深入理解Oracle表(1)：ORDERED和USE_NL

http://blog.csdn.net/linwaterbin/article/details/8544436

ORDERED好理解，就是表示根據 from 後面表的順序join，從左到右，左邊的表做驅動表
use_nl（t1,t2）：表示對錶t1、t2關聯時採用嵌套循環連接,其並不能讓優化器確定誰是驅動表或誰是被驅動的表
USE_NL()，先看看oracle doc怎麼說：

In this statement, the USE_NL hint explicitly chooses a nested loops join with the customers table as the inner table:
SELECT /*+ ORDERED USE_NL(customers) to get first row faster */
accounts.balance, customers.last_name, customers.first_name
FROM accounts, customers
WHERE accounts.customer_id = customers.customer_id;

customers 作爲inner table，也就是說作爲被驅動表。驅動表稱爲outer table
如果指定的表是outer table（驅動表），則優化器會忽略這個hint
如果非要強制它作爲inner table，可以配上ordered參數
oradered 表示根據from 後面表的順序，從左到右join，左表做驅動表，3個或3個以上最有用
也就是說use_nl如果只帶了一個表名作爲參數，則該表爲被驅動表
如果帶了2個以上的參數，Oracle並沒有指出use_nl(a,b)中哪個是驅動表，所以常使用ordered或者full()或者index()來強化我們的目標

以下是測試：

[sql] view plain copy print ?

hr@ORCL> select first_name,departments.department_id from employees,departments where employees.department_id=departments.department_id;
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 169719308
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 106 | 1484 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 1 | NESTED LOOPS | | 106 | 1484 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 2 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| EMPLOYEES | 107 | 1070 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 3 | INDEX UNIQUE SCAN| DEPT_ID_PK | 1 | 4 | 0 (0)| 00:00:01 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

hr@ORCL> select  first_name,departments.department_id from employees,departments where employees.department_id=departments.department_id;

Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 169719308

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation          | Name       | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT   |            |   106 |  1484 |     3   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   1 |  NESTED LOOPS      |            |   106 |  1484 |     3   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   2 |   TABLE ACCESS FULL| EMPLOYEES  |   107 |  1070 |     3   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|*  3 |   INDEX UNIQUE SCAN| DEPT_ID_PK |     1 |     4 |     0   (0)| 00:00:01 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

此處優化器選擇employees作爲驅動表，因爲departments上有索引，而且索引正好建立在連接列上

[sql] view plain copy print ?

hr@ORCL> select /*+ use_nl(employees) */ first_name,departments.department_id from employees,departments where employees.department_id=departments.department_id;
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 169719308
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 106 | 1484 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 1 | NESTED LOOPS | | 106 | 1484 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 2 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| EMPLOYEES | 107 | 1070 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 3 | INDEX UNIQUE SCAN| DEPT_ID_PK | 1 | 4 | 0 (0)| 00:00:01 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

hr@ORCL> select /*+ use_nl(employees) */ first_name,departments.department_id from employees,departments where employees.department_id=departments.department_id;

Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 169719308

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation          | Name       | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT   |            |   106 |  1484 |     3   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   1 |  NESTED LOOPS      |            |   106 |  1484 |     3   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   2 |   TABLE ACCESS FULL| EMPLOYEES  |   107 |  1070 |     3   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|*  3 |   INDEX UNIQUE SCAN| DEPT_ID_PK |     1 |     4 |     0   (0)| 00:00:01 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

由於employees是作爲驅動表，優化器會忽略hint提示

[sql] view plain copy print ?

hr@ORCL> select /*+ ordered use_nl(employees) */ first_name,departments.department_id from departments,employees where employees.department_id=departments.department_id;
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 2677871237
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 106 | 1484 | 8 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| EMPLOYEES | 4 | 40 | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 2 | NESTED LOOPS | | 106 | 1484 | 8 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 3 | INDEX FULL SCAN | DEPT_ID_PK | 27 | 108 | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 4 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | EMP_DEPARTMENT_IX | 10 | | 0 (0)| 00:00:01 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

hr@ORCL> select /*+ ordered use_nl(employees) */ first_name,departments.department_id from departments,employees where employees.department_id=departments.department_id;

Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 2677871237

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation                   | Name              | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT            |                   |   106 |  1484 |     8   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| EMPLOYEES         |     4 |    40 |     1   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   2 |   NESTED LOOPS              |                   |   106 |  1484 |     8   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   3 |    INDEX FULL SCAN          | DEPT_ID_PK        |    27 |   108 |     1   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|*  4 |    INDEX RANGE SCAN         | EMP_DEPARTMENT_IX |    10 |       |     0   (0)| 00:00:01 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

現在是departments作爲驅動表了

深入理解Oracle表(1)：ORDERED和USE_NL