Zend Framework 入門教程

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A Practical Tutorial
Last Update: Mar. 11, 2006

The Zend Framework has been unveiled! Although it is still in the early stages of development, this tutorial highlights some of the best of what's available now and guides you through the process of building a simple application.

Zend has chosen to release the framework and involve the community early. In the same spirit, this tutorial is written to showcase the framework as it exists today. Because this tutorial is published online, I'll update it as the framework evolves, so that it remains relevant as long as possible.

Requirements

The Zend Framework requires PHP 5. In order to take full advantage of the code presented in this tutorial, you also need the Apache web server, because the sample application (a news management system) uses mod_rewrite.

The code from this tutorial is available for free download, so you can try it out for yourself. You can download it from the Brain Bulb web site at http://brainbulb.com/zend-framework-tutorial.tar.gz.

Downloading the Framework

Before you can get started with this tutorial, you need to download the preview release of the framework. You can do this manually by visiting http://framework.zend.com/download with a browser and choosing the tar.gz or zip download, or you can use the command line:

$ wget http://framework.zend.com/download/tgz
$ tar -xvzf ZendFramework-0.1.2.tar.gz

Note: Zend has plans to offer its own PEAR channel to help simplify the download process.

Once you have the preview release, locate the library directory and place it somewhere convenient. In this tutorial, I rename library to lib to provide a clean and simple directory structure:

app/
    views/
    controllers/
www/
    .htaccess
    index.php
lib/

The www directory is the document root, controllers and views are empty directories you'll use later, and the lib directory is from the preview release download.

Getting Started

The first component I want to show you is Zend_Controller. In many ways, it provides the foundation of the application you're developing, and it's also part of what makes the Zend Framework more than just a collection of components. Before you can use it, however, you need to direct all incoming requests to a single PHP script. This tutorial uses mod_rewrite for this purpose.

Using mod_rewrite is an art in itself, but luckily, this particular task is very simple. If you're unfamiliar with mod_rewrite or configuring Apache in general, create a .htaccess file in the document root and add the following directives:

RewriteEngine on
RewriteRule !/.(js|ico|gif|jpg|png|css)$ index.php

Note: One of the TODO items for Zend_Controller is to remove the mod_rewrite dependency. In order to provide an example that works with the preview release, this tutorial uses mod_rewrite.

If you add these directives to httpd.conf directly, you must restart the web server. Otherwise, if you use a .htaccess file, you should be good to go. You can quickly test this by placing some identifiable text in index.php and making a request for an arbitrary path such as /foo/bar. For example, if your host is example.org, request the URL http://example.org/foo/bar.

You also want include_path to include the path to the framework library. You can do this in php.ini, or you can just put the following directive in your .htaccess file:

php_value include_path "/path/to/lib"

Zend

The Zend class contains a collection of static methods that are universally useful. This is the only class you must include manually:

<?php

include 'Zend.php';

?>

Once you've included Zend.php, you have access to all of the methods from the Zend class. Loading other classes is simplified with the loadClass() method. For example, to load the Zend_Controller_Front class:

<?php

include 'Zend.php';

Zend::loadClass('Zend_Controller_Front');

?>

The loadclass() method is include_path aware, and it also understands the organization and directory structure of the framework. I use it to load all other classes.

Zend_Controller

Using the controller is pretty intuitive. In fact, I'm writing this tutorial without the luxury of documentation!

Note: Documentation is now available at http://framework.zend.com/manual/zend.controller.html.

I begin with Zend_Controller_Front, a front controller. In order to begin understanding how it works, place the following code in your index.php file:

<?php

include 'Zend.php';

Zend::loadClass('Zend_Controller_Front');

$controller = Zend_Controller_Front::getInstance();
$controller->setControllerDirectory('/path/to/controllers');
$controller->dispatch();

?>

If you prefer object chaining, this can instead be written as:

<?php

include 'Zend.php';

Zend::loadClass('Zend_Controller_Front');

$controller = Zend_Controller_Front::getInstance()
->setControllerDirectory('/path/to/controllers')
->dispatch();

?>

Now when you make a request for /foo/bar, you get an error. That's good! It lets you know something is happening. The major complaint is that IndexController.php is not found.

Before you create this file, it's helpful to understand how the framework expects you to organize things. The framework breaks a request down into parts, and in the case of a request for /foo/bar, foo is the controller, and bar is the action. The default value for each is index.

When foo is the controller, the framework looks for a file called FooController.php in the controllers directory. Because this does not exist, the framework falls back to IndexController.php. Not finding either, it reports the error.

To continue, create IndexController.php in the controllers directory (which you set with setControllerDirectory()):

<?php

Zend::loadClass('Zend_Controller_Action');

class IndexController extends Zend_Controller_Action
{
    public function indexAction()
    {
        echo 'IndexController::indexAction()';
    }
}

?>

The IndexController class handles requests for which the controller is index or for which the indicated controller does not exist, as just explained. The indexAction() method handles requests for which the action is index. Remember that index is the default value for both the controller and the action. If you try a request for /, /index, or /index/index, the indexAction() method is executed. (Trailing slashes do not alter this behavior.) A request for any other resource is going to result in an error.

There is another useful method to add to IndexController before continuing. The noRouteAction() method is called whenever a request is made for a controller that doesn't exist. For example, a request for /foo/bar executes noRouteAction() if FooController.php does not exist. However, a request for /index/foo still results in an error, because foo is the action, not the controller.

Add noRouteAction() to IndexController.php:

This example uses $this->_redirect('/') to illustrate a possible action to take in noRouteAction(). This causes requests for nonexistent controllers to be redirected to the root document (front page).

Now create FooController.php:

<?php

Zend::loadClass('Zend_Controller_Action');

class FooController extends Zend_Controller_Action
{
    public function indexAction()
    {
        echo 'FooController::indexAction()';
    }

    public function barAction()
    {
        echo 'FooController::barAction()';
    }
}

?>

If you again request /foo/bar, you should see that barAction() is being executed, because bar is the action. Not only can you already support friendly URLs, but you can also do so in a very organized way with just a few lines of code. Cool!

You can also create a __call() method to handle requests for undefined actions such as /foo/baz:

Now that you can elegantly handle incoming requests with just a few lines of code, you are ready to continue.

Zend_View

Zend_View is a class that helps you organize your view logic. It is template-system agnostic, and for the sake of simplicity, I don't use a template system in this tutorial. You're free to use one if you prefer.

Keep in mind that all incoming requests are now handled by the front controller. Therefore, the framework of the application already exists, and further additions must conform to it. In order to demonstrate a very basic use of Zend_View, change the code in IndexController.php as follows:

<?php

Zend::loadClass('Zend_Controller_Action');
Zend::loadClass('Zend_View');

class IndexController extends Zend_Controller_Action
{
    public function indexAction()
    {
        $view = new Zend_View();
        $view->setScriptPath('/path/to/views');
        echo $view->render('example.php');
    }

    public function noRouteAction()
    {
        $this->_redirect('/');
    }
}

?>

Create a file called example.php in the views directory:

<html>
<head>
<title>This Is an Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is an example.</p>
</body>
</html>

Now, when you request your web site's root resource, you should see the contents of example.php. This isn't very useful yet, but keep in mind that you're working toward a very structured and organized way to develop web applications.

In order to make the use of Zend_View a bit clearer, modify your template (example.php) to include some data:

<html>
<head>
<title><?php echo $this->escape($this->title); ?></title>
</head>
<body>
<?php echo $this->escape($this->body); ?>
</body>
</html>

Two additional features have been added. The $this->escape() method must be used on all output. Even if you create the output yourself, which is going to be the case in this example, escaping all output is a very good habit that can help you prevent cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities by default.

The $this->title and $this->body properties exist to demonstrate dynamic data. These should be defined in the controller, so modify IndexController.php to assign them:

<?php

Zend::loadClass('Zend_Controller_Action');
Zend::loadClass('Zend_View');

class IndexController extends Zend_Controller_Action
{
    public function indexAction()
    {
        $view = new Zend_View();
        $view->setScriptPath('/path/to/views');
        $view->title = 'Dynamic Title';
        $view->body = 'This is a dynamic body.';
        echo $view->render('example.php');
    }

    public function noRouteAction()
    {
        $this->_redirect('/');
    }
}

?>

Now you should see these values being used by the template when you again visit your web site's root directory. The reason you use $this in the template is that it is executed within the scope of the Zend_View instance.

Keep in mind that example.php is just an ordinary PHP script, so you can do anything you want. Just try to be disciplined enough to limit your use of templates to only what is required to display data. Your controller (or a module to which the controller dispatches) should handle all of your business logic.

I want to make one final note about Zend_View before continuing. Instantiating the $view object within each method of the controller requires a lot of extra typing, and our primary goal is to make it easier to quickly develop web applications. It's also a hassle to call setScriptPath() in each case if all of the templates reside in a single directory.

Luckily, the Zend class includes a registry that helps you eliminate this overhead. You can store your $view object in the registry by using the register() method:

<?php

Zend::register('view', $view);

?>

To retrieve it, use the registry() method:

<?php

$view = Zend::registry('view');

?>

From this point forward, this tutorial uses the registry.

Zend_InputFilter

The last component this tutorial covers is Zend_InputFilter. This class provides a simple but rigid approach to input filtering. You instantiate it by passing an array of data to be filtered:

<?php

$filterPost = new Zend_InputFilter($_POST);

?>

This sets the array ($_POST) to NULL, so direct access is no longer possible. Zend_InputFilter instead provides a small, focused collection of methods that filter data according to specific criteria. For example, if you want the alphabetic characters of $_POST['name'], you can use the getAlpha() method:

<?php

/* $_POST['name'] = 'John123Doe'; */

$filterPost = new Zend_InputFilter($_POST);

/* $_POST = NULL; */

$alphaName = $filterPost->getAlpha('name');

/* $alphaName = 'JohnDoe'; */

?>

The argument you pass each filtering method is the key that corresponds to the array element to be filtered. The object ($filterPost in this example) is a protected cage that contains the tainted data, making access to that data more controlled and consistent. Therefore, you should always use Zend_InputFilter when you need to access input.

Note: Zend_Filter provides static filtering methods that follow the same conventions as the Zend_InputFilter methods.

Building a News Management System

Although the preview release contains many more components (and even more are being developed), the components already discussed provide all you need to build a simple application. In the process, you should gain a clearer understanding of the framework's basic structure and design.

Everyone develops applications a bit differently, and the Zend Framework tries to embrace diversity as much as possible. Similarly, this tutorial is subject to my preferences, so please adjust these to suite your own tastes.

When I begin developing an application, I start with the interface. This doesn't mean I spend hours with markup, stylesheets, and images, but I do approach the problem from the perspective of a user. As such, I see an application as a collection of pages, where each page is a unique URL. This news management system consists of the following URLs:

/
/add/news
/add/comment
/admin
/admin/approve
/view/{id}

You want to immediately begin thinking of these URLs in terms of controllers. The IndexController lists the news, the AddController handles adding news and comments, the AdminController handles administrative actions such as approving news, and the ViewController handles viewing a specific news entry and its corresponding comments.

Begin by removing FooController.php if it still exists, and modify IndexController.php to add the appropriate actions and some comments as placeholders for the business logic:

<?php

Zend::loadClass('Zend_Controller_Action');

class IndexController extends Zend_Controller_Action
{
    public function indexAction()
    {
        /* List the news. */
    }

    public function noRouteAction()
    {
        $this->_redirect('/');
    }
}

?>

Next, create AddController.php:

<?php

Zend::loadClass('Zend_Controller_Action');

class AddController extends Zend_Controller_Action
{
    function indexAction()
    {
        $this->_redirect('/');
    }

    function commentAction()
    {
        /* Add a comment. */
    }

    function newsAction()
    {
        /* Add news. */
    }

    function __call($action, $arguments)
    {
        $this->_redirect('/');
    }
}

?>

Note that the indexAction() method of AddController should never be called. This only happens when the requested path is /add. Because a user might explore the URLs manually, this is likely, so you can redirect the user to the front page, display an error, or take whatever action you feel is appropriate.

Next, create AdminController.php:

<?php

Zend::loadClass('Zend_Controller_Action');

class AdminController extends Zend_Controller_Action
{
    function indexAction()
    {
        /* Display admin interface. */
    }

    function approveAction()
    {
        /* Approve news. */
    }

    function __call($action, $arguments)
    {
        $this->_redirect('/');
    }
}

?>

Finally, create ViewController.php:

<?php

Zend::loadClass('Zend_Controller_Action');

class ViewController extends Zend_Controller_Action
{
    function indexAction()
    {
        $this->_redirect('/');
    }

    function __call($id, $arguments)
    {
        /* Display news and comments for $id. */
    }
}

?>

As with AddController, the index() method should never be called, so you can take whatever action you feel is appropriate. ViewController is a bit different than the others, because you don't know what the valid actions are. In order to support URLs like /view/23, you must support dynamic actions with __call().

Interacting with the Database

Because the database components of the Zend Framework are still relatively unstable, and because I want this demo to be easy to work with, I use a simple class that uses SQLite for storing and retrieving news entries and comments:

<?php

class Database
{
    private $_db;

    public function __construct($filename)
    {
        $this->_db = new SQLiteDatabase($filename);
    }

    public function addComment($name, $comment, $newsId)
    {
        $name = sqlite_escape_string($name);
        $comment = sqlite_escape_string($comment);
        $newsId = sqlite_escape_string($newsId);

        $sql = "INSERT
                INTO   comments (name, comment, newsId)
                VALUES ('$name', '$comment', '$newsId')";

        return $this->_db->query($sql);
    }

    public function addNews($title, $content)
    {
        $title = sqlite_escape_string($title);
        $content = sqlite_escape_string($content);

        $sql = "INSERT
                INTO   news (title, content)
                VALUES ('$title', '$content')";

        return $this->_db->query($sql);
    }

    public function approveNews($ids)
    {
        foreach ($ids as $id) {
            $id = sqlite_escape_string($id);

            $sql = "UPDATE news
                    SET    approval = 'T'
                    WHERE  id = '$id'";

            if (!$this->_db->query($sql)) {
                return FALSE;
            }
        }

        return TRUE;
    }

    public function getComments($newsId)
    {
        $newsId = sqlite_escape_string($newsId);

        $sql = "SELECT name, comment
                FROM   comments
                WHERE  newsId = '$newsId'";

        if ($result = $this->_db->query($sql)) {
            return $result->fetchAll();
        }

        return FALSE;
    }

    public function getNews($id = 'ALL')
    {
        $id = sqlite_escape_string($id);

        switch ($id) {
            case 'ALL':
                $sql = "SELECT id,
                               title
                        FROM   news
                        WHERE  approval = 'T'";
                break;
            case 'NEW':
                $sql = "SELECT *
                        FROM   news
                        WHERE  approval != 'T'";
                break;
            default:
                $sql = "SELECT *
                        FROM   news
                        WHERE  id = '$id'";
                break;
        }

        if ($result = $this->_db->query($sql)) {
            if ($result->numRows() != 1) {
                return $result->fetchAll();
            } else {
                return $result->fetch();
            }
        }

        return FALSE;
    }
}

?>

(You're free to replace this class with your own solution. This is only included to provide a complete example and is not meant to suggest an implementation.)

The constructor of this class expects the full path and filename of the SQLite database, something you must create:

<?php

$db = new SQLiteDatabase('/path/to/db.sqlite');

$db->query("CREATE TABLE news (
                id       INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
                title    VARCHAR(255),
                content  TEXT,
                approval CHAR(1) DEFAULT 'F'
            )");

$db->query("CREATE TABLE comments (
                id       INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
                name     VARCHAR(255),
                comment  TEXT,
                newsId   INTEGER
            )");

?>

You only need to do this once, then you can just pass the full path and filename to the constructor of the Database class:

<?php

$db = new Database('/path/to/db.sqlite');

?>

Putting It All Together

To put this all together, create Database.php in the lib directory, and loadClass() will be able to find it. Your index.php file should now instantiate $view and $db and store them in the registry. You can also create a function called __autoload() to automatically handle loading all the classes you need:

<?php

include 'Zend.php';

function __autoload($class)
{
    Zend::loadClass($class);
}

$db = new Database('/path/to/db.sqlite');
Zend::register('db', $db);

$view = new Zend_View;
$view->setScriptPath('/path/to/views');
Zend::register('view', $view);

$controller = Zend_Controller_Front::getInstance()
              ->setControllerDirectory('/path/to/controllers')
              ->dispatch();

?>

Next, create some simple templates in the views directory. The index.php file can be used for displaying the index view:

<html>
<head>
  <title>News</title>
</head>
<body>
  <h1>News</h1>
  <?php foreach ($this->news as $entry) { ?>
  <p>
    <a href="/view/<?php echo $this->escape($entry['id']); ?>">
    <?php echo $this->escape($entry['title']); ?>
    </a>
  </p>
  <?php } ?>
  <h1>Add News</h1>
  <form action="/add/news" method="POST">
  <p>Title:<br /><input type="text" name="title" /></p>
  <p>Content:<br /><textarea name="content"></textarea></p>
  <p><input type="submit" value="Add News" /></p>
  </form>
</body>
</html>

The view.php template can be used for displaying a specific news entry:

<html>
<head>
  <title>
    <?php echo $this->escape($this->news['title']); ?>
  </title>
</head>
<body>
  <h1>
    <?php echo $this->escape($this->news['title']); ?>
  </h1>
  <p>
    <?php echo $this->escape($this->news['content']); ?>
  </p>
  <h1>Comments</h1>
  <?php foreach ($this->comments as $comment) { ?>
  <p>
    <?php echo $this->escape($comment['name']); ?> writes:
  </p>
  <blockquote>
    <?php echo $this->escape($comment['comment']); ?>
  </blockquote>
  <?php } ?>
  <h1>Add a Comment</h1>
  <form action="/add/comment" method="POST">
  <input type="hidden" name="newsId"
    value="<?php echo $this->escape($this->id); ?>" />
  <p>Name:<br /><input type="text" name="name" /></p>
  <p>Comment:<br /><textarea name="comment"></textarea></p>
  <p><input type="submit" value="Add Comment" /></p>
  </form>
</body>
</html>

Finally, the admin.php template can be used to approve news entries:

<html>
<head>
  <title>News Admin</title>
</head>
<body>
  <form action="/admin/approve" method="POST">
  <?php foreach ($this->news as $entry) { ?>
  <p>
    <input type="checkbox" name="ids[]"
    value="<?php echo $this->escape($entry['id']); ?>" />
    <?php echo $this->escape($entry['title']); ?>
    <?php echo $this->escape($entry['content']); ?>
  </p>
  <?php } ?>
  <p>
    Password:<br /><input type="password" name="password" />
  </p>
  <p><input type="submit" value="Approve" /></p>
  </form>
</body>
</html>

Note: To keep things simple, this form accepts a password as an access control mechanism.

With the templates in place, you just need to replace the comment placeholders in the controllers with a few lines of code. For example, IndexController.php becomes the following:

<?php

class IndexController extends Zend_Controller_Action
{
    public function indexAction()
    {
        /* List the news. */
        $db = Zend::registry('db');
        $view = Zend::registry('view');
        $view->news = $db->getNews();
        echo $view->render('index.php');
    }

    public function noRouteAction()
    {
        $this->_redirect('/');
    }
}

?>

With everything organized, the entire business logic for the front page of this application is reduced to four lines of code. AddController.php is a bit more involved, so it requires more code:

<?php

class AddController extends Zend_Controller_Action
{
    function indexAction()
    {
        $this->_redirect('/');
    }

    function commentAction()
    {
        /* Add a comment. */
        $filterPost = new Zend_InputFilter($_POST);
        $db = Zend::registry('db');
        $name = $filterPost->getAlpha('name');
        $comment = $filterPost->noTags('comment');
        $newsId = $filterPost->getDigits('newsId');
        $db->addComment($name, $comment, $newsId);
        $this->_redirect("/view/$newsId");
    }

    function newsAction()
    {
        /* Add news. */
        $filterPost = new Zend_InputFilter($_POST);
        $db = Zend::registry('db');
        $title = $filterPost->noTags('title');
        $content = $filterPost->noTags('content');
        $db->addNews($title, $content);
        $this->_redirect('/');
    }

    function __call($action, $arguments)
    {
        $this->_redirect('/');
    }
}

?>

Because the user is redirected after submitting a form, no view is necessary in this controller.

In AdminController.php, you handle two actions, displaying the admin interface and approving news:

<?php

class AdminController extends Zend_Controller_Action
{
    function indexAction()
    {
        /* Display admin interface. */
        $db = Zend::registry('db');
        $view = Zend::registry('view');
        $view->news = $db->getNews('NEW');
        echo $view->render('admin.php');
    }

    function approveAction()
    {
        /* Approve news. */
        $filterPost = new Zend_InputFilter($_POST);
        $db = Zend::registry('db');
        if ($filterPost->getRaw('password') == 'mypass') {
            $db->approveNews($filterPost->getRaw('ids'));
            $this->_redirect('/');
        } else {
            echo 'The password is incorrect.';
        }
    }

    function __call($action, $arguments)
    {
        $this->_redirect('/');
    }
}

?>

Finally, ViewController.php:

<?php

class ViewController extends Zend_Controller_Action
{
    function indexAction()
    {
        $this->_redirect('/');
    }

    function __call($id, $arguments)
    {
        /* Display news and comments for $id. */
        $id = Zend_Filter::getDigits($id);
        $db = Zend::registry('db');
        $view = Zend::registry('view');
        $view->news = $db->getNews($id);
        $view->comments = $db->getComments($id);
        $view->id = $id;
        echo $view->render('view.php');
    }
}

?>

This provides a fully-functional, albeit very simplistic, application for sharing news and posting comments. The best part is that adding more features is easy due to the elegant design, and as the Zend Framework continues to mature, things should only get better.

More Information

This tutorial barely scratches the surface, but there are already a few additional resources available. In addition to the manual at http://framework.zend.com/manual/, Rob Allen has provided some details about his experiences with the Zend Framework at http://akrabat.com/zend-framework/, and Richard Thomas has provided some useful notes at http://www.cyberlot.net/zendframenotes. If you have some commentary of your own, please visit the new Zend Framework forum at http://www.phparch.com/discuss/index.php/f/289//.

Closing Note

It's easy to judge a preview release harshly, and I encountered a few frustrations of my own while writing this tutorial. Overall, I think the Zend Framework shows a lot of promise, and everyone involved is working hard to continue to improve it.

Note: Comments? Thoughts? Questions? Check out our new Zend Framework forum at http://www.phparch.com/discuss/index.php/f/289//.

About the author—Chris Shiflett is the principal of Brain Bulb, a consulting firm that specializes in PHP development and security. Chris' blog is at http://shiflett.org/.

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