Hibernate 三種查詢方式




Hibernate 三種查詢方式

 

(一)HQL

HQLHibernate Qusery Language,如果你已經熟悉它,就會發現它跟SQL非常相像。不過你不要被表面的假象迷惑,HQL是面向對象的(OO,用生命的眼光看待每一個對象,他們是如此鮮活)。如果你對JAVASQL語句有一定了解的話,那麼HQL對你簡直易如反掌,你完全可以利用在公車上的時間掌握它。

以下從幾個方面進行慢慢深入:

1
。大小些敏感
大家知道SQL-92 Query是對大小寫不敏感的,但是在HQL(前面提到它是OO的)中對對象類的名稱和屬性確實大小寫敏感的(符合java編程語法)。

HQL子句本身大小寫無關,但是其中出現的類名和屬性名必須注意大小寫區分
如:sElect cat.name from Cat as catselect cat.name from Cat as cat是一樣的
但是:
sElect
cat.name fromCAT as catselect cat.name from Cat as cat確實不一樣的。

2
from語句
最簡單的:
from eg.Cat
它只是簡單的返回所有eg.Cat的實例,通常我們此時會爲eg.Cat其個別名,因爲在query的其餘部分可能會用到(參看上邊關於大小寫敏感時的例子情形),如:
from eg.Cat as cat這裏as可以省略。


上邊只是單表查詢,多表的情況如下寫法:
from eg.Cat, eg.Dog
from eg.Cat as cat, eg.Dog as dog

3
join相關
(inner) join
left (outer) join
right (outer) join
full join
HQL
同樣對SQL中的這些特性支持
下面插播一個小話題,關於上邊的那些特性,我一直都沒怎麼用,今天既然說到這裏,就想把上邊的幾個特性的用法說一下,也算對自己的一個補充:


假設有兩個表:部門、員工,下面列舉一些數據:
員工(Employee)
  ID     Name   DepNo
  001   Jplateau    01
  002    Jony        01
  003   Camel      02

部門(Department)
  ID   Name
  01  
研發部
  02   
營銷部

Hibernate中我們操縱的都是對象,所以我們操縱的是部門類和員工


1).(inner) join
select employee.ID as id1,employee.Name as name1,

department.ID as id2,department.Name as name2 from Employee as employee

 join Department as department on employee.DepNo=department.ID (注意到條件語句我用on沒有用where)
那麼執行結果是什麼呢?
id1 name1 id2 name2
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
001 Jplateau 01
研發部
002 Jony 01
研發部

2).left (outer) join
select employee.ID as id1,employee.Name as name1,department.ID as id2,department.Name
as name2 from Employee as employee left join Department as department on employee.DepNo=
department.ID
那麼執行結果又該是什麼呢?
id1 name1 id2 name2
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
001 Jplateau 01
研發部
002 Jony 01
研發部
003 Camel null null
{
就是說此時我要已第一個表的記錄多少爲準,第二個表中沒有相應紀錄的時候填充null}
3). right (outer) join
select employee.ID as id1,employee.Name as name1,department.ID as id2,department.Name
as name2 from Employee as employee right join Department as department on employee.DepNo=
department.ID
那麼執行結果又該是什麼呢?
id1 name1 id2 name2
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
001 Jplateau 01
研發部
002 Jony 01
研發部
null null 02
營銷部
{
就是說此時我要已第二個表的記錄多少爲準,第一個表中沒有相應紀錄的時候填充null}

4
select語句
就是要確定你要從查詢中返回哪些對象或者哪些對象的屬性。寫幾個例子吧:
select employee form Employee as employee
select employee form Employee as employee where employee.Name like 'J%'
select employee.Name form Employee as employee where employee.Name like 'J%'
select employee.ID as id1,employee.Name as name1,department.ID as id2,department.Name
as name2 from Employee as employee right join Department as department on employee.DepNo=
department.ID

select
elements(employee.Name) from Employee as employee
(不明白elements到底是做什麼用的?望給於說明)
等等


5。數學函數
JDO
目前好像還不支持此類特性。
avg(...), sum(...), min(...), max(...)

count(*)

count(...), count(distinct ...), count(all...)

其用法和SQL基本相同

select distinct employee.name from Employee as employee
select count(distinct employee.name),count(employee) from Employee as employee

6
polymorphism (暫時不知道如何解釋?)
from com.test.Animal as animal
不光得到所有Animal得實例,而且可以得到所有Animal的子類(如果我們定義了一個子類Cat
一個比較極端的例子
from java.lang.Object as o
可以得到所有持久類的實例

7
where語句
定義查詢語句的條件,舉幾個例子吧:
from Employee as employee where employee.Name='Jplateau'
from Employee as employee where employee.Name like 'J%'
from Employee as employee where employee.Name like '%u'
where語句中“=”不光可以比較對象的屬性,也可以比較對象,如:
select animal from com.test.Animal as animal where animal.name=dog

8
。表達式

SQL語句中大部分的表達式在HQL中都可以使用:
mathematical operators +, -, *, /

binary comparison operators =, >=, <=, <>, !=, like

logical operations and, or, not

string concatenation ||

SQL scalar functions like upper() and lower()

Parentheses ( ) indicate grouping

in, between, is null

JDBC IN parameters ?

named parameters :name, :start_date, :x1
(這種應該是另一種"?"的變通解決方法)

SQL literals 'foo', 69, '1970-01-01 10:00:01.0'

Java public static final constants eg.Color.TABBY

其他不必解釋了,在這裏我只想對查詢中的參數問題說明一下:
大家知道在SQL中進行傳遞參數進行查詢的時候,我們通常用PreparedStatement,在語句中寫一大堆的“?”,
hql中也可以用這種方法,如:
List mates = sess.find(
"select employee.name from Employee as employee " +
"where employee.Name=? ",
name,
Hibernate.STRING
);
(
說明:上面利用Session裏的find方法,在hibernateapi Session中重載了很多find方法,它可以滿足你多種形式的查詢)
上邊是一個參數的情形,這種情況下緊接着引入參數和定義參數的類型,當爲多個參數,調用另一個find方法,它的後兩個
參數都是數組的形式。

還有另外一種方法來解決上邊的問題,JDO也有這樣的方法,不過和hibernate的表現形式上有差別,但他們兩個骨子裏卻是
一樣的,如:
Query q = sess.createQuery("select employee.name from Employee as employee where employee.Name=:name");
q.setString("name", "Jplateau");
//
當有多個參數的時候在此逐一定義
Iterator employees = q.iterate();

9
order語句
sql語句沒什麼差別,如:
select employee.name from Employee as employee where employee.Name like 'J%' order by employee.ID desc (
或者asc)

10
group by語句
同樣和sql語句沒什麼差別,如:

select employee.name,employee.DepNo from Employee as employee group by employee.DepNo

select foo.id, avg( elements(foo.names) ), max( indices(foo.names) ) from eg.Foo foo group by foo.id
{Note: You may use the elements and indices constructs inside a select clause, even on databases with no subselects.}
誰幫我解釋一下上邊兩句,謝過!

11
。子查詢
hibernate
同樣支持子查詢,寫幾個例子:

from eg.Cat as fatcat where fatcat.weight > ( select avg(cat.weight) from eg.DomesticCat cat )

(二)條件查詢Criteria  Query

。數學函數
JDO
目前好像還不支持此類特性。
avg(...), sum(...), min(...), max(...)

count(*)

count(...), count(distinct ...), count(all...)

其用法和SQL基本相同

select distinct employee.name from Employee as employee
select count(distinct employee.name),count(employee) from Employee as employee

6
polymorphism (暫時不知道如何解釋?)
from com.test.Animal as animal
不光得到所有Animal得實例,而且可以得到所有Animal的子類(如果我們定義了一個子類Cat
一個比較極端的例子
from java.lang.Object as o
可以得到所有持久類的實例

7
where語句
定義查詢語句的條件,舉幾個例子吧:
from Employee as employee where employee.Name='Jplateau'
from Employee as employee where employee.Name like 'J%'
from Employee as employee where employee.Name like '%u'
where語句中“=”不光可以比較對象的屬性,也可以比較對象,如:
select animal from com.test.Animal as animal where animal.name=dog

8
。表達式

SQL語句中大部分的表達式在HQL中都可以使用:
mathematical operators +, -, *, /

binary comparison operators =, >=, <=, <>, !=, like

logical operations and, or, not

string concatenation ||

SQL scalar functions like upper() and lower()

Parentheses ( ) indicate grouping

in, between, is null

JDBC IN parameters ?

named parameters :name, :start_date, :x1
(這種應該是另一種"?"的變通解決方法)

SQL literals 'foo', 69, '1970-01-01 10:00:01.0'

Java public static final constants eg.Color.TABBY

其他不必解釋了,在這裏我只想對查詢中的參數問題說明一下:
大家知道在SQL中進行傳遞參數進行查詢的時候,我們通常用PreparedStatement,在語句中寫一大堆的“?”,
hql中也可以用這種方法,如:
List mates = sess.find(
"select employee.name from Employee as employee " +
"where employee.Name=? ",
name,
Hibernate.STRING
);
(
說明:上面利用Session裏的find方法,在hibernateapi Session中重載了很多find方法,它可以滿足你多種形式的查詢)
上邊是一個參數的情形,這種情況下緊接着引入參數和定義參數的類型,當爲多個參數,調用另一個find方法,它的後兩個
參數都是數組的形式。

還有另外一種方法來解決上邊的問題,JDO也有這樣的方法,不過和hibernate的表現形式上有差別,但他們兩個骨子裏卻是
一樣的,如:
Query q = sess.createQuery("select employee.name from Employee as employee where employee.Name=:name");
q.setString("name", "Jplateau");
//
當有多個參數的時候在此逐一定義
Iterator employees = q.iterate();

9
order語句
sql語句沒什麼差別,如:
select employee.name from Employee as employee where employee.Name like 'J%' order by employee.ID desc (
或者asc)

10
group by語句
同樣和sql語句沒什麼差別,如:

select employee.name,employee.DepNo from Employee as employee group by employee.DepNo

select foo.id, avg( elements(foo.names) ), max( indices(foo.names) ) from eg.Foo foo group by foo.id
{Note: You may use the elements and indices constructs inside a select clause, even on databases with no subselects.}
誰幫我解釋一下上邊兩句,謝過!

11
。子查詢
hibernate
同樣支持子查詢,寫幾個例子:

from eg.Cat as fatcat where fatcat.weight > ( select avg(cat.weight) from eg.DomesticCat cat )

(二)條件查詢Criteria  Query

 Criteria criteria = osession.createCriteria(Owner.class);
   criteria.add(Expression.eq("age", new Integer(100)));
   criteria.setFirstResult(2);                   //從返回結果的第二條記錄開始的5條記錄
   criteria.setMaxResults(5);
   List lc=criteria.list();
   System.out.println("條件查詢");
   System.out.println(lc.size());

(三)原生SQL語句查詢

 


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