英語習語所用設喻形象對比趣談

作者:未知 文章來源:Internet 點擊數:302 更新時間:2005-1-21 漢語中習語大致指人們習慣使用的成語典故,引語,俗語,歇後語和諺語等的集合體; 英語中的習語大 致可以包括一些 proverbs,sayings, colloquial phrases, allusions,一些idioms和slangs。 通過對英漢習語對比學習,我們不僅能瞭解不同文化中語言的民族性特色,而且能從不同的設喻形象中獲 得樂趣,覺得這樣的學習不是苦差事,並且還能使記憶深刻,理解到位,使用地道,甚至對英漢互譯也有幫助 。 筆者本着趣味性和使用性的原則,試着從一個hay stack 中找出幾根 needle來,算管中窺豹吧,以下從四 個方面舉例說明。 一.英漢習語所用設喻相似而意義相近的 Great minds think alike.英雄所見略同; Courtesy costs nothing.禮多人不怪; Lovers' quarrels are soon mended.夫妻無隔夜仇; The higher up, the greater the fall. 攀高跌重: know something like the palm or back of one's hand 瞭如指掌; constant dropping wears the stone 滴水穿石; fish in troubled water 混水摸魚; Great oaks from little acorns grow. 合抱之木,生於毫末; pour oil on the flame 火上加油; Give somebody an inch and he'll take an mile. 得寸進尺; lie down on the job. 磨洋工; Strike while the iron is hot. 趁熱打鐵; Walls have ears. 隔牆有耳; The tailor makes the man. 人靠衣服馬靠鞍; a yes man 應聲蟲(跟屁蟲); at one's wit's end 才窮智盡; hang by a thread 千鈞一髮; plain sailing 一帆風順; follow in sb's footsteps 步人後塵; bite off more than one can chew 貪多嚼不爛; The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak. 心有餘而力不足; wash one's hands of 洗手不幹; Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. 情人眼裏出西施; run sb. to earth 鑽入地縫也要抓到某人; skin deep 膚淺。 以上此類由於設喻形象相似,因而最容易掌握,我們平時學習中要注意積累。 二.英漢習語所用設喻形象各異,意義卻相近的 When a man is going downhill, everyone will give him apush. 牆倒衆人推; silken tongue 巧舌如簧; a flash in the pan 曇花一現; don't cry over spilt milk 生米已成熟飯; put all one's eggs in one basket. 孤注一擲; hold a wolf by the ears 騎虎難下; between the devil and the deep sea 進退維谷; kick the bucket 翹辮子,蹬腿兒(死了); The longest day must have an end. 世上沒有不散的宴席; like a rat in the hole 甕中捉鱉; A good conscience is a soft pillow. 白天不做虧心事;半夜不怕鬼敲門; birds of a feather 物以類聚,人以羣分(一丘之貉); You can't judge a tree by its bark.人不可貌相,海水不可斗量; All is fish that comes to one's net. 抓到籃裏便是菜; cherish a snake in one's bosom 養虎爲患; diamond cut diamond 棋逢對手,將遇良才,(或針尖對麥芒); New brooms sweep clean.新官上任三把火; It never rains but it pours. 禍不單行; hit the nail on the head 一針見血; apple of one's eye 掌上明珠; a lion in the way 攔路虎; The pot calls the kettle black. 烏鴉笑豬黑(五十步笑一百步); bury one's head in the sand 掩耳盜鈴; out of the frying pan into the fire 剛出虎穴,又入狼窩; eat one's cake and have it 又要馬兒跑,又要馬兒不喫草; cast pearls before a swine 對牛彈琴; put the cart before the horse 本末倒置; a black sheep 害羣之馬; wet behind the ears 乳臭未乾; rob Peter to pay Paul 挖肉補瘡; penny wise and pound foolish 撿了芝麻,丟了西瓜; have a card up one's sleeve 胸有成竹; sit on the fence 腳踩兩隻船(隨風倒); cry wolf 烽火戲諸侯; entertain an angel unawares 有眼不識泰山; teach one's grandmother how to suck eggs 班門弄斧(關公門前耍大刀); You can't make an omelet without breaking eggs. 巧婦難爲無米之炊; as bold as brass 臉如城牆厚; use a sledge hammer to crack a nut 殺雞用牛刀(高射炮打蚊子); throw in the towel 拱手認負; bury the hatchet 握手言和; Don't cross the bridge till you come to it. 車到山前必有路,船到橋頭自然直; live in a fool's paradise 做黃樑美夢; place all one's cards on the table 打開天窗說亮話; play second fiddle 唱配角; stab sb in the back 放冷箭; a blessing in disguise 塞翁失馬,安知非福; Don't count the chicken before they're hatched. 不要揭鍋太早。 以上此類收集較多是因爲趣味性強。在對比學習的同時,我們不禁爲不同文化中語言的民族特色而深深打 動。 三.英漢習語所用設喻形象相似而不可望文生義的 pull one's leg,指開玩笑而不是拉後腿的意思; child's play,指簡單容易而不是視同兒戲的意思; strange bedfellows,指萍水相逢而不是同牀異夢的意思; in the same boat,指處於困境而不是同舟共濟的意思; to be 'touch and go'指危險處境而不是一觸即發的意思; Once bitten, twice shy, 指一回上當兩回乖(有積極含義)而不是一朝被蛇咬十年怕井繩(有消極的 含義)的意思; throw a sprat to catch a whale, 指舍小利而求大利而不是拋磚引玉的意思; one's hair stands on end,指恐懼而不是怒髮衝冠的意思。 此類屬於不可望文生義者,我們學習時要倍加註意。 四.英漢習語所用設喻形象相似而意義卻恰恰相反的 like a fish out of water,與如魚得水意義相反; Many a good cow hath a bad calf,與虎父無犬子意義相反; cry stinking fish,與王婆賣瓜意義相反; Hard words breakno bones,與惡語傷人六月寒意義相反 。 此類情形不多,不過在使用時我們可以“反其道而行之。” 結尾我們需要強調兩點。 一是上文列舉的英漢習語的對應並非“exactly the equivalent of each oth er”,所以我們需要根據上下文仔細揣摩,找出其細微差別,方能理解到位,使用起來才能避免詞不達意。二 是本文強調了英漢習語設喻形象對照,目的是讓學習者感興趣和易於記憶,閱讀英文原著時,也許我們更經常 見到的是這些英語習語的變體;翻譯時我們大都使用它們的比喻義,而不是一見面就直譯過來。
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