(struct pci_bus *bus, int devfn)
{
         ……
         ……
         dev->dev.parent = bus->bridge;
         dev->dev.bus = &pci_bus_type;
         ……
         ……
}
即該設備是屬於pci_bus_type總線的.事實上,我們編寫的pci驅動程序,也是基於pci_bus_type.這樣,就可以在添加驅動的時候,就可以匹配想要的設備了.
在這裏,特別注意一下,經過這裏的枚舉,只是枚舉完了第一條根總線.那其它的根總線是在什麼地方被枚舉的呢? 在下一節裏,再來分析這個問題.
 
六:小結
在linux的pci架構中,大量運用了深度優先遍歷算法.這是由pci總線結構所決定的.經過這一章的分析過後,我們應該對pci架構有了一定的瞭解.同時在這一章還留下了一個問題.到下一節再來進行分析.

 

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