前言
動詞是詞性中非常重要的詞，其重要程度可以跟名詞媲美，
基本上每個完整的子句都有一個動詞出現。
動詞可以說是所有詞彙裏最複雜的詞了，沒有之一，各種變化無常。
動詞的知識點非常多，雜亂，需要耐心學習。
學不好動詞，學好英語就變成是空中樓閣了。
動詞可以有非常多的功能，隨便舉幾個例子，例如：
三態的變化，分別爲時態、語態、情態；
陳述句變一般疑問句與否定句；
構成主謂賓、主系表等句型；
等等等等。
動詞裏的概念與用法實在是太多太複雜，本文不可能完全覆蓋到，
在未來的時間裏，會不斷的補充進來。
（本文暫不展開使役動詞）
關於情態動詞與助動詞，網上有兩種版本，一種是說它們倆是並列關係，
也有說是情態動詞從屬於助動詞，叫情態助動詞，
爲此我詢問了新東方的很多教研老師以及包括美國專業英語老師，
包括查閱了維基百科，
最後的結論是情態動詞確實是助動詞的一種，是從屬關係。
1. 動詞概念
動詞，就是用來形容或表示各類動作、狀態的詞彙。
動詞用來表示主語做什麼或表示主語是什麼或怎麼樣的詞。
例如：
The boy runs fast.
這個男孩跑得快。
runs表示主語的行爲，行爲是跑。
He is a boy.
他是個男孩。
is與後面的表語a boy表示主語的狀態。
2. 動詞的分類
動詞的分類是可以按照多個維度進行劃分的。
按照功能分類：
-實義動詞（Notional Verb）
-系動詞（Link Verb）
-助動詞（Auxiliary Verb），包含情態動詞（Modal Verb）
按照是否可以直接加賓語分類：
-及物動詞（Transitive Verb）
-不及物動詞（Intransitive Verb）
按照是否受主語的人稱和數的限制分類：
-限定動詞(Finite Verb)
-非限定動詞(Non-finite Verb)
按照單詞數量分類：
-單字詞(One-Word Verb)
-短語動詞(Phrasal Verb)
-動詞短語(Verbal Phrase)
2.1 按照功能分類
2.1.1 實義動詞&行爲動詞
所謂實義動詞就是有實際意義的動詞，表示行爲、動作或狀態的詞，
它的詞義完整，可以單獨作謂語。
兩個實義動詞不能直接連用。
例如：
I live in Beijing with my mother.
我和我媽媽住在北京。
It has a round face.
它有一張圓臉。
I believe i can fly.
2.1.2 系動詞&聯繫動詞
系動詞亦稱聯繫動詞（Link Verb），作爲系動詞。
有些系動詞不具詞義，有些具有詞義，但不能單獨用作謂語，
後邊必須跟表語（名詞、形容詞）一起構成謂語結構，
構成主系表結構說明主語的狀況、性質、特徵等情況。
關於句子成分主系表會在後面的語法文章中講解，暫不展開。
系動詞的作用是把前後兩部分內容聯繫起來。
It tastes spicy.
嚐起來辣。
tastes把形容詞spicy與主語it連繫了起來，spicy修飾的是it。
系動詞無法跟實義動詞連用，例如這句話是錯誤：
It can imporve is my confidence.
系動詞的分類
系動詞可以分爲全系動詞，半系動詞，
完全系動詞只有一個be（is，am，are），
系動詞一般後面接名詞或形容詞。
其他的所有系動詞都是半系動詞。
除此之外，可以按照功能分爲如下分類。
狀態系動詞
用來表示主語狀態，只有be動詞（is、am、are、was、were）。
be動詞是最常見的系動詞，沒有之一。
be既可以是系動詞，也可以是助動詞，
be做系動詞時，一般接名詞或形容詞；
be做助動詞時，一般接動詞，促成時態、語態；
助動詞內容在後續章節中展開。
He is a teacher.
他是一名教師。
He was a soldier two years ago.
兩年前他是個士兵。
We are Chinese.
我們是中國人。
They are friendly.
他們是友好的。
She is the headteacher in the class.
We are in Grade Two this year.
今年我們在兩年級。
It is not too late.
They are all very useful.
The problem is to find the right house.
感官系動詞
感官系動詞主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,look等。
You look good.
你看起來不錯。
Mike looked like a football player.
She looked tired.
她看一去很疲勞。
I feel terrible.
我感覺很糟糕。
This kind of cloth feels very soft.
這種布手感很軟。
This flower smells very sweet.
這朵花聞起來很香。
The lunch smells good.
The story sounds interesting.
這個故事聽起來很有趣。
The mixture tasted horrible.
這藥水太難喝了。
He seems (to be) very sad.
他看起來似乎很傷心。
變化系動詞
這些系動詞表示主語變成什麼樣，表示變化。
變化系動詞主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run等。
He became mad after that.
自那之後，他瘋了。
I become a doctor after graduating from school.
我畢業後成爲了一名醫生。
He became silent.
I get angry when I heard the news.
當我聽到這個消息的時候我生氣了。
He feels sick. His face turns white.
他感到不舒服，他的臉色變蒼白了。
When spring comes,the weather gets warmer.
The weather gets warmer and the days get longer when spring comes.
春天來了，天氣變得暖和些了，白天也變得較長些了。
He grew old.
他老了。
She grew rich within a short time.
她沒多長時間就富了。
Mark goes green after he bought the bike.
馬克買了自行車後變得更環保了。
The trees turn green in spring.
持續系動詞
用來表示主語繼續或保持一種狀況或態度，
主要有keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand等等。
I go to the gym to keep healthy.
我去健身房爲了保持健康。
He always kept silent at meeting.
他開會時總保持沉默。
The figure remains stable.
這個數字保持穩定。
This matter rests a mystery.
此事仍是一個謎。
終止系動詞
表示主語已終止動作，主要有prove,trun out，表達"證實"，"變成"之意。
The rumor proved false.
這謠言證實有假。
The search proved difficult.
搜查證實很難。
His plan turned out a success.
他的計劃終於成功了。（turn out表終止性結果）
既是系動詞又是實義動詞
有些系動詞也是實義動詞，該動詞表達實義時，有詞義，可單獨作謂語。
He felt ill yesterday.
他昨天病了。
fell是系動詞，後跟補足語，說明主語情況。
He fell off the ladder.
他從梯子上摔下來。
fell是實義動詞，單獨作謂語。
look
看；看起來
He is looking at the picture.
他正在看這圖片。行爲動詞
It looks beautiful.
它看上去很美麗。系動詞
I felt someone touch my arm.
我感到有人碰我的手臂。行爲動詞
Are you felling better today than before?
你今天比以前感到好些了嗎？系動詞
My little brother likes to smell the apple before he eats it.
我的小弟弟喜歡在喫蘋果前聞一聞。行爲動詞
Great! The flowers smell nice.
這些花聞起來多香啊！系動詞
The letter “h” in hour is not sounded.
在hour這個詞中字母h是不發音的。行爲動詞
The gun sounded much closer.
槍聲聽起來更近了。系動詞
Please taste the soup.
請嘗一口湯。行爲動詞
The soup tastes terrible.
這湯嚐起來味道太差了。系動詞
Do you grow rice in your country?
你們的國家種水稻嗎？行爲動詞
It’s too late. It’s growing dark.
太遲了，天漸漸變暗了。系動詞
The earth turns around the sun.
地球繞着太陽轉。行爲動詞
When spring comes,the trees turn green and the flowers come out.
春天來了，樹葉變經綠了，花兒開了。系動詞
如何來辨別到底是行爲動詞還是系動詞？
即用be替換句子中的這些動詞，句子仍然成立就是系動詞；
反之，不能替換的，就是行爲動詞。
例如：
The trees turn/are green when spring comes.
春天來臨，樹葉變綠。
The earth turns around the sun.
地球繞着太陽轉。
這第二句句子中的turn是行爲動詞，意爲“轉動”。無法以is替換。
2.1.3 助動詞
助動詞協助&幫助實義動詞構成謂語，幫助完成語法功能（時態、語態、疑問句、否定句等）。
助動詞自身幾乎沒有詞義，
通常與其他實義動詞&主要動詞連用構成謂語，不可單獨做謂語。
He does not like English.
他不喜歡英語。
does是助動詞，無詞義；like是實義動詞，有詞義。
助動詞的分類
基本助動詞
他們幾乎沒有詞彙意義，只有語法作用。
be（is、am、are、was、were）
be既可以是助動詞也可以是系動詞，
be後面接的是動詞則爲助動詞，be後面接名詞或形容詞則爲系動詞。
It is not too late.
They are all very useful.
The problem is to find the right house.
She is watching a film with her mother.
她正在跟她媽媽一起看電影。
The toy was bought by my father.
那個玩具被我爸爸買了。
He is giving a lecture.
他在作報告。
The small animals are kept in the cages.
小動物都被關在籠子裏。
My coat is hanging over there near the window.
The sheep is eating the green leaves.
be doing構成進行時態
Tom is invited by me.
be+動詞過去分詞構成被動語態
have,has,had
have,has,had既可以是實義動詞也可以是助動詞。
have,has,had經常用作幫助句子構成完成時的時態，
表示我已經怎麼怎麼樣。
I have finished my assignment before going back home.
I have become a teacher since 2010.
They have learnt English for there years.
He has made a plan.
他已經訂了計劃。
John has learned English for two years.
do,does,did
do,does,did既可以是實義動詞也可以是助動詞。
do,does,did幫助句子構成否定句，一般疑問句。
He doesn’t smoke.
I do not go for holidays in winter.
do構成否定句
Do you know much about cooking?
Do you like saving money?
do構成一般疑問句
Which art exhibition do you all want to see?
do構成特殊疑問句
Don't be late for school!
don’t構成祈使句
錯誤：
Tom didn’t his homework.
正確：
Tom didn’t do his homework.
情態助動詞&情態動詞
情態動詞是一種特殊的助動詞，
情態動詞是一種本身有一定的詞義，但不完整，
要與動詞原形及其被動語態一起使用，給謂語動詞增添情態色彩，
表示說話人對有關行爲或事物的態度和看法，
語氣，情態，認爲其可能、應該或必要等。
情態動詞後面必須加動詞原形。
表示說話人對某一動作或狀態的態度或主觀猜想。
表示動作，狀態，猜想。
情態助動詞不受主語的人稱、數、時態的限制。
情態動詞不能單獨做謂語，必須與實義動詞原形一起構成謂語。
兩個情態助動詞不能連用。
錯誤：
He will can finish it.
他將能夠及時完成此事。
常見的情態動詞有：
must
should,shall
ought to
can,could
will,would
may,might
具有情態動詞特徵：
used to
have(had,has) to
must
1.表示必須
通常表達說話者的主觀意志，我必須怎樣怎樣，
鋼鐵板的意志~
You must do your homework.
We must study hard at school.
Must I get up early every day.
Students must book seats in advance.
They must know how to deal with money when they grow up.
My daughter was ill.I must take care of her.
2.表示推測
表示比較肯定的推測，你一定是誰誰誰。
He must be our English teacher.
3.否定形式
must的否定形式是mustn’t，表示禁止，語氣非常強烈。
You mustn't smoke in the street or other public places.
Students mustn't talk in the exam.
Children mustn't play with fire.
常見錯誤：
It must be Lucy’s.It must not be Lily’s.
第一句話表示推測，而第二句話表示禁止，語義上是不對的。
4.must與have to的區別
must表示主觀願意，have to表示客觀需要、被迫、不得不、主觀上並不願意。
使用must提問，可以使用have to做回答。
I must finish my assignment today.
I have to wait fortnight before I get good research result.
fortnight= 兩週，14天
I lost my glasses,I nearly run out of money,but I have to buy a new one.
I’m ill,so I have to see a doctor.
We’ll have to go there by bus.
In those days he had to work every day.
have to的否定形式：
don’t / doesn’t have to表示不必要。
You don’t have to bring any snacks and refreshments.
你不必帶任何的零食和點心。
I don’t have to go to the supermarket,it’s convenient.
I had a bad fever,
I have to go to the hospital.
Must I go to the dentist’s?
-No.You don’t have to.
shall,should
1.表示應該
Students should study hard.
You should call him.
You should leave
I shall cook the supper myself.
2.表示推測
They all should be there by now.
3.表示將來時態
I shall cook the supper myself.
may,might
1.表示允許、許可、可以
表示允許或徵詢對方的許可，是比較委婉的表達。
You may go now.
May I know your phone number?
You may take a cab to school.
You may watch TV on Sundays.
2.表示猜測、可能
It may snow next week.
Our professor may come to the office tomorrow.
The teacher may not be in the office.
3.may和might的用法
可以理解成may=might，might是may的過去式，
might表示猜測時可能性會更低一些，might是may的更禮貌形式。
Might I have one of your pictures?
can,could
1.表示能，會，能夠、能力、可能性
I can see the birds over there.
The government can help the poor to reduce financial burden.
He can speak at least four foreign languages.
You can not do your homework.
He comes from England ,so he can speak English very well.
He can do his homework last night.
can的否定形式爲can’t= can not 表示否定猜測，表示一定不。
He can't be our office manager.
That can't be true.
The housing price in China is extremely high,I can't afford it.
afford，支付，只能用來否定句。
2.表示請求、得到允許
一般用在疑問句中，can的語氣比較強烈，
可以用could使語氣變得委婉，顯得有禮貌。
Uncle Wang said we could borrow his boat.
Can you show me the way to school?
Can you throw away the household waste?
3.can與could的區別
could表示can的過去式，以及語氣的緩和或請求允許。
Could you please open the door?
He could play the guitar when he was six.
Could you tell me where I can get hot water?
Could I see your ID card?
表示許可或要求，且語氣更禮貌
will,would
I will go abroad to study economics.
The government will give citizens enough financial support.
Will you go to university next year?
He will be eighteen years old next Sunday.
will+動詞原形構成將來時態
used to
used to表示過去常常做某事情，但現在不幹了，後常跟動詞原形。
I used to take subway to school.
還有一種常見的表達方式是be used to，
詞義發生改變，並不是情態動詞，表示習慣於做某事，
一般跟名詞或動名詞。
I am used to the cold weather.
He is used to the foreign food.
練習，通過詞性進行判斷
I ___ drink boiled water.
-used to
We ___ the spicy food in SiChuan.
-are used to
Students ___ watch news at 5pm.
-used to
My parents ___ the naughty corgi dog.
-are used to
半助動詞
在功能上介乎主動詞和助動詞之間的一類結構，稱爲半助動詞。
常見的半助動詞有：
be about to
be due to
be going to
be likely to
be meant to
be obliged to
be supposed to
be willing to
have to
seem to
be unable to
be unwilling to等。
細節暫不展開。
既是助動詞又是實義動詞
Do you have a car?
Did you have a good time?
-yes, we did.
How many children do you have?
She doesn’t have any pets.
I didn’t have my credit card wih me.
I have two books in my beadroom.
上述這些話中have不是助動詞，have是實義動詞。
（
延伸閱讀：
have，當實義動詞時表示擁有，通常可接got（get的過去分詞），
有時候甚至可以省略助動詞have，
形成i got，he got等用法。
You’ve got / You got a nice sweater.
）
We are having a meeting.
我們正在開會。實義動詞
He has gone to New York.
他已去紐約。助動詞
We are having a meeting.
我們正在開會。實義動詞
He has gone to New York.
他已去紐約。助動詞
常見錯誤：
第一個do是助動詞，第二個do是實義動詞。
錯誤：
Tom didn’t his homework.
正確：
Tom didn’t do his homework.
助動詞的作用
構成時態
He is singing.
他在唱歌。（現在進行時）
He has got married.
他已結婚。（現在完成時）
A dog is running after a cat.
一條狗正在追逐一隻貓。（現在進行時）
He will be eighteen years old next Sunday.
他下週日就十八歲了。（一般將來時）
構成被動語態
He was sent to England.
他被派往英國。
構成疑問句
Do you like college life?
你喜歡大學生活嗎？
Did you study English before you came here?
你來這兒之前學過英語嗎？
Did he have any milk and bread for his breakfast?
他早餐喝牛奶、吃麪包嗎？
did表示一般過去時，並提到句首用構成一般疑問句。
Which art exhibition do you all want to see?
構成否定句
助動詞與否定副詞not連用
I don’t like him.
我不喜歡他。
He does not speak English well.
他英語講得不好。
does表示一般現在時，並與not連用構成否定句。
構成祈使句
Don’t be late for school.
加強語氣
Do come to the party tomorrow evening.
明天晚上一定來參加晚會。
He did know that.
他的確知道那件事。
They do have nice daughters.
他們的確有個不錯的女兒。
2.2 按照是否可以直接加賓語分類
2.2.1 及物動詞vt
及物動詞是指動詞的後面需要使用賓語使其意義完整的動詞，
動詞的後面需要跟一個動作的承受者（賓語），才能使句子意思完整。
及物動詞有被動語態。
像：“我看”，這句話，我看什麼呢？
這句話句子意思不完整。
That dog makes the boy happy.
那條狗是這個孩子高興起來。
I enjoyed the book very much.
He always leaves his bag at school.
The governments construct many buildings.
She is holding a book.
I went shopping yesterday.
He likes bananas.
Give me some ink,please.
請給我一些墨水。
She is holding a book.
她正在拿着一本書。
I went shopping yesterday.
我昨天去購物了。
He likes bananas.
他喜歡香蕉。
If you have any questions,you can raise your hands.
如果你們有問題，你們可以舉手。
2.2.2 不及物動詞vi
不及物動詞後面不需要動作的承受者（賓語），
單詞本身意義已經很完整了，句子意思完整了。
不及物動詞後面不能直接加賓語，也沒有被動語態。
如果需要加動作的承受者，那麼需要不及物動詞+介詞。
注意：不及物動詞有時可以加上副詞或介詞，構成短語動詞， 相當於一個及物動詞，這種情況下後面可以接賓語，例如：...worry about it。
I live in Beijing.
我住在北京。
Birds fly quickly.
鳥飛走了。
I want to see a doctor.
我想看醫生。
want既可以做vi也可以做vt，在這裏是vi。
The last bus left.
最後一輛公交車離開了
He works hard.
他工作努力。
I will come tomorrow.
我明天會來。
The train left just now.
火車剛剛離開。
My watch stopped.
我的錶停了。
Jack runs faster than Mike.
傑克跑步比邁克要快些。
Please look at the blackboard and listen to me.
請看黑板，聽我說。
2.2.3 既是不及物動詞又是及物動詞
許多動詞可用作及物動詞，也可用作不及物動詞。
在及物動詞與不及物動詞轉換的同時，詞義也可能發生變化。
He always drinks tea in the morning.及物，喝
Her husband never drinks.不及物，喝酒
Who is going to speak at the meeting?
誰打算在會上發言？
speak，不及物
Few people outside China speak Chinese.
在中國外很少人講漢語。
speak，及物
The guy stopped that car. 及物
The car stopped 不及物
We began the meeting ten minutes ago. 及物
May I begin now? 不及物
He walks the dog every morning. 及物
He is walking now. 不及物
Wash your hands before dinner. 及物
Does this cloth wash well? 不及物
She can dance and sing.
她能唱歌又能跳舞。不及物
She can sing many English songs.
她能唱好多首英文歌曲。及物
2.3 按照是否受主語的人稱和數的限制分類
2.3.1 限定動詞
She sings very well.
她唱得很好。
sing受主語she的限制，故用第三人稱單數形式sings。
2.3.2 非限定動詞&非謂語動詞
She wants to learn English well.
她想學好英語。
to learn不受主語she的限制，沒有詞形變化，是非限定動詞。
英語中共有三種非限定動詞，分別是：
動詞不定式（Infinitive）、動名詞（Gerund）、分詞（Participle）。
也有人把非限定動詞稱爲非謂語動詞，說白了就是不能充當謂語。
動詞只要前面有to，或者加了ing，那它就失去了做謂語的權利，不能單獨做謂語。
非限定動詞的否定形式：
not +不定式
not + 動名詞
not + 現在分詞
一個正確的簡單句，一定只有一套主謂結構，但如果句中有多個動作並存，則需要保證一個動作是謂語動詞，其他的動作都是非謂語動詞。
I like to lie in the bed reading book written by famous authors and listening to some music.
doing 與 to to 的區別:
doing表示動作的經常性、習慣性。
to do表示動作的一次性、未來性、目的性。
I study IELTS to go overseas.
學雅思的目的是爲了出國。
I like watching films.
我喜歡看電影，表示習慣性。
I like to watch film in a while.
過一會我要去看一場電影。
I’m going to watch a film tomorrow.
be going to表示將要，將來
I am to watch a film in a while.
be to do表示將來，立即、馬上，發生的更快。
2.3.2.1 動詞不定式
動詞不定式由to+動詞原型構成。
to do經常表示目的。
He began to work as a tourist guide.
began是謂語動詞。
I come here to borrow some reference books.
come是謂語動詞，不定式做目的狀語，後面的文章會講。
注意：not必須位於不定式之前
He expects you not to say anything.
| 時態 | 主動 | 被動 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般式 | to do | to be done |
| 完成式 | to have done | to have been done |
He wants John to rent a replacement vehicle.
When would you like your car to be ready?
He ordered the prisoners to be freed.
He was ordered to pay at once.
be used to doing sth
習慣做某事，這裏的to是介詞，需要接doing，
並不是傳統的動詞不定式要接動詞原形。
2.3.2.2 動名詞
需要它是什麼詞性，它就是什麼詞性，
需要是動詞就是動詞，需要是名詞就是名詞。
一般情況下，動名詞做主語，謂語需要變三單形式。
| 時態 | 主動 | 被動 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般式 | doing | being done |
| 完成式 | having done | having been done |
have 後不能直接接動ing形式
介詞後面接動詞的話，不能接動詞原型，要加動詞ing。
Parents do not know whether youngsters can improve language skills by studying abroad.
可以接動詞ing的單詞：
hate doing sth
enjoy doing sth
like doing sth
2.3.2.3 分詞
分詞包括現在分詞和過去分詞。
| 時態 | 主動 | 被動 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般式 | doing | being done |
| 完成式 | having done | having been done |
現在分詞
現在分詞一般是動詞+ing。
I like watching film.
過去分詞
過去分詞一般是動詞的過去式，動詞+ed，但也有不規則變化。
2.4 按照單詞數量分類
2.4.1 單字詞
The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases.
英語裏有許多短語動詞和動詞短語。
2.4.2 短語動詞
短語動詞的構成基本有下列幾種：
動詞+副詞，如：black out；
動詞+介詞，如：look into；
動詞+副詞+介詞，如：look forward to。
Turn off the radio.
把收音機關上。
Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries.
學生們學會查字典。
look for = search
尋找
The family called the police to help them look for their son,who was lost.
look after = care for
照顧
The parents asked the baby-sitter to look after their children while they went out.
look at = examine
檢查，檢閱
When they arrived at the hospital,the doctor look at his broken arm.
look over = check
看一下
The students asked his tutor to look over his essay for mistakes.
look through = scan
掃描，瀏覽
The class sometimes look through the newspaper for information about their local town.
The young ought to take care of the old.
年輕人應照料老人。
3. 動詞的形式
動詞有五種形態，分別是：
原形（Original Form）、
第三人稱單數形式（Singular Form in Third Personal）、
過去式（Past Form）、
過去分詞（Past Participle）、
現在分詞（Present Participle）。
這裏涉及到時態的知識點，後續文章會有專門講解。
主語是三單形式時，謂語動詞要變形。
| 原型 | 過去式 | 過去分詞 | 三單 | 現在分詞 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| be(is,am,are) | was,were | been | is | being |
| do | did | done | does | doing |
| have | had | had | has | having |
| go | saw | seen | sees | seeing |
| see | went | gone | goes | going |
| take | took | taken | takes | taking |
| make | made | made | makes | making |
| read | read | read | reads | reading |
| pull | pulled | pulled | pulls | pulling |
| drive | drove | driven | drives | driving |
| write | wrote | written | plays | playing |
| play | played | played | plays | playing |
3.1 第三人稱單數
第一人稱：我、我們；
第二人稱：你、你們；
第三人稱：他、她、它、他們、她們、它們；
第三人稱單數：他，她，它，不可數名詞也算作單數處理。
-
可數名詞單數做主語
The programbecomesvery popular now. -
不可數名詞做主語
Waterisan important resource in the world.
Bottled water is very convenient.
- 動名詞做主語
Doing sports regularlyhelpsme keep fit.
Sending gifts is a kind of social etiquette.
Playing tennis is my favorite sport.
-
不定式做主語
To make attractive TV programsisnot easy. -
單數代詞做主語
包括：it,she,he,this,that,someone,somebody,anybody,nobody,everybody,單個人名等等。
It is my favorite action moive.
This is a horror film.
She is a student.
Nobody comes to the library,because the aid conditioning system doesn’t work.
Somebody is singing outside the classroom.
Tom is my classmate.
第三人稱單數簡稱“三單”。
此處介紹一個語法現象叫，主謂一致。
句子中謂語動詞需要跟隨主語名詞的變化而變化，保持主謂一致。
主語是三單，謂語動詞需要變成三單（不考慮時態語態的情況下）。
主語是複數，謂語動詞需要變成原型（不考慮時態語態的情況下）。
句子成分的知識點會在後面的博客中介紹。
一般現在時主語是第三人稱單數，謂語動詞後要加s或es，
其變化規則與名詞變複數的方法大體相同。
規則變化
直接加s
eat -> eats
work -> works
write -> writes
say -> says
sleep -> sleeps
take -> takes
want -> wants
live -> lives
play -> plays
lose -> loses
make -> makes
stay -> stays
read -> reads
以s,x,sh,ch結尾
後加es
guess -> guesses
mix -> mix
finish -> finishes
catch -> catches
fix -> fixes
dress -> dresses
carry -> carries
push -> pushes
teach -> teaches
wash -> washes
watch -> watches
以輔音字母加y結尾
改y爲i再加es
fly -> flies
try -> tries
study -> studies
cry -> cries
carry -> carries
不規則變化
have-has
be -> is
go-goes
do-does
3.2 分詞
動詞的分詞分爲兩種：現在分詞、過去分詞，這兩種分詞都可以做修飾成分，
用來修飾名詞，起形容詞的作用。
在英語中至少有一半的修飾成分是由動詞裏的分詞來承擔的。
單個分詞作定語要前置，分詞短語做定語要後置。
accepted attitude
人人都可以接受的態度
Unidentified Flying Object
不明飛行物，不能鑑別的+正在飛行的
developed country
發達國家
developing country
發展中國家
fallen leaves/star/empire
落葉
隕落的星星
墮落的帝國
faded memory
記憶模糊
a retired teacher
退休老師
a married woman
已婚婦女
Making sounds unrelated to language
Research carried out by scientists in the United States has shown that the proportion of people over 65 suffering from the most common age-ralated medical problems is xxx and that the speed of this change is xxx.
Increasingly,voices are being raised in India and abroad,questioning the wisdom and warning of the consequences of sending such a massive number of new cars onto the roads.
現在分詞
直接加ing
study -> studying
play-> playing
do-> doing
work-> working
去e加ing
以不發音的字母e結尾的動詞，去e加ing。
如write->writing
move -> moving
make -> making
increase -> increasing
become -> becoming
重讀閉音節
重讀閉音節結尾的動詞，末尾只有一個輔音字母，雙寫結尾字母再加ing。
（以一個元音字母和一個輔音結尾的重讀音節結尾的動詞）
begin -> beginning
sit -> sitting
run -> running
jog -> jogging
chat -> chatting
shop -> shopping
swim -> swimming
plan -> planning
beg -> begging
ban -> banning
get -> getting
put -> putting
以ie結尾
以ie結尾，把ie變成y加ing
lie -> lying
die -> dying
tie -> tying
過去分詞
未完待續
被動語態相關
3.3 過去式
過去式變形
直接加ed
ask -> asked
call -> called
work -> worked
watch -> watched
look -> looked
sound -> sounded
want -> wanted
pick -> picked
plant -> planted
start -> started
help -> helped
不發音的e結尾
只加d
love -> loved
dance -> danced
provide -> provided
taste -> tasted
smile -> smiled
like -> liked
hate -> hated
hope -> hoped
change -> changed
decide -> decided
surprise -> surprised
provide -> provided
輔音字母加y結尾
把y改i加ed
try -> tried
study -> studied
cry -> cried
worry -> worried
carry -> carried
hurry -> hurried
apply -> applied
bury -> buried
fry -> fried
元音字母加y結尾
直接加ed
stay -> stayed
play -> played
enjoy -> enjoyed
employ -> employed
pray -> prayed
obey -> obeyed
destroy -> destroyed
annoy -> annoyed
元音字母和輔音結尾的重讀音節結尾
先雙末尾一個字母，再加ed。
drop -> dropped
fit -> fitted
stop -> stopped
step -> stepped
permit -> permitted
plan -> planned
admit -> admitted
refer -> referred
prefer -> preferred
trap -> trapped
不規則變形
do -> did
come -> came
speak -> spoke
make -> made
go -> went
know -> knew
forget -> forgot
sit -> sat
am -> was
is -> was
are -> were
sing -> sang
eat -> ate
wear -> wore
give -> gave
meet -> met
see -> saw
become -> became
begin -> began
blow -> blew
break -> broke
bring -> brought
build -> built
burn -> burnt, burned
buy -> bought
can -> could
catch -> caught
choose -> chose
come -> came
draw -> drew
dream -> dreamed, dreamt
drink -> drank
drive -> drove
eat -> ate
fall -> fell
feed -> fed
feel -> felt
find -> found
fly -> flew
freeze -> froze
get -> got
grow -> grew
have -> had
hear -> heard
hold -> held
keep -> kept
know -> knew
lay -> laid
lead -> led
learn -> learnt, learned
leave -> left
lend -> lent
lie -> lay
lie -> lied
light -> lit
light -> lighted
lose -> lost
may -> might
mean -> meant
pay -> paid
quit -> quitted, quit
ride -> rode
ring -> rang
rise -> rose
run -> ran
say -> said
see -> saw
sell -> sold
send -> sent
shake -> shook
shall -> should
shine -> shone, shined
show -> showed
sleep -> slept
smell -> smelt, smelled
speak -> spoke
spell -> spelt, spelled
spend -> spent
stand -> stood
swim -> swam
take -> took
teach -> taught
tell -> told
think -> thought
throw -> threw
wake -> waked, woke
wear -> wore
will -> would
win -> won
work -> worked
write -> wrote
過去式不變
read -> read
put -> put
cost -> cost
cut -> cut
beat -> beat
cost -> cost
cut -> cut
hit -> hit
hurt -> hurt
let -> let
must -> must
ought -> ought
put -> put
read -> read
set -> set
過去式發音
[t]
liked [laɪkt]
walked [wɔːkt]
danced [dɑːnst]
watched [wɒtʃt]
[d]
loved [lʌvd]
studied [ˈstʌdid]
stayed [steɪd]
travelled [ˈtrævld]
[ɪd]
started [ˈstɑːtɪd]
wanted [ˈwɒntɪd]
hated [ˈheɪtɪd]
visited [ˈvɪzɪtɪd]
總結
be(is,am,are,was,were)動詞只能做系動詞或助動詞。