在需要對數據庫進行操作時，OLE DB總是被認爲是一種效率最高但最難的方法。但是以我最近使用OLE DB的經驗看來，OLE DB的效率高則高矣，但卻一點都不難。說它難恐怕主要是因爲可參考的中文資料太少，爲了幫助以後需要接觸OLE DB的同行，我撰寫了這篇文章。本文包含如下內容：
1. OLE DB寫數據庫；
2. OLE DB讀數據庫；
3. OLE DB對二進制數據(text、ntext、image等)的處理。
首先來看看對SQL Server進行寫操作的代碼，有一定VC基礎的讀者應該可以很順利地看懂。OLE DB寫數據庫，就是這麼簡單！
注:
1.以下代碼中使用的模板類EAutoReleasePtr<T>與ATL中的CComPtr<T>類似，是一個在析構時自動調用Release的類。CComPtr<T>的代碼在ATLBASE.H中定義。
2.以下代碼均在UNICODE環境下編譯，因爲執行的SQL語句必須是UNICODE的。設置工程爲UNICODE的方法是:首先在project->settings->C/C++的屬性頁中的Preprocessor中，刪除_MBCS寫入UNICODE,_UNICODE。然後在link屬性頁中Category中選擇output，在Entry-Point symbol 中添加wWinMainCRTStartup。
EAutoReleasePtr<IDBInitialize> pIDBInitialize;
HRESULT hResult = ConnectDatabase( &pIDBInitialize, _T("127.0.0.1"), _T(“sa”), _T("password") );
if( FAILED( hResult ) )
{
//失敗，可能是因爲數據庫沒有啓動、用戶名密碼錯等等
return;
}
EAutoReleasePtr<IOpenRowset> pIOpenRowset;
hResult = CreateSession( pIDBInitialize, &pIOpenRowset );
if( FAILED( hResult ) )
{
//出錯
return;
}
EAutoReleasePtr<ICommand> pICommand;
EAutoReleasePtr<ICommandText> pICommandText;
hResult = CreateCommand( pIOpenRowset, &pICommand, &pICommandText );
if( FAILED( hResult ) )
{
//出錯
return;
}
hResult = ExecuteSQL( pICommand, pICommandText, _T("USE PBDATA") );
if( FAILED( hResult ) )
{
//如果這裏失敗，那就是SQL語句執行失敗。在此處，就是PBDATA還未創建
return;
}
// 創建表
ExecuteSQL( pICommand, pICommandText, _T("CREATE TABLE 2005_1(Volume real NOT NULL,ID int NOT NULL IDENTITY)") );
// 添加記錄
ExecuteSQL( pICommand, pICommandText, _T("INSERT INTO 2005_1 VALUES(100.0)") );
//...
其中幾個函數的代碼如下:
HRESULT ConnectDatabase( IDBInitialize** ppIDBInitialize, LPCTSTR pszDataSource, LPCTSTR pszUserID, LPCTSTR pszPassword )
{
ASSERT( ppIDBInitialize != NULL && pszDataSource != NULL && pszUserID != NULL && pszPassword != NULL );
UINT uTimeout ＝ 15U; // 連接數據庫超時（秒）
TCHAR szInitStr[1024];
VERIFY( 1023 >= wsprintf( szInitStr, _T("Provider=SQLOLEDB;Data Source=%s;Initial Catalog=master;User Id=%s;Password=%s;Connect Timeout=%u"), pszDataSource, pszUserID, pszPassword, uTimeout ) );
//Initial Catalog=master指明連接成功後，"USE master"。
EAutoReleasePtr<IDataInitialize> pIDataInitialize;
HRESULT hResult = ::CoCreateInstance( CLSID_MSDAINITIALIZE, NULL, CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER,
IID_IDataInitialize, ( void** )&pIDataInitialize );
if( FAILED( hResult ) )
{
return hResult;
}
EAutoReleasePtr<IDBInitialize> pIDBInitialize;
hResult = pIDataInitialize->GetDataSource( NULL, CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER, ( LPCOLESTR )szInitStr,
IID_IDBInitialize, ( IUnknown** )&pIDBInitialize );
if( FAILED( hResult ) )
{
return hResult;
}
hResult = pIDBInitialize->Initialize( );
if( FAILED( hResult ) )
{
return hResult;
}
* ppIDBInitialize = pIDBInitialize.Detach( );
return S_OK;
}
HRESULT CreateSession( IDBInitialize* pIDBInitialize, IOpenRowset** ppIOpenRowset )
{
ASSERT( pIDBInitialize != NULL && ppIOpenRowset != NULL );
EAutoReleasePtr<IDBCreateSession> pSession;
HRESULT hResult = pIDBInitialize->QueryInterface( IID_IDBCreateSession, ( void** )&pSession );
if( FAILED( hResult ) )
{
return hResult;
}
EAutoReleasePtr<IOpenRowset> pIOpenRowset;
hResult = pSession->CreateSession( NULL, IID_IOpenRowset, ( IUnknown** )&pIOpenRowset );
if( FAILED( hResult ) )
{
return hResult;
}
* ppIOpenRowset = pIOpenRowset.Detach( );
return S_OK;
}
HRESULT CreateCommand( IOpenRowset* pIOpenRowset, ICommand** ppICommand, ICommandText** ppICommandText )
{
ASSERT( pIOpenRowset != NULL && ppICommand != NULL && ppICommandText != NULL );
HRESULT hResult;
EAutoReleasePtr<ICommand> pICommand;
{
EAutoReleasePtr<IDBCreateCommand> pICreateCommand;
hResult = pIOpenRowset->QueryInterface( IID_IDBCreateCommand, ( void** )&pICreateCommand );
if( FAILED( hResult ) )
{
return hResult;
}
hResult = pICreateCommand->CreateCommand( NULL, IID_ICommand, (IUnknown**)&pICommand );
if( FAILED( hResult ) )
{
return hResult;
}
}
EAutoReleasePtr<ICommandText> pICommandText;
hResult = pICommand->QueryInterface( &pICommandText );
if( FAILED( hResult ) )
{
return hResult;
}
* ppICommand = pICommand.Detach( );
* ppICommandText = pICommandText.Detach( );
return S_OK;
}
HRESULT ExecuteSQL( ICommand* pICommand, ICommandText* pICommandText, LPCTSTR pszCommand, LONG* plRowsAffected )
{
ASSERT( pICommand != NULL && pICommandText != NULL && pszCommand != NULL && pszCommand[0] != 0 );
HRESULT hResult = pICommandText->SetCommandText( DBGUID_DBSQL, ( LPCOLESTR )pszCommand );
if( FAILED( hResult ) )
{
return hResult;
}
LONG lAffected;
hResult = pICommand->Execute( NULL, IID_NULL, NULL, plRowsAffected == NULL ? &lAffected : plRowsAffected, ( IUnknown** )NULL );
return hResult;
}
以上就是寫數據庫的全部代碼了，是不是很簡單呢？下面再來讀的。
// 先用與上面代碼中一樣的步驟獲取pICommand，pICommandText。此處省略
HRESULT hResult = pICommandText->SetCommandText( DBGUID_DBSQL, ( LPCOLESTR )_T("SELECT Volume FROM 2005_1 WHERE ID = @@IDENTITY") ); //取我們剛剛添加的那一條記錄
if( FAILED( hResult ) )
{
return;
}
LONG lAffected;
EAutoReleasePtr<IRowset> pIRowset;
hResult = pICommand->Execute( NULL, IID_IRowset, NULL, &lAffected, ( IUnknown** )&pIRowset );
if( FAILED( hResult ) )
{
return;
}
EAutoReleasePtr<IAccessor> pIAccessor;
hResult = pIRowset->QueryInterface( IID_IAccessor, ( void** )&pIAccessor );
if( FAILED( hResult ) )
{
return;
}
// 一個根據表中各字段的數值類型而定義的結構，用於存儲返回的各字段的值
struct CLoadLastFromDB
{
DBSTATUS dwdsVolume;
DWORD dwLenVolume;
float fVolume;
};
// 此處我們只查詢了一個字段。如果要查詢多個字段，CLoadLastFromDB中要添加相應的字段定義，下面的dbBinding也要相應擴充。dbBinding[].iOrdinal要分別指向各個字段，dbBinding[].wType要根據字段類型賦合適的值。
DBBINDING dbBinding[1];
dbBinding[0].iOrdinal = 1; // Volume 字段的位置，從 1 開始
dbBinding[0].obValue = offsetof( CLoadLastFromDB, fVolume );
dbBinding[0].obLength = offsetof( CLoadLastFromDB, dwLenVolume );
dbBinding[0].obStatus = offsetof( CLoadLastFromDB, dwdsVolume );
dbBinding[0].pTypeInfo = NULL;
dbBinding[0].pObject = NULL;
dbBinding[0].pBindExt = NULL;
dbBinding[0].dwPart = DBPART_VALUE | DBPART_STATUS | DBPART_LENGTH;
dbBinding[0].dwMemOwner = DBMEMOWNER_CLIENTOWNED;
dbBinding[0].eParamIO = DBPARAMIO_NOTPARAM;
dbBinding[0].cbMaxLen = 0;
dbBinding[0].dwFlags = 0;
dbBinding[0].wType = DBTYPE_R4; // float就是DBTYPE_R4，int就是DBTYPE_I4。參見MSDN
dbBinding[0].bPrecision = 0;
dbBinding[0].bScale = 0;
HACCESSOR hAccessor = DB_NULL_HACCESSOR;
DBBINDSTATUS dbs[1];
hResult = pIAccessor->CreateAccessor( DBACCESSOR_ROWDATA, 1, dbBinding, sizeof( CLoadLastDataFromDB ), &hAccessor, dbs );
if( FAILED( hResult ) )
{
return;
}
ASSERT( dbs[0] == DBBINDSTATUS_OK );
ULONG uRowsObtained = 0;
HROW hRows[1]; // 這裏我們只查詢了最新的那一條記錄
HROW* phRows = hRows;
CLoadLastFromDB rmd;
hResult = pIRowset->GetNextRows( NULL, 0, 1, &uRowsObtained, &phRows );
if( SUCCEEDED( hResult ) && uRowsObtained != 0U )
{
hResult = pIRowset->GetData( phRows[0], hAccessor, &rmd );
if( FAILED( hResult ) )
{
ASSERT( FALSE );
}
ASSERT( rmd.dwdsVolume == DBSTATUS_S_OK );
// rmd.fVolume 就是我們要取的值
}
pIRowset->ReleaseRows( uRowsObtained, phRows, NULL, NULL, NULL );
pIAccessor->ReleaseAccessor( hAccessor, NULL );
pIAccessor.Release( );
pIRowset.Release( );
讀操作也完成了，是不是仍然很簡單呢？下面我們再來看看最麻煩的二進制數據（text、ntext、image等）的讀寫。要實現BLOB數據的讀寫，我們需要一個輔助的類，定義如下：
class CSequentialStream : public ISequentialStream // BLOB 數據訪問類
{
public:
CSequentialStream( );
virtual ~CSequentialStream( );
virtual BOOL Seek( ULONG uPosition );
virtual BOOL Clear( );
virtual ULONG GetLength( ) { return m_uBufferUsed; };
virtual operator void* const( ) { return m_pBuffer; };
STDMETHODIMP_( ULONG ) AddRef( ) { return ++ m_uRefCount; };
STDMETHODIMP_( ULONG ) Release( ) { ASSERT( m_uRefCount != 0U ); -- m_uRefCount; if( m_uRefCount == 0U ) { delete this; } return m_uRefCount; };
STDMETHODIMP QueryInterface( REFIID riid, LPVOID* ppv );
STDMETHODIMP Read( void __RPC_FAR* pv, ULONG cb, ULONG __RPC_FAR* pcbRead );
STDMETHODIMP Write( const void __RPC_FAR* pv, ULONG cb, ULONG __RPC_FAR* pcbWritten );
void ResetPosition( ) { m_uPosition = 0U; };
HRESULT PreAllocBuffer( ULONG uSize );
private:
ULONG m_uRefCount; // reference count
void* m_pBuffer; // buffer
ULONG m_uBufferUsed; // buffer used
ULONG m_uBufferSize; // buffer size
ULONG m_uPosition; // current index position in the buffer
};
實現如下：
CSequentialStream::CSequentialStream( ) : m_uRefCount( 0U ), m_pBuffer( NULL ), m_uBufferUsed( 0U ), m_uBufferSize( 0U ), m_uPosition( 0U )
{
AddRef( );
}
CSequentialStream::~CSequentialStream( )
{
Clear( );
}
HRESULT CSequentialStream::QueryInterface( REFIID riid, void** ppv )
{
if( riid == IID_IUnknown || riid == IID_ISequentialStream )
{
* ppv = this;
( ( IUnknown* )*ppv )->AddRef( );
return S_OK;
}
* ppv = NULL;
return E_NOINTERFACE;
}
BOOL CSequentialStream::Seek( ULONG uPosition )
{
ASSERT( uPosition < m_uBufferUsed );
m_uPosition = uPosition;
return TRUE;
}
BOOL CSequentialStream::Clear( )
{
m_uBufferUsed = 0U;
m_uBufferSize = 0U;
m_uPosition = 0U;
( m_pBuffer != NULL ? CoTaskMemFree( m_pBuffer ) : 0 );
m_pBuffer = NULL;
return TRUE;
}
HRESULT CSequentialStream::PreAllocBuffer( ULONG uSize )
{
if( m_uBufferSize < uSize )
{
m_uBufferSize = uSize;
m_pBuffer = CoTaskMemRealloc( m_pBuffer, m_uBufferSize );
if( m_pBuffer == NULL )
{
Clear( );
return STG_E_INSUFFICIENTMEMORY;
}
}
return S_OK;
}
HRESULT CSequentialStream::Read( void* pv, ULONG cb, ULONG* pcbRead )
{
( pcbRead != NULL ? ( * pcbRead = 0U ) : 0 );
if( pv == NULL ) { return STG_E_INVALIDPOINTER; }
if( cb == 0U ) { return S_OK; }
ASSERT( m_uPosition <= m_uBufferUsed );
ULONG uBytesLeft = m_uBufferUsed - m_uPosition;
if( uBytesLeft == 0U ) { return S_FALSE; } //no more bytes
ULONG uBytesRead = ( cb > uBytesLeft ? uBytesLeft : cb );
memcpy( pv, ( BYTE* )m_pBuffer + m_uPosition, uBytesRead );
m_uPosition += uBytesRead;
( pcbRead != NULL ? ( * pcbRead = uBytesRead ) : 0 );
return ( cb != uBytesRead ? S_FALSE : S_OK );
}
HRESULT CSequentialStream::Write( const void* pv, ULONG cb, ULONG* pcbWritten )
{
if( pv == NULL ) { return STG_E_INVALIDPOINTER; }
( pcbWritten != NULL ? ( * pcbWritten = 0U ) : 0 );
if( cb == 0U ){ return S_OK; }
ASSERT( m_uPosition <= m_uBufferUsed );
if( m_uBufferSize < m_uPosition + cb )
{
m_uBufferSize = m_uPosition + cb;
m_pBuffer = CoTaskMemRealloc( m_pBuffer, m_uBufferSize );
if( m_pBuffer == NULL )
{
Clear( );
return STG_E_INSUFFICIENTMEMORY;
}
}
m_uBufferUsed = m_uPosition + cb;
memcpy( ( BYTE* )m_pBuffer + m_uPosition, pv, cb );
m_uPosition += cb;
( pcbWritten != NULL ? ( * pcbWritten = cb ) : 0 );
return S_OK;
}
下面我們開始往一個包含ntext字段的表中添加記錄。假設這個表（News）的結構爲：ID int NOT NULL IDENTITY、Title nchar(80)、 Contents ntext。
// 先將記錄添加進去，ntext字段留空。我們稍後再更新ntext的內容。
HRESULT hResult = ExecuteSQL( pICommand, pICommandText, _T("INSERT INTO News VALUES(''TEST'','''')") );
DBPROP dbProp;
dbPropSet.guidPropertySet = DBPROPSET_ROWSET;
dbPropSet.cProperties = 1;
dbPropSet.rgProperties = &dbProp;
DBPROPSET dbPropSet;
dbPropSet.rgProperties[0].dwPropertyID = DBPROP_UPDATABILITY;
dbPropSet.rgProperties[0].dwOptions = DBPROPOPTIONS_REQUIRED;
dbPropSet.rgProperties[0].dwStatus = DBPROPSTATUS_OK;
dbPropSet.rgProperties[0].colid = DB_NULLID;
dbPropSet.rgProperties[0].vValue.vt = VT_I4;
V_I4( &dbPropSet.rgProperties[0].vValue ) = DBPROPVAL_UP_CHANGE;
EAutoReleasePtr<ICommandProperties> pICommandProperties;
hResult = pICommandText->QueryInterface( IID_ICommandProperties, ( void** )&pICommandProperties );
// 設置 Rowset 屬性爲“可以更新某字段的值”
hResult = pICommandProperties->SetProperties( 1, &dbPropSet );
hResult = pICommandText->SetCommandText( DBGUID_DBSQL, ( LPCOLESTR )L"SELECT Contents FROM News WHERE ID = @@IDENTITY" );
LONG lAffected;
EAutoReleasePtr<IRowsetChange> pIRowsetChange;
hResult = pICommand->Execute( NULL, IID_IRowsetChange, NULL, &lAffected, ( IUnknown** )&pIRowsetChange );
EAutoReleasePtr<IAccessor> pIAccessor;
hResult = pIRowsetChange->QueryInterface( IID_IAccessor, ( void** )&pIAccessor );
struct BLOBDATA
{
DBSTATUS dwStatus;
DWORD dwLength;
ISequentialStream* pISeqStream;
};
// 有關DBOBJECT、DBBINDING的設置，建議參考MSDN，很容易懂。
DBOBJECT dbObj;
dbObj.dwFlags = STGM_READ;
dbObj.iid = IID_ISequentialStream;
DBBINDING dbBinding;
dbBinding.iOrdinal = 1; // BLOB 字段的位置，從 1 開始
dbBinding.obValue = offsetof( BLOBDATA, pISeqStream );
dbBinding.obLength = offsetof( BLOBDATA, dwLength );
dbBinding.obStatus = offsetof( BLOBDATA, dwStatus );
dbBinding.pTypeInfo = NULL;
dbBinding.pObject = &dbObj;
dbBinding.pBindExt = NULL;
dbBinding.dwPart = DBPART_VALUE | DBPART_STATUS | DBPART_LENGTH;
dbBinding.dwMemOwner = DBMEMOWNER_CLIENTOWNED;
dbBinding.eParamIO = DBPARAMIO_NOTPARAM;
dbBinding.cbMaxLen = 0;
dbBinding.dwFlags = 0;
dbBinding.wType = DBTYPE_IUNKNOWN;
dbBinding.bPrecision = 0;
dbBinding.bScale = 0;
HACCESSOR hAccessor = DB_NULL_HACCESSOR;
DBBINDSTATUS dbs;
hResult = pIAccessor->CreateAccessor( DBACCESSOR_ROWDATA, 1, &dbBinding, sizeof( BLOBDATA ), &hAccessor, &dbs );
EAutoReleasePtr<IRowset> pIRowset;
hResult = pIRowsetChange->QueryInterface( IID_IRowset, ( void** )&pIRowset );
ULONG uRowsObtained = 0;
HROW* phRows = NULL;
hResult = pIRowset->GetNextRows( NULL, 0, 1, &uRowsObtained, &phRows );
CSequentialStream* pss = new CSequentialStream;
pss->PreAllocBuffer( 1024 ); // 預先分配好內存，並讀入數據
pss->Write( pszSomebuffer, 512, NULL ); // pss->Write可以連續調用
pss->Write( pszSomebuffer+512, 512, NULL );
pss->ResetPosition( );
BLOBDATA bd;
bd.pISeqStream = ( ISequentialStream* )pss;
bd.dwStatus = DBSTATUS_S_OK;
bd.dwLength = pss->GetLength( );
// 將 BLOB 數據寫入到數據庫
hResult = pIRowsetChange->SetData( phRows[0], hAccessor, &bd );
pIAccessor->ReleaseAccessor( hAccessor, NULL );
pIRowset->ReleaseRows( uRowsObtained, phRows, NULL, NULL, NULL );
// pss was released by pIRowsetChange->SetData.
這樣，我們就完成了一條記錄的添加。讀取BLOB字段的代碼跟上面的完全類似，只要把
hResult = pIRowset->GetNextRows( NULL, 0, 1, &uRowsObtained, &phRows );
後面的那些改成下面的代碼即可。
BLOBDATA bd;
hResult = pIRowset->GetData( phRows[0], hAccessor, &bd );
if( bd.dwStatus == DBSTATUS_S_ISNULL )
{
// 此字段爲空
}
else if( bd.dwStatus != DBSTATUS_S_OK || bd.pISeqStream == NULL )
{
// 失敗
}
else
{
// 從系統分配的 ISequentialStream 接口讀入 BLOB 數據
BYTE szReadBuffer[1024];
for( ULONG uRead = 0U; ; )
{
if( FAILED( bd.pISeqStream->Read( szReadBuffer, 1024, &uRead ) ) )
{
break;
}
//szReadBuffer中就包含了BLOB字段的數據
if( uRead != 1024 )
{
break;
}
}
bd.pISeqStream->Release( );
}
pIAccessor->ReleaseAccessor( hAccessor, NULL );
pIRowset->ReleaseRows( uRowsObtained, phRows, NULL, NULL, NULL );
至此，要講的已全部講完，希望對你能有所幫助。文中貼出的代碼都是可以複製使用的，只是某些地方需要加入返回值判斷、錯誤處理代碼。