1、yum倉庫

1.1 CenOS7系統yum倉庫配置

1）自建centos7本地源

#掛載光盤至某目錄,如/mnt/cdrom
[root@centos7 cd]# mount /dev/sr0 /mnt/cdrom
mount: mount point /mnt/cdrom does not exist
[root@centos7 cd]# mkdir /mnt/cdrom
[root@centos7 cd]# mount /dev/sr0 /mnt/cdrom
mount: /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only
[root@centos7 cd]# ll
total 1668
-rw-r--r--.  1 root root      14 Oct 30 05:14 CentOS_BuildTag
drwxr-xr-x.  3 root root    2048 Oct 27 00:25 EFI
-rw-rw-r--. 17 root root     227 Aug 30  2017 EULA
-rw-rw-r--. 17 root root   18009 Dec 10  2015 GPL
drwxr-xr-x.  3 root root    2048 Oct 27 00:26 images
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root    2048 Oct 27 00:25 isolinux
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root    2048 Oct 27 00:25 LiveOS
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root 1669120 Oct 29 22:39 Packages
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root    4096 Oct 30 04:03 repodata
-rw-rw-r--. 17 root root    1690 Dec 10  2015 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
-rw-rw-r--. 15 root root    1690 Dec 10  2015 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-7
-r--r--r--.  1 root root    2883 Nov  2 23:15 TRANS.TBL

#創建配置文件
[root@centos7 yum.repos.d]# cat centos7.repo    #添加校驗
[baseos-oneself]
name=centos7
baseurl=file:///mnt/cdrom
gpgcheck=1
enabled=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

#測試安裝
[root@centos7 yum.repos.d]# yum install -y tree     #使用的是自建倉庫baseof-oneself
--> Running transaction check
---> Package tree.x86_64 0:1.6.0-10.el7 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
======================================================================================
 Package            Arch       Version           Repository           Size
======================================================================================
Installing:
 tree              x86_64      1.6.0-10.el7      baseos-oneself        46 k

Transaction Summary
======================================================================================
Install  1 Package
Installed:
  tree.x86_64 0:1.6.0-10.el7
Complete!

2）自建centos7網絡源

#在本地倉庫基礎上，添加aliyun網絡源、extras源以及epel源
[root@repo-server yum.repos.d]# cat centos7.repo
[baseos-cd]
name=centos7 cd
baseurl=file:///var/www/html/centos/7
gpgcheck=1
enabled=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

[baseos-aliyun]
name=centos7 aliyun
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7/os/x86_64
gpgcheck=0
enabled=1
#gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

[extras]
name=centos7 extras
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7/extras/x86_64
gpgcheck=0
enabled=1
#gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

[epel]
name=centos7 epel
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/7/x86_64/
gpgcheck=1
enabled=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-7

#測試，先清除緩存
[root@repo-server yum.repos.d]# yum clean all
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Repository epel is listed more than once in the configuration
Cleaning repos: baseos-aliyun baseos-cd epel extras
Cleaning up list of fastest mirrors
Other repos take up 215 M of disk space (use --verbose for details)
[root@repo-server yum.repos.d]# yum repolist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Repository epel is listed more than once in the configuration
Determining fastest mirrors
baseos-aliyun                                       | 3.6 kB  00:00:00
baseos-cd                                           | 3.6 kB  00:00:00
epel                                                | 4.7 kB  00:00:00
extras                                              | 2.9 kB  00:00:00
(1/8): baseos-cd/group_gz                           | 153 kB  00:00:00
(2/8): baseos-cd/primary_db                         | 6.1 MB  00:00:00
(3/8): epel/group_gz                                |  95 kB  00:00:01
(4/8): baseos-aliyun/primary_db                     | 6.1 MB  00:00:03
(5/8): epel/updateinfo                              | 1.0 MB  00:00:03
(6/8): baseos-aliyun/group_gz                       | 153 kB  00:00:03
(7/8): extras/primary_db                            | 222 kB  00:00:02
(8/8): epel/primary_db                              | 6.9 MB  00:00:03
repo id                   repo name                     status
baseos-aliyun             centos7 aliyun                10,072
baseos-cd                 centos7 cd                    10,072
epel                      centos7 epel                  13,512
extras                    centos7 extras                   448
repolist: 34,104
[root@repo-server yum.repos.d]#

#測試extras源，安裝epel
[root@repo-server yum.repos.d]# yum provides epel
No matches found
[root@repo-server yum.repos.d]# yum search epel
epel-release.noarch : Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux repository configuration
[root@repo-server yum.repos.d]# yum install epel-release
--> Running transaction check
---> Package epel-release.noarch 0:7-11 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
======================================================================================
 Package             Arch            Version            Repository            Size
======================================================================================
Installing:
 epel-release       noarch           7-11               extras                15 k

Transaction Summary
======================================================================================
Install  1 Package
Installed:
  epel-release.noarch 0:7-11
Complete!

#測試epel源安裝sl軟件
[root@repo-server yum.repos.d]# yum install sl -y
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package sl.x86_64 0:5.02-1.el7 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
======================================================================================
 Package             Arch              Version            Repository            Size
======================================================================================
Installing:
 sl                  x86_64            5.02-1.el7         epel                  14 k

Transaction Summary
======================================================================================
Install  1 Package
Installed:
  sl.x86_64 0:5.02-1.el7
Complete!

1.2 CenOS8系統yum倉庫配置

1）centos8自建本地源

#掛載光盤到/mnt/cdrom
[root@centos8 yum.repos.d]# lsblk
NAME        MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda           8:0    0   20G  0 disk
├─sda1        8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
└─sda2        8:2    0   19G  0 part
  ├─cl-root 253:0    0   18G  0 lvm  /
  └─cl-swap 253:1    0    1G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
sr0          11:0    1  7.7G  0 rom
[root@centos8 yum.repos.d]# mount /dev/sr0 /mnt/cdrom
mount: /mnt/cdrom: mount point does not exist.
[root@centos8 yum.repos.d]# mkdir /mnt/cdrom
[root@centos8 yum.repos.d]# mount /dev/sr0 /mnt/cdrom
mount: /mnt/cdrom: WARNING: device write-protected, mounted read-only.

#先備份源配置文件
[root@centos8 yum.repos.d]# find -name "*.repo" -exec mv {} {}.bak \;
[root@centos8 yum.repos.d]# ll
total 20
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jan 24 07:37 backup
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  187 Jan 24 03:43 centos-appstream.repo.bak
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  180 Jan 24 03:48 centos-base.repo.bak
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2595 Dec 26 06:31 CentOS-Base.repo.bak
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  698 Jan 24 06:41 epel8.repo.bak

#手動配置repo，centos8需要配置兩個倉庫，BaseOS和AppStream
[root@centos8 yum.repos.d]# cat centos8.repo
[baseos8-oneself]
name=centos8 baseos by oneself
baseurl=file:///mnt/cdrom/BaseOS
enabled=1

[appstream8-oneself]
name=centos8 appstream by oneself
baseurl=file:///mnt/cdrom/AppStream
enabled=1

#測試
[root@centos8 yum.repos.d]# yum install -y tree
Last metadata expiration check: 0:02:37 ago on Sun 24 Jan 2021 07:43:40 AM EST.
Dependencies resolved.
======================================================================================
 Package        Architecture        Version        Repository            Size
=======================================================================================Installing:
 tree          x86_64             1.7.0-15.el8     baseos8-oneself      59 k

Transaction Summary
======================================================================================
Install  1 Package
Installed:
  tree-1.7.0-15.el8.x86_64

Complete!

2）CentOS8配置網絡源

#和CentOS7系統的配置相同，在本地源的基礎上添加網絡源和epel、extras源
[root@centos8 ~]#cat /etc/yum.repos.d/base.repo
[baseos8-oneself]
name=centos8 baseos by oneself
baseurl=file:///misc/cd/BaseOS
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0

[appstream8-oneself]
name=centos8 appstream by oneself
baseurl=file:///misc/cd/AppStream
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0

[baseos8-aliyun]
name=centos8 baseos by aliyun
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/8/BaseOS/x86_64/os/
gpgcheck=0

[appstream8-aliyun]
name=centos8 appstream by aliyun
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/8/AppStream/x86_64/os/
gpgcheck=0

[epel]
name=EPEL
baseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/$releasever/Everything/$basearch
gpgcheck=0
enabled=1

[extras]
name=extras
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/$releasever/extras/$basearch/os
gpgcheck=0

[root@repo8-server yum.repos.d]# yum clean all
39 files removed
[root@repo8-server yum.repos.d]# yum repolist --all
repo id                   repo name                               status
appstream8-aliyun         centos8 appstream by aliyun             enabled
appstream8-oneself        centos8 appstream by oneself            enabled
baseos8-aliyun            centos8 baseos by aliyun                enabled   #aliyun倉庫
baseos8-oneself           centos8 baseos by oneself               enabled   #本地
epel                      EPEL                                    enabled
extras                    extras                                  enabled
[root@repo8-server yum.repos.d]# yum provides tree
Last metadata expiration check: 0:01:55 ago on Thu 28 Jan 2021 08:24:21 PM CST.
tree-1.7.0-15.el8.x86_64 : File system tree viewer
Repo        : @System
Matched from:
Provide    : tree = 1.7.0-15.el8

tree-1.7.0-15.el8.x86_64 : File system tree viewer
Repo        : baseos8-oneself               #本地倉庫
Matched from:
Provide    : tree = 1.7.0-15.el8

tree-1.7.0-15.el8.x86_64 : File system tree viewer
Repo        : baseos8-aliyun                #aliyun倉庫
Matched from:
Provide    : tree = 1.7.0-15.el8

1.3 實現私用 yum倉庫

下載所有yum倉庫的相關包和meta 數據

#CentOS 8 dnf 工具集成
dnf reposync --help #查看幫助
#默認只下載rpm包，不下載meta數據，需要指定--download-metadata 才能下載元數據
dnf reposync --repoid=REPOID --download-metadata -p /path   ##下載到指定目錄

#CentOS 7 以前版本，reposync工具來自於yum-utils包
reposync --repoid=REPOID --download-metadata -p /path

創建私有yum倉庫：

createrepo [options] <directory>

範例：centos7初始化倉庫和元數據

#1）使用reposync工具下載元數據
[root@centos7 yum.repos.d]# yum provides reposync
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
baseos-oneself/filelists_db         | 7.2 MB  00:00:00
yum-utils-1.1.31-54.el7_8.noarch : Utilities based around the yum package manager
Repo        : baseos-oneself
Matched from:
Filename    : /usr/bin/reposync

[root@centos7 yum.repos.d]# yum install -y yum-utils
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Dependencies Resolved

========================================================================================================================================================================
     Package         Arch              Version          Repository             Size
========================================================================================================================================================================
Installing:
 yum-utils          noarch            1.1.31-54.el7_8   baseos-oneself         122 k
Installing for dependencies:
libxml2-python      x86_64            2.9.1-6.el7.5     baseos-oneself         247 k
 python-chardet     noarch            2.2.1-3.el7       baseos-oneself         227 k
 python-kitchen     noarch            1.1.1-5.el7       baseos-oneself         267 k
Updating for dependencies:
 libxml2            x86_64            2.9.1-6.el7.5     baseos-oneself         668 k

Transaction Summary
=========================================================================================
...省略...
Complete!
[root@centos7 yum.repos.d]#

實例1：centos7系統創建局域網的基於Base和extras的私有yum源

1、yum服務器配置
#1）確保selinux和防火牆關閉，否則httpd服務無法訪問
[root@centos7 ~]# grep '^SELINUX=' /etc/selinux/config
SELINUX=disabled
[root@centos7 ~]# systemctl status firewalld
● firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; disabled; vendor preset: enabled)
   Active: inactive (dead)
     Docs: man:firewalld(1)

#2）修改主機名，並配置httpd服務
[root@centos7 ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname repo-server
[root@centos7 ~]# logout
[root@repo-server ~]# yum install -y httpd          ##安裝httpd軟件
[root@repo-server ~]# systemctl enable --now httpd  ##設置開機啓動
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/httpd.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service.
[root@repo-server ~]# mkdir /var/www/html/centos/7 -p   #新建存放centos光盤的目錄
[root@repo-server ~]# mount /dev/sr0 /mnt/              ##掛載光盤
[root@repo-server ~]# cp -a /mnt/* /var/www/html/centos/7   #生產環境中，要複製光盤內容

2、yum客戶端配置
#1）配置yum源
[root@repo-client ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d
[root@repo-client yum.repos.d]# mkdir backup
[root@repo-client yum.repos.d]# mv *.repo backup
[root@repo-client yum.repos.d]# ll
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root  259 Jan 24 22:14 backup
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2523 Jun 16  2018 CentOS-Base.repo.backup
[root@repo-client yum.repos.d]# vim centos7-100.12.repo
[root@repo-client yum.repos.d]# cat centos7-100.12.repo
[BaseOS]
name=Centos7 BaseOS by 100.12
baseurl=http://192.168.100.12/centos/7
gpgcheck=0
#gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

#2）通過局域網中的yum源服務器，安裝httpd
[root@repo-client yum.repos.d]# yum clean all
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Cleaning repos: BaseOS
Cleaning up list of fastest mirrors
[root@repo-client yum.repos.d]# yum repolist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Determining fastest mirrors
BaseOS                          | 3.6 kB  00:00:00
(1/2): BaseOS/group_gz          | 166 kB  00:00:00
(2/2): BaseOS/primary_db        | 6.0 MB  00:00:00
repo id       repo name                         status
BaseOS        Centos7 BaseOS by 100.12          10,019
repolist: 10,019
[root@repo-client yum.repos.d]# yum install httpd
...省略...
Installed:
  httpd.x86_64 0:2.4.6-95.el7.centos
Dependency Installed:
  apr.x86_64 0:1.4.8-7.el7    apr-util.x86_64 0:1.5.2-6.el7    httpd-tools.x86_64 0:2.4.6-95.el7.centos    mailcap.noarch 0:2.1.41-2.el7
Complete!

3、下載阿里雲的extras源，製作私有yum源
#下載extras倉庫文件到var/www/html下
[root@repo-server yum.repos.d]# ll /var/www/html/
total 4
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 15 Jan 30 20:35 centos
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 18 Jan 24 22:28 index.html
[root@repo-server yum.repos.d]# ll
total 12
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 4096 Jan 30 20:38 backup
-rw-r--r--  1 root root  746 Jan 30 18:01 centos7.repo
-rw-r--r--  1 root root 1946 Jun 16  2020 elrepo.repo
[root@repo-server yum.repos.d]# yum-config-manager --disable extras epel updates-aliyun
[root@repo-server yum.repos.d]# cat centos7.repo
[baseos-cd]
name=centos7 cd
baseurl=file:///var/www/html/centos/7
gpgcheck=1
enabled=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
[baseos-aliyun]
name=centos7 aliyun
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7/os/x86_64
gpgcheck=0
enabled=1
#gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
[updates-aliyun]
name=centos7 updates by aliyun
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7/updates/x86_64/
gpgcheck=0
enabled = 0
[extras]
name=centos7 extras
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7/extras/x86_64
gpgcheck=1
enabled=0
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
[epel]
name=centos7 epel
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/7/x86_64
gpgcheck=1
enabled=0
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-7

#下載extras倉庫及元數據到/var/www/html
[root@repo-server yum.repos.d]# reposync --repoid=extras --download-metadata -p /var/www/html
baseos-aliyun                                          | 3.6 kB  00:00:00
baseos-cd                                              | 3.6 kB  00:00:00
extras                                                 | 2.9 kB  00:00:00
(1/448): WALinuxAgent-2.2.38-2.el7_7.noarch.rpm        | 383 kB  00:00:02
(448/448): uboot-images-armv8-2019.07-3.el7.noarch.rpm | 4.8 MB  00:00:02
[root@repo-server yum.repos.d]# ls /var/www/html/extras/    #查看只有倉庫，沒有元數據
Packages
#需要安裝createrepo工具來下載元數據
[root@repo-server yum.repos.d]# yum install createrepo  
[root@repo-server yum.repos.d]# createrepo /var/www/html/extras     #下載元數據
Spawning worker 0 with 224 pkgs
Spawning worker 1 with 224 pkgs
Workers Finished
Saving Primary metadata
Saving file lists metadata
Saving other metadata
Generating sqlite DBs
Sqlite DBs complete
[root@repo-server yum.repos.d]# ls /var/www/html/extras/
Packages  repodata
[root@repo-server yum.repos.d]# ls /var/www/html/extras/repodata
2d6b84c87bbf6432ed264aebc8b21c14632bc0bed664e301277f2a82e0b1a864-primary.xml.gz
2e9fd48ed164af0d6a80c2a07dc67c09d733ea94fbde75f81cc7076405c90124-other.sqlite.bz2
6de1755ab3e4e9bd0ee8ff31b6c979fe8a2e132b66629bf4b659b0a7878fe70f-primary.sqlite.bz2
7449a9b5a4425d411cdad1ad46053117dc89c533912206598158785b910aa289-other.xml.gz
810451b024ee98636b6f0147eebde7988743f45a7c8e7478ed993ac3a102d612-filelists.sqlite.bz2
b7b314c13b2869254f021e1de291807842417150189451661839dd919036220d-filelists.xml.gz
repomd.xml

4、repo7-client客戶端測試extras倉庫
[root@repo-client yum.repos.d]# yum provides epel-release   #查不到epel-release包
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
BaseOS                                 | 3.6 kB  00:00:00
No matches found

#配置client中的yum源，指向服務器的extras目錄
[root@repo-client yum.repos.d]# cat centos7-100.12.repo
[BaseOS]
name=Centos7 BaseOS by 100.12
baseurl=http://192.168.100.12/centos/7
gpgcheck=0
#gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
[extras]
name=centos7 extras by 100.12
baseurl=http://192.168.100.12/extras    #服務器中的extras倉庫目錄
gpgcheck=0
#測試，清除緩存，並重建緩存
[root@repo-client yum.repos.d]# yum clean all
[root@repo-client yum.repos.d]# du -sh /var/cache/yum/x86_64/7
0       /var/cache/yum/x86_64/7
[root@repo-client yum.repos.d]# yum makecache
...省略...
Metadata Cache Created
[root@repo-client yum.repos.d]# yum repolist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
repo id                     repo name                           status
BaseOS                      Centos7 BaseOS by 100.12            10,072
extras                      centos7 extras by 100.12               448
repolist: 10,520

#client客戶機與服務器端的倉庫比較
[root@repo-client yum.repos.d]# du -sh /var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/*  #客戶機的base和extras包
112M    /var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/BaseOS
3.9M    /var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/extras
4.0K    /var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/timedhosts
0       /var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/timedhosts.txt

[root@repo-server html]# du -sh /var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/*       #服務器中的base和extras包
112M    /var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/baseos-cd
3.9M    /var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/extras

#可以查到epel-release包的倉庫是extras
[root@repo-client yum.repos.d]# yum provides epel-release
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
BaseOS                                 | 3.6 kB  00:00:00
extras                                 | 2.9 kB  00:00:00
epel-release-7-11.noarch : Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux repository configuration
Repo        : extras
[root@repo-client yum.repos.d]# yum provides epel-release   #可以安裝

epel源的創建和extras相同，因文件太大，約13000多個包，未下載。

實例2：centos8系統創建局域網的基於Base的私有yum源

1）centos8系統創建局域網的本地源

1、服務器端配置yum源（本地、aliyun、epel、extras）
[root@repo8-server ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname repo8-server
[root@repo8-server ~]# logout
[root@repo8-server yum.repos.d]# cat centos8.repo
[baseos8-oneself]
name=centos8 baseos by oneself
baseurl=file:///misc/cd/BaseOS
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0
[appstream8-oneself]
name=centos8 appstream by oneself
baseurl=file:///misc/cd/AppStream
#https://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/8/AppStream/x86_64/os/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0
[baseos8-aliyun]
name=centos8 baseos by aliyun
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/8/BaseOS/x86_64/os/
gpgcheck=0
[appstream8-aliyun]
name=centos8 appstream by aliyun
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/8/AppStream/x86_64/os/
gpgcheck=0
[epel]
name=EPEL
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/$releasever/Everything/$basearch
#http://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/epel/$releasever/Everything/$basearch
gpgcheck=0
enabled=1
[extras]
name=extras
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/$releasever/extras/$basearch/os
#http://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/centos/$releasever/extras/$basearch/os
gpgcheck=0
enabled=1

#掛載本地光盤源倉庫
[root@repo8-server yum.repos.d]# cd /var/www/html
[root@repo8-server html]# mkdir centos8
[root@repo8-server html]# mount /dev/sr0 ./centos8/
mount: /var/www/html/centos8: WARNING: device write-protected, mounted read-only.

2、客戶端配置yum源
[root@repo8-client yum.repos.d]# cat centos8.repo
[baseos-repo8]
name=centos8 baseos by repo8-server
baseurl=http://192.168.100.200/centos8/BaseOS
enabled=1
[appstream-repo8]
name=centos8 appstream by repo8-server
baseurl=http://192.168.100.200/centos8/AppStream
enabled=1
#[epel]
#name=EPEL
#baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/$releasever/Everything/$basearch
#       http://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/epel/$releasever/Everything/$basearch
#gpgcheck=0
#enabled=1
[extras-repo8]      ##extras先禁用
name=extras by repo8-server
baseurl=http://192.168.100.200/extras
gpgcheck=0
enabled=0

3、測試查看是否有BaseOS和AppStream倉庫
[root@repo8-client yum.repos.d]# yum makecache
centos8 baseos by repo8-server                     31 MB/s | 2.2 MB     00:00
centos8 appstream by repo8-server                  25 MB/s | 5.7 MB     00:00
Last metadata expiration check: 0:00:02 ago on Sat 30 Jan 2021 10:40:03 PM CST.
Metadata cache created.
[root@repo8-client yum.repos.d]# yum repolist --all
repo id               repo name                                  status
appstream-repo8       centos8 appstream by repo8-server         enabled
baseos-repo8          centos8 baseos by repo8-server            enabled
extras-repo8          extras by repo8-server                   disabled
[root@repo-client ~]#yum install httpd -y   ##安裝httpd，可以正常安裝

2）下載阿里雲的extras源，製作私有yum源

4、服務器端下載extras倉庫和元數據到/var/www/html
[root@repo8-server ~]#yum repolist
Last metadata expiration check: 0:10:14 ago on Wed 08 Apr 2020 05:42:07 PM CST.
repo id                 repo name           status
AppStream               AppStream           4,755
BaseOS                  BaseOS              1,659

[root@repo8-server html]# dnf reposync --repoid=extras --download-metadata -p /var/www/html/        ##下載extras倉庫和元數據到/var/www/html下
extras                  6.8 kB/s | 1.5 kB     00:00
extras                   22 kB/s |  13 kB     00:00
(1/30): centos-release-ceph-nautilus-1.2-2.el8.noarch.rpm  28 kB/s | 8.8 kB     00:00
...省略...
(30/30): epel-release-8-8.el8.noarch.rpm                  237 kB/s |  23 kB     00:00
[root@repo8-server html]# ll
total 2
dr-xr-xr-x. 7 root root 2048 Jun  9  2020 centos8
drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root   38 Jan 30 22:50 extras
[root@repo8-server html]# ll extras/
total 8
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jan 30 22:50 Packages
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jan 30 22:50 repodata

5、客戶端配置extras及測試
[root@repo8-client yum.repos.d]# yum repolist --all   ##先查詢倉庫只有BaseOS和AppStream
repo id               repo name                                  status
appstream-repo8       centos8 appstream by repo8-server         enabled
baseos-repo8          centos8 baseos by repo8-server            enabled
extras-repo8          extras by repo8-server                   disabled

[root@repo8-client yum.repos.d]# cat centos8.repo       ##增加extras
[extras-repo8]      ##extras啓用
name=extras by repo8-server
baseurl=http://192.168.100.200/extras
gpgcheck=0
enabled=1

[root@repo8-client yum.repos.d]# yum repolist --all  ##配置好再查詢，倉庫增加了extras
repo id               repo name                                  status
appstream-repo8       centos8 appstream by repo8-server         enabled
baseos-repo8          centos8 baseos by repo8-server            enabled
extras-repo8          extras by repo8-server                    enabled
[root@repo8-client yum.repos.d]# du -sh /var/cache/dnf/*
5.8M    /var/cache/dnf/appstream-repo8-d5da99a3c5bda91f
4.3M    /var/cache/dnf/appstream-repo8-filenames.solvx
2.0M    /var/cache/dnf/appstream-repo8.solv
2.3M    /var/cache/dnf/baseos-repo8-8577e6388ac9c250
0       /var/cache/dnf/baseos-repo8-d0cce61d03fe8a13
1.3M    /var/cache/dnf/baseos-repo8-filenames.solvx
1.4M    /var/cache/dnf/baseos-repo8.solv
4.0K    /var/cache/dnf/expired_repos.json
16K     /var/cache/dnf/extras-repo8-ed5d482c423f166d
4.0K    /var/cache/dnf/extras-repo8-filenames.solvx
16K     /var/cache/dnf/extras-repo8.solv
620K    /var/cache/dnf/packages.db

#禁用其他倉庫，只啓用extras倉庫，並查找可用的包
[root@repo8-client yum.repos.d]# yum --disablerepo=* --enablerepo="extras*" list available
Last metadata expiration check: 0:02:57 ago on Sat 30 Jan 2021 10:58:19 PM CST.
Available Packages
...省略...
centos-release-virt-common.noarch      1-2.el8                        extras-repo8
cpaste.x86_64                          1.0.0-3.el8                    extras-repo8
elrepo-release.noarch                  8.1-1.el8.elrepo      c        extras-repo8
[root@repo8-client yum.repos.d]#

#測試安裝epel，來自配置的extras-repo8源
[root@repo8-client yum.repos.d]# yum install elrepo-release
Last metadata expiration check: 0:04:30 ago on Sat 30 Jan 2021 10:58:19 PM CST.
Dependencies resolved.
======================================================================================
 Package     Architecture           Version             epository              Size
=======================================================================================Installing:
 elrepo-release          noarch     8.1-1.el8.elrepo    extras-repo8           14 k

Transaction Summary
=======================================================================================Install  1 Package

3）下載阿里雲的EPEL源，製作私有yum源

6、下載阿里雲的epel源
[root@repo8-server ~]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/centos8.repo    #配置中增加aliyun的epel源
[epel]
name=EPEL
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/$releasever/Everything/$basearch
        http://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/epel/$releasever/Everything/$basearch
gpgcheck=0
enabled=1

[root@centos8 ~]#dnf repolist --all
repo id               repo name                                  status
appstream8-aliyun     centos8 appstream by aliyun               enabled
appstream8-oneself    centos8 appstream by oneself              enabled
baseos8-aliyun        centos8 baseos by aliyun                  enabled
baseos8-oneself       centos8 baseos by oneself                 enabled
epel                  EPEL                                      enabled
extras                extras                                    enabled
[root@repo8-server ~]# du -sh /var/www/html/*
7.8G    /var/www/html/centos8
448K    /var/www/html/extras
[root@repo8-server ~]#  dnf reposync --repoid=epel --download-metadata -p /var/www/html
EPEL                                 36 kB/s | 4.7 kB     00:00
EPEL                                4.4 MB/s |  20 MB     00:04
(1/6979): 3proxy-0.8.13-1.el8.x86_64.rpm                   506 kB/s | 175 kB     00:00
...省略...
(6979/6979): xrootd-doc-5.0.3-2.el8.noarch.rpm             3.1 MB/s |  80 MB     00:26
[root@repo8-server ~]# du -sh /var/www/html/*
7.8G    /var/www/html/centos8
9.9G    /var/www/html/epel              ##epel倉庫佔9.9G空間
448K    /var/www/html/extras
[root@repo8-server ~]# ll /var/www/html/epel    ##倉庫和元數據都下載了
total 4
drwxr-xr-x 29 root root  249 Jan 31 09:26 Packages
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root 4096 Jan 31 09:25 repodata
#下面兩個步驟只有沒meta數據才需要執行
#[root@repo8-server ~]# dnf -y install createrepo httpd
#[root@repo8-server ~]# createrepo /var/www/html/epel/

#查看是否有key文件，沒有可以使用wget下載
[root@repo8-server ~]# find / -name "RPM*EPEL*"
/etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-8
#下載相關的key文件
[root@repo-server ~]#wget -P /var/www/html/epel/ https://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-8

7、客戶端配置epel及測試
[root@repo-client ~]#cat /etc/yum.repos.d/centos8.repo
[baseos-repo8]
name=centos8 baseos by repo8-server
baseurl=http://192.168.100.200/centos8/BaseOS
enabled=1
[appstream-repo8]
name=centos8 appstream by repo8-server
baseurl=http://192.168.100.200/centos8/AppStream
enabled=1
[epel-repo8]
name=epel by repo8-server
baseurl=http://192.168.100.200/epel
gpgcheck=1
enabled=1
[extras-repo8]
name=extras by repo8-server
baseurl=http://192.168.100.200/extras
gpgcheck=0
enabled=1
#測試open***包，來自配置的extras-repo8源
[root@repo8-client ~]# yum provides open***
epel by repo8-server                                21 MB/s | 8.8 MB     00:00
Last metadata expiration check: 0:00:04 ago on Sun 31 Jan 2021 10:38:42 AM CST.
open***-2.4.10-1.el8.x86_64 : A full-featured SSL *** solution
Repo        : epel-repo8
Matched from:
Provide    : open*** = 2.4.10-1.el8

2、安裝編譯httpd

2.1 源代碼編譯安裝過程

利用編譯工具，通常只需要三個大的步驟：

./configure

1）通過選項傳遞參數，指定安裝路徑、啓用特性等；執行時會參考用戶的指定以及Makefile.in文件生成Makefile

2）檢查依賴到的外部環境，如依賴的軟件包
make

根據Makefile文件，會檢測依賴的環境，進行構建應用程序

make -j 2 ##如果有兩顆cpu，就可以用-j選項，可以並行多個任務，加速執行編譯
make install

複製文件到相應路徑

注意：安裝前可以通過查看README，INSTALL獲取幫助

2.2 編譯安裝準備

準備：安裝相關的依賴包

開發工具：make, gcc (c/c++編譯器GNU C Complier)
開發環境：開發庫（glibc：標準庫），頭文件，可安裝開發包組 Development Tools
軟件相關依賴包

生產實踐：基於最小化安裝的系統建議安裝下面相關包

[root@centos8 ~]# yum install gcc make autoconf gcc-c++ glibc glibc-devel pcre pcre-devel openssl openssl-devel systemd-devel zlib-devel vim lrzsz tree tmux lsof tcpdump wget net-tools iotop bc bzip2 zip unzip nfs-utils man-pages

2.3 編譯安裝

第一步：運行 configure 腳本，生成Makefile 文件

其選項主要功能：

可以指定安裝位置
指定啓用的特性

獲取其支持使用的選項

./configure --help

選項分類：

安裝路徑設定：

--prefix=/PATH：指定默認安裝位置,默認爲/usr/local/

--sysconfdir=/PATH：配置文件安裝位置

System types：支持交叉編譯
軟件特性和相關指定：

Optional Features: 可選特性

--disable-FEATURE

--enable-FEATURE[=ARG]

Optional Packages: 可選包

--with-PACKAGE[=ARG] 依賴包

--without-PACKAGE 禁用依賴關係

注意：通常被編譯操作依賴的程序包，需要安裝此程序包的“開發”組件，其包名一般類似於namedevel-
VERSION

第二步：make

第三步：make install

2.4 安裝後的配置

二進制程序目錄導入至PATH環境變量中，編輯文件/etc/profile.d/NAME.sh

export PATH=/PATH/TO/BIN:$PATH

相關用戶及文件

有些開源軟件編譯完成後，還需要創建相關的用戶及文件
導入幫助手冊

編輯/etc/man.config|man_db.conf文件,添加一個MANPATH

實例1：CentOS 8 編譯安裝 cmatrix

#1 安裝相關包，未安裝，會提示錯誤
[root@centos8 ~]# dnf install gcc make autoconf ncurses-devel
#2 下載並解壓縮包
[root@centos8 ~]# cd /usr/local/src
[root@centos8 ~]# wget https://github.com/abishekvashok/cmatrix/releases/download/v2.0/cmatrix-v2.0-Butterscotch.tar
[root@centos8 ~]# tar xvf cmatrix-v2.0-Butterscotch.tar
#3 配置
[root@centos8 ~]# cd cmatrix
[root@centos8 cmatrix]# ./configure --prefix=/apps/cmatrix  ##所有的文件都安裝在/apps/cmatrix目錄下，也可以分開指定bin的安裝路徑
#4 編譯並安裝
[root@centos8 cmatrix]# make
#如果make或./configure過程中出現錯誤，根據錯誤提示來安裝所需的庫文件，然後rm -rf /usr/local/src/cmatrix這個目錄，重新執行解壓縮和./configure
[root@centos8 cmatrix]# make install

#5 配置環境
[root@centos8 ~]# echo 'PATH=/apps/cmatrix/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/cmatrix.sh
[root@centos8 ~]# . /etc/profile.d/cmatrix.sh
#或者用軟鏈接實現
[root@centos8 ~]# ln -sv /apps/cmatrix/bin/cmatrix /usr/local/bin/

#6運行，顯示***帝國的界面
[root@centos8 ~]# cmatrix -a -b -C yellow

#7幫助
[root@centos8 ~]# vim /etc/man_db.conf
MANDATORY_MANPATH /apps/cmatrix/share/man
[root@centos8 ~]# man cmatrix

#8怎麼部署在多臺機器，機器配置相同，可以直接拷貝安裝目錄
scp -r /apps/ 192.168.100.201:/ ##把整個apps目錄都複製到其他機器上
ln -s /apps/cmatrix/bin/cmatrix /usr/local/bin
cmatrix #看是否能運行，如果提示錯誤，一般是缺少庫文件，yum search 庫名，然後安裝即可

實例2：centos 編譯安裝 httpd-2.4.46

1、centos8 編譯安裝 httpd-2.4.46
#安裝前準備：關閉防火牆和SELinux
#1 依賴的安裝包
[root@centos8 ~]# dnf install gcc wget make apr-devel apr-util-devel pcre-devel openssl-devel redhat-rpm-config
#2 下載並解壓縮包
[root@centos8 ~]# wget -P /usr/local/src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/apache/httpd/httpd-2.4.46.tar.bz2
[root@centos8 ~]# cd /usr/local/src
[root@centos8 src]# tar xvf httpd-2.4.46.tar.bz2
#3 配置
[root@centos8 ~]# cd /usr/local/src/httpd-2.4.46/
[root@centos8 httpd-2.4.46]# ./configure --prefix=/apps/httpd --sysconfdir=/etc/httpd --enable-ssl
#配置過程中可能會提示缺乏某些庫，使用yum search 庫名 或 dnf list 庫名，搜索到後，一般安裝-devel版本，比如
yum search apr* 
yum search pcre* 
dnf list openssl*

#4 編譯並安裝
[root@centos8 httpd-2.4.46]# make -j 4 && make install
#5 配置環境
[root@centos8 ~]# echo 'PATH=/apps/httpd/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/httpd.sh
[root@centos8 ~]# . /etc/profile.d/httpd.sh
#6運行
[root@centos8 ~]# apachectl start
#7 指定用apache用戶運行
[root@centos8 ~]# useradd -r -s /sbin/nologin -d /apps/httpd -c Apache -u 48 apache
[root@centos8 ~]# vim /etc/httpd/httpd.conf     ##查看配置文件，修改daemon爲apache
user apache
group apache
[root@centos8 ~]# sed -ri.bak 's/daemon$/apache/' /etc/httpd/httpd.conf

#7生效和驗證
[root@repo8-server ~]# ps aux|grep httpd
root   17670  0.0  0.5 117588  5624 ?   Ss   16:48   0:00 /apps/httpd//bin/httpd -k start
daemon 17671  0.0  0.7 878316  7672 ?   Sl   16:48   0:00 /apps/httpd//bin/httpd -k start
daemon 17672  0.0  0.8 878316  7976 ?   Sl   16:48   0:00 /apps/httpd//bin/httpd -k start
daemon 17673  0.0  0.7 878316  7672 ?   Sl   16:48   0:00 /apps/httpd//bin/httpd -k start
root   18507  0.0  0.1  12108   984 pts/0    S+   17:00   0:00 grep --color=auto httpd
[root@repo8-server ~]# apachectl restart
[root@repo8-server ~]# ps aux|grep httpd    #同上

2、centos7編譯安裝httpd2.4.46
[root@centos7-http ~]# cd 
[root@centos7-http ~]# rpm -q httpd &>/dev/null && yum remove -y httpd
[root@centos7-http ~]# wget https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/apache/httpd/httpd-2.4.46.tar.bz2
[root@centos7-http ~]# yum install -y gcc make apr-devel apr-util-devel pcre-devel openssl-devel redhat-rpm-config
[root@centos7-http ~]# cd /usr/local/src
[root@centos7-http src]# tar xf httpd-2.4.46.tar.bz2
[root@centos7-http src]# cd httpd-2.4.46
[root@centos7-http httpd-2.4.46]# ./configure --prefix=/apps/httpd --sysconfdir=/etc/httpd --enable-ssl
[root@centos7-http httpd-2.4.46]# echo 'PATH=/apps/httpd/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/httpd.sh
[root@centos7-http httpd-2.4.46]# . /etc/profile.d/httpd.sh
[root@centos7-http httpd-2.4.46]# apachectl start
[root@centos7-http httpd-2.4.46]# curl localhost
<html><body><h1>It works!</h1></body></html>

[root@centos7-http httpd-2.4.46]# useradd -r -s /sbin/nologin -d /apps/httpd -c Apache -u 48 apache
[root@centos7-http httpd-2.4.46]# sed -i.bak 's/daemon$/apache/' /etc/httpd/httpd.conf
[root@centos7-http httpd-2.4.46]# apachectl restart
[root@centos7-http httpd-2.4.46]# ps aux|grep httpd
root   18721  0.0  0.3 103756  3304 ?   Ss   17:30   0:00 /apps/httpd//bin/httpd -k start
apache 18838  0.0  0.4 390584  4324 ?   Sl   17:35   0:00 /apps/httpd//bin/httpd -k start
apache 18839  0.0  0.4 456120  4324 ?   Sl   17:35   0:00 /apps/httpd//bin/httpd -k start
apache 18840  0.0  0.4 390584  4324 ?   Sl   17:35   0:00 /apps/httpd//bin/httpd -k start
root   18923  0.0  0.0 112812   968 pts/1  S+   17:35   0:00 grep --color=auto httpd
[root@centos7-http httpd-2.4.46]#

實例3：腳本編譯安裝http2.4，實現可以正常訪問

[root@centos7-http httpd-2.4.46]# vi /scripts/httpd.sh
#!/bin/bash
#查看是否有httpd並刪除
rpm -q httpd  &>/dev/null && { yum -y remove httpd &>/dev/null; echo "remove is ok"; }
#httpd是否啓動並停止
ps -ef |grep ^apache &>/dev/null && apachectl stop &>/dev/null
#httpd目錄是否存在並刪除
find /apps -type d -name "httpd" &>/dev/null && { rm /apps/httpd /etc/profile.d/httpd.sh /etc/httpd -rf; echo "rm httpd is ok"; }
#安裝相關庫文件
yum install -y gcc make wget tar apr-devel apr-util-devel pcre-devel openssl-devel redhat-rpm-config &>/dev/null || { echo install package failure; exit 10; }
#下載httpd軟件包並解壓縮
cd /usr/local/src/
wget https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/apache/httpd/httpd-2.4.46.tar.bz2 &>/dev/null || { echo download failue; exit 20; }
rpm -q bzip2 &>/dev/null || yum install -y bzip2 &>/dev/null
tar xf httpd-2.4.46.tar.bz2 &>/dev/null  && echo "tar is ok" || { echo tar failure; exit 30; }
#編譯安裝
cd httpd-2.4.46
./configure --prefix=/apps/httpd --sysconfdir=/etc/httpd --enable-ssl &>/dev/null && echo "configure is ok"|| { echo configure failure;exit 40; }
make &>/dev/null || { echo make failure; exit 50; }
make install &>/dev/null && echo "make install is ok" || { echo install failure; exit 60; }
#添加路徑並啓動
echo 'PATH=/apps/httpd/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/httpd.sh
. /etc/profile.d/httpd.sh
apachectl start &>/dev/null && echo "start is ok" || { echo "apachectl start failure"; exit 70; }
#查看是否有apache用戶並添加
getent passwd apache &>/dev/null && userdel -r apache &>/dev/null
useradd -r -s /sbin/nologin -d /apps/httpd -c Apache -u 48 apache &>/dev/null  && echo "useradd apache is ok" ||  { echo "useradd failure"; exit 80; }
#修改配置文件中的daemon用戶爲apache
sed -i 's/daemon$/apache/' /etc/httpd/httpd.conf &>/dev/null
#重啓
apachectl restart &>/dev/null && echo "restart is ok" || { echo "apachectl start failure"; exit 90; }

#測試
[root@centos7-http httpd-2.4.46]# ps -ef |grep ^apache
apache    10903  10902  0 20:08 ?        00:00:00 /apps/httpd/bin/httpd -k start
apache    10904  10902  0 20:08 ?        00:00:00 /apps/httpd/bin/httpd -k start
apache    10905  10902  0 20:08 ?        00:00:00 /apps/httpd/bin/httpd -k start
[root@centos7-http httpd-2.4.46]# . /scripts/httpd.sh
rm httpd is ok
tar is ok
configure is ok
make install is ok
start is ok
useradd apache is ok
restart is ok
[root@centos7-http httpd-2.4.46]# curl localhost
<html><body><h1>It works!</h1></body></html>

3 文本處理三劍客之 sed

3.1 sed 工作原理

sed 即 Stream EDitor，和 vi 不同，sed是行編輯器

Sed是從文件或管道中讀取一行，處理一行，輸出一行；再讀取一行，再處理一行，再輸出一行，直到最後一行。

每當處理一行時，把當前處理的行存儲在臨時緩衝區中，稱爲模式空間（PatternSpace），接着用sed命令處理緩衝區中的內容，處理完成後，把緩衝區的內容送往屏幕。接着處理下一行，這樣不斷重複，直到文件末尾。一次處理一行的設計模式使得sed性能很高，sed在讀取大文件時不會出現卡頓的現象。如果使用vi命令打開幾十M上百M的文件，明顯會出現有卡頓的現象，這是因爲vi命令打開文件是一次性將文件加載到內存，然後再打開。Sed就避免了這種情況，一行一行的處理，打開速度非常快，執行速度也很快

參考網站：http://www.gnu.org/software/sed/manual/sed.html

3.2 sed 基本用法

格式：

sed [option]... 'script;script;...' inputfile...

grep sed /var/log/anaconda/packaging.log    #這個日誌是系統安裝時安裝了哪些文件

常用選項：

-n 不輸出模式空間內容到屏幕，即不自動打印
-e 多點編輯
-f /PATH/SCRIPT_FILE 從指定文件中讀取編輯腳本
-r, -E 使用擴展正則表達式
-i.bak 備份文件並原處編輯

script格式：

'地址 命令' 
#地址：選取或匹配的行；命令：對行的處理

地址格式：

1、不寫地址：對全文進行處理
2、單地址：
   #：指定的行
   $：最後一行
   /pattern/：被此處模式所能夠匹配到的每一行
3、地址範圍：
   #,#              #從#行到第#行，3，6 從第3行到第6行
   #,+#             #從#行到+#行，3,+4 表示從3行到第7行
   /pat1/,/pat2/    #從匹配行到匹配行
   #,/pat/          #從#行到匹配行
4、步進：~
   1~2 奇數行
   2~2 偶數行

常用命令：

p               #打印當前模式空間內容，追加到默認輸出之後
Ip              #忽略大小寫輸出
d               #刪除模式空間匹配的行，並立即啓用下一輪循環
a [\\]text      #在指定行後面追加文本，支持使用\n實現多行追加
i [\\]text      #在行前面插入文本
c [\\]text      #替換單行或多行文本
w /path/file    #保存模式匹配的行至指定文件
r /path/file    #讀取指定文件的文本至模式空間中匹配到的行後
=               #爲模式空間中的行打印行號
!               #模式空間中匹配行取反處理
s/pattern/string/修飾符 #查找替換，支持使用其它分隔符，可以是其它形式：s@@@，s###

#替換修飾符：
g       #行內全局替換
p       #顯示替換成功的行
I,i     #忽略大小寫
w  /PATH/FILE   #將替換成功的行保存至文件中

範例:

1、全局：
[root@centos8 ~]# sed ''        ##後面未跟文件，表示標準輸入
welcome     ##輸入welcome
welcome     ##打印輸出welcome
to
to
magedu
magedu
[root@centos8 ~]# sed '' /etc/issue ##''中沒有任何script（地址和命令），默認執行p命令，打印文件
\S
Kernel \r on an \m
[root@centos8 ~]# sed 'p' /etc/issue    #因有默認打印，再使用p命令，就打印2次了
\S
\S
Kernel \r on an \m
Kernel \r on an \m
[root@centos8 ~]# sed -n '' /etc/issue  ##-n關閉自動打印，所以沒有任何顯示
[root@centos8 ~]# sed -n 'p' /etc/issue 
\S
Kernel \r on an \m

2、單地址：
[root@centos8 ~]# cp /etc/passwd /data/
[root@centos8 ~]# sed '3p' /data/passwd     #打印passwd文件，並且打印2遍第3行
[root@centos8 ~]# sed -n '3p' /data/passwd  #只打印第3行
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin

[root@centos8 ~]# ifconfig eth0 | sed '2p'      #打印2遍第2行
eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.209.111  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.209.255
[root@centos8 ~]# ifconfig eth0 | sed -n '2p'   ##只打印第2行
        inet 192.168.209.111  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.209.255
[root@centos8 ~]# sed -n '$p' /data/passwd      ##打印最後一行，等同於tail -n1 /data/passwd
apache:x:48:48:Apache:/apps/httpd:/sbin/nologin

[root@centos8 ~]# sed -n '/^[^#]/p' /etc/fstab  ##打印不是#開頭的行，支持正則表達式
UUID=6cda6325-3f54-4ade-b27f-28d9f4e5c9c7 /              xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=99e34388-a48e-48d4-a76b-910442e0a697 /boot          ext4    defaults        1 2
UUID=711befdf-2afa-4911-9202-0fbd22548371 /data          xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=4c77e17e-4a42-4f9b-b8c8-b8e4d3f821e8 swap           swap    defaults        0 0
[root@centos8 ~]# grep '^[^#]' /etc/fstab       #顯示同上

[root@centos8 ~]# sed -n '/root/p' /data/passwd #包含root的行
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
[root@centos8 ~]# grep 'root' /data/passwd      #顯示同上
[root@centos8 ~]# sed -n '/^root/p' /data/passwd        #root開頭的行
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
[root@centos8 ~]# grep '^root' /data/passwd     #顯示同上

[root@centos8 ~]# df | sed -n '/^\/dev\/sd/p'
/dev/sda2    104806400 4872956  99933444  5% /
/dev/sda3    52403200  398860  52004340  1% /data
/dev/sda1     999320  848568   81940  92% /boot

3、地址範圍：
[root@centos8 ~]# seq 10 | sed -n '3,6p'        #第3~6行
3
4
5
6
[root@centos8 ~]# seq 10 | sed -n '3,+4p'   #從第3行開始，再加4行，即3~7行
3
4
5
6
7
[root@centos8 ~]# seq 10 | sed -n '3,$p'        #從第3行開始到末行
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
[root@centos8 ~]# sed -n '/^d/,/^s/p' /etc/passwd   #打印d開頭到s開頭的行
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin
systemd-coredump:x:999:997:systemd Core Dumper:/:/sbin/nologin

4、步進：
[root@centos8 ~]# seq 10 |sed -n '1~2p'     #奇數行
1
3
5
7
9
[root@centos8 ~]# seq 10 |sed -n '2~2p'     #偶數行
2
4
6
8
10
[root@centos8 ~]# sed 10 |sed -n '1~3p'     #步進3
1
4
7
10
[root@centos8 ~]# seq 10 |sed  '1~2d'   #與sed -n '1~2p'取反
2
4
6
8
10
[root@centos8 ~]# seq 10 |sed  '2~2d'
1
3
5
7
9

5、常用命令：
#d刪除
[root@centos8 ~]# sed '/root/d' /etc/passwd     #把模式空間中的root行刪除打印，即不顯示root行
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
...省略...
[root@centos8 ~]# sed -n '/root/!p' /etc/passwd #同上，不打印root行

#a i c插入文本
[root@centos8 ~]# sed 6 |sed '3a abc'   #在第n行後插入文本
1
2
3
abc
4
5
6

[root@centos8 ~]# sed 6 |sed '2,4a abc' #在第m~n行後都插入文本
1
2
abc
3
abc
4
abc
5
6
[root@centos8 ~]# sed 6 |sed '3a     abc'       ##有無空格或多少個空格效果一樣
1
2
3
abc
4
5
6
[root@centos8 ~]# sed 6 |sed '3a\  abc'     ##加\，顯示空格
1
2
3
  abc
4
5
6
[root@centos8 ~]# sed 6 |sed '3a\  abc\n    123'    ##\n換行
1
2
3
  abc
    123
4
5
6
[root@centos8 ~]# sed 6 |sed '3i\  abc'     ##a是行後添加，i是行前添加，c是替換所選行
1
2
  abc
3
4
5
6

#w寫入文件
[root@centos8 ~]# sed '3w /data/sed.log' /etc/passwd    #passwd的第3行寫入sed.log中
[root@centos8 ~]# cat /data/sed.log
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
[root@centos8 ~]# sed -n '/^root/w /data/sed.log' /etc/passwd
[root@centos8 ~]# cat /data/sed.log
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
[root@centos8 ~]# sed -n '3,6w /data/sed.log' /etc/passwd   #寫入第3~6行

#r從文件讀入
[root@centos8 ~]# seq 5|sed '3r /etc/issue'     #讀取issue文件，插入到第3行後
1
2
3
\S
Kernel \r on an \m

4
5

#=顯示行號
[root@centos8 ~]# sed -n '/root/=' /data/passwd
1
10
[root@centos8 ~]# sed -n '/root/=p' /data/passwd
sed: -e expression #1, char 8: extra characters after command
[root@centos8 ~]# sed '/root/=' /data/passwd
1
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
10
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin

#-e多點編輯
[root@centos8 ~]# sed 6 |sed -e '3a\  abc' -e '3i\ 123'
1
2
 123
3
  abc
4
5
6
[root@centos8 ~]# seq 10| sed -e '2d' -e '5d'   #只刪除第2行和第5行
1
3
4
6
7
8
9
10
[root@centos8 ~]# seq 10| sed '2d;5d'       #同上
[root@centos8 ~]# seq 10| sed '2d;5aabc'    #可以同時使用兩個命令
1
3
4
5
abc
6
7
8
9
10
[root@centos8 ~]# seq 10| sed '2immm;5aabc'     #這樣不行，只能用-e選項
1
mmm;5aabc
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

6、查找替換-i
[root@centos8 ~]#  sed -i.bak '/root/d' /data/passwd
[root@centos8 ~]# cat /data/passwd          ##已刪除包含root的行
[root@centos8 ~]# cat /data/passwd.bak      ##passwd的備份

[root@centos8 ~]#seq 10 > seq.log
[root@centos8 ~]# sed -i.bak '2d;4d' seq.log
[root@centos8 ~]# cat seq.log.bak
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
[root@centos8 ~]#cat seq.log
1
3
5
6
7
8
9
10

#在httpd.conf的Listen 80行後添加Listen 8080
[root@centos8 ~]# sed -i.bak '/^Listen/aListen 8080' /etc/httpd/httpd.conf

#刪除所有以#開頭的行
[root@centos8 ~]# sed -i '/^#/d' /data/fstab
[root@centos8 ~]# cat /data/fstab

UUID=6cda6325-3f54-4ade-b27f-28d9f4e5c9c7 /         xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=99e34388-a48e-48d4-a76b-910442e0a697 /boot     ext4    defaults        1 2
UUID=711befdf-2afa-4911-9202-0fbd22548371 /data     xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=4c77e17e-4a42-4f9b-b8c8-b8e4d3f821e8 swap      swap    defaults        0 0

#只顯示非#開頭的行
[root@centos8 ~]# sed -n '/^[^#]/p' /data/fstab     #空行不顯示
UUID=6cda6325-3f54-4ade-b27f-28d9f4e5c9c7 /         xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=99e34388-a48e-48d4-a76b-910442e0a697 /boot     ext4    defaults        1 2
UUID=711befdf-2afa-4911-9202-0fbd22548371 /data     xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=4c77e17e-4a42-4f9b-b8c8-b8e4d3f821e8 swap      swap    defaults        0 0
[root@centos8 ~]# sed -n '/^#/!p' /data/fstab       ##空行也顯示

UUID=6cda6325-3f54-4ade-b27f-28d9f4e5c9c7 /         xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=99e34388-a48e-48d4-a76b-910442e0a697 /boot     ext4    defaults        1 2
UUID=711befdf-2afa-4911-9202-0fbd22548371 /data     xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=4c77e17e-4a42-4f9b-b8c8-b8e4d3f821e8 swap      swap    defaults        0 0

7、s/pattern/string/修飾符 #查找替換，支持使用其它分隔符，可以是其它形式：s@@@，s###
1）修改網卡配置
[root@centos8 ~]# cat /etc/default/grub.bak
GRUB_TIMEOUT=5
GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR="$(sed 's, release .*$,,g' /etc/system-release)"
GRUB_DEFAULT=saved
GRUB_DISABLE_SUBMENU=true
GRUB_TERMINAL_OUTPUT="console"
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="resume=UUID=4c77e17e-4a42-4f9b-b8c8-b8e4d3f821e8 net.ifnames=0 rhgb quiet"
GRUB_DISABLE_RECOVERY="true"
GRUB_ENABLE_BLSCFG=true
[root@centos8 ~]# sed -i '/net.if/s/net.ifnames=0//' /etc/default/grub.bak  
#去掉net.ifnames=0
[root@centos8 ~]# cat /etc/default/grub.bak
GRUB_TIMEOUT=5
GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR="$(sed 's, release .*$,,g' /etc/system-release)"
GRUB_DEFAULT=saved
GRUB_DISABLE_SUBMENU=true
GRUB_TERMINAL_OUTPUT="console"
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="resume=UUID=4c77e17e-4a42-4f9b-b8c8-b8e4d3f821e8  rhgb quiet"
GRUB_DISABLE_RECOVERY="true"
GRUB_ENABLE_BLSCFG=true
#添加到最後，用擴展表達式，需要使用r或E選項
[root@centos8 ~]# sed -i '/^GRUB_CMDLINE/s/(.*)"$/\1 net.ifnames=0"/' /etc/default/grub.bak
sed: -e expression #1, char 42: invalid reference \1 on `s' command's RHS
[root@centos8 ~]# sed -ri '/^GRUB_CMDLINE/s/(.*)"$/\1 net.ifnames=0"/' /etc/default/grub.bak
[root@centos8 ~]# cat /etc/default/grub.bak
GRUB_TIMEOUT=5
GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR="$(sed 's, release .*$,,g' /etc/system-release)"
GRUB_DEFAULT=saved
GRUB_DISABLE_SUBMENU=true
GRUB_TERMINAL_OUTPUT="console"
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="resume=UUID=4c77e17e-4a42-4f9b-b8c8-b8e4d3f821e8  rhgb quiet net.ifnames=0"
GRUB_DISABLE_RECOVERY="true"
GRUB_ENABLE_BLSCFG=true

2）替換賬號
#編譯安裝完httpd2.4.46後，需要新建apache系統帳號，並將httpd.conf中的daemon替換爲apache
[root@centos8 ~]# sed -i.bak  -e '/^User daemon/cUser apache' -e '/^Group daemon/cGroup apache' /etc/httpd/httpd.conf.bak
[root@centos8 ~]# sed -ri.bak -e 's/^User.*/User apache/' -e 's#^(Group).*#\1 apache#' /etc/httpd/httpd.conf.bak
或
[root@centos8 ~]# sed -n '/daemon$/p' /etc/httpd/httpd.conf.bak
User daemon
Group daemon
[root@centos8 ~]# sed -i 's/daemon$/apache/' /etc/httpd/httpd.conf.bak
[root@centos8 ~]# sed -n '/apache$/p' /etc/httpd/httpd.conf.bak
User apache
Group apache

#修改selinux中的enforcing爲disabled
[root@centos8 ~]# sed -i.bak '/^SELINUX=enforcing/cSELINUX=disabled' /etc/selinux/config
或
[root@centos8 ~]# sed -Ei.bak 's/^(SELINUX=).*/\1disabled/' /etc/selinux/config
[root@centos8 ~]# cat /etc/selinux/config|sed -n '/^[^#]/p' 
SELINUX=disabled
SELINUXTYPE=targeted

範例：

sed '2p' /etc/passwd                #第2行打印兩遍，其他行打印一遍
sed  -n '2p' /etc/passwd            #第2行
sed  -n '1,4p' /etc/passwd          #1~4行
sed  -n '/root/p' /etc/passwd       #包含root的行
sed  -n '2,/root/p' /etc/passwd     #從2行到包含root的行
sed  -n '/^$/=' /etc/issue          #顯示空行行號
[root@centos8 ~]# sed -n '/^$/=' /etc/issue
3
[root@centos8 ~]# sed -n -e '/^$/p' -e '/^$/=' /etc/fstab

1
sed'/root/a\superman' /data/passwd          #行後插入uperman
sed '/root/i\superman' /data/passwd         #行前插入uperman
sed '/root/c\superman' /data/passwd         #用uperman代替root行
[root@centos8 ~]# sed '/root/cuperman' /data/passwd
uperman
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
uperman

[root@centos8 ~]# sed '/^$/d' /etc/issue
\S
Kernel \r on an \m

[root@centos8 data]# sed '1,40d' passwd
gnome-initial-setup:x:983:979::/run/gnome-initial-setup/:/sbin/nologin
avahi:x:70:70:Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack:/var/run/avahi-daemon:/sbin/nologin
[root@centos8 data]# nl passwd |sed '2,5d'
     1  root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
     6  sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
     7  shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
[root@centos8 data]# nl passwd |sed '2a tea'
     1  root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
     2  bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
tea
     3  daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin

sed -n 's/root/&superman/p' /etc/passwd     #在替換的單詞後添加
[root@centos8 data]# sed -n 's/root/&superman/p' passwd
rootsuperman:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
operator:x:11:0:operator:/rootsuperman:/sbin/nologin
sed -n 's/root/superman&/p' /etc/passwd     #在替換的單詞前添加
[root@centos8 data]# sed -n 's/root/superman&/p' passwd
supermanroot:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
operator:x:11:0:operator:/supermanroot:/sbin/nologin

範例：引用變量

[root@centos8111 ~]# echo |sed "s/^/$RANDOM.rmvb/"
10451.rmvb
[root@centos8111 ~]# sed "s/^/$RANDOM.rmvb/"    ##等待輸入
abc
9046.rmvbabc
[root@centos8111 ~]# echo sed 's/^/$RANDOM.rmvb/'
sed s/^/$RANDOM.rmvb/
[root@centos8111 ~]# echo |sed 's/^/$RANDOM.rmvb/'
$RANDOM.rmvb
[root@centos8111 ~]# echo |sed 's/^/'''$RANDOM.rmvb'''/'
10038.rmvb
[root@centos8111 ~]# echo |sed 's/^/'''$RANDOM'''.rmvb/'
27788.rmvb

範例：修改配置文件

[root@centos6 ~]#sed  -e '/^#<VirtualHost/,/^#<\/VirtualHost>/s@#@@' -e
'/^#NameVirtualHost/s@#@@' /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf

[root@centos8111 ~]# sed -rn '/^# <VirtualHost/,/^#<\/VirtualHost>/p' /etc/httpd/httpd.conf.bak
# <VirtualHost> definition.  These values also provide defaults for
#</VirtualHost> containers you may define later in the file.
[root@centos8111 ~]# sed -rn '/^# <Virt.*/,/^#<\/Virt.*/p' /etc/httpd/httpd.conf.bak
# <VirtualHost> definition.  These values also provide defaults for
#</VirtualHost> containers you may define later in the file.
[root@centos8111 ~]# sed -rn '/^# <Virt.*/,/^#<\/Virt.*/s@#@@p' /etc/httpd/httpd.conf.bak
 <VirtualHost> definition.  These values also provide defaults for
</VirtualHost> containers you may define later in the file.

範例：替換中的強弱引用

#defaults更換成#wangdefaults
NAME=wang;sed -Ei.bak '/default/s/(defaults)/$NAME\1/' /etc/fstab   ##''不行，強引用
NAME=wang;sed -Ei.bak "/default/s/(defaults)/$NAME\1/" /etc/fstab   ##""可行，弱引用
NAME=wang;sed -Ei.bak '/default/s/(defaults)/'''$NAME'''\1/' /etc/fstab     #可行

[root@centos8 /]# NAME=wang;sed -rn '/default/s/(defaults)/$NAME\1/p' /data/fstab
/dev/mapper/cl-root     /                       xfs     $NAMEdefaults        0 0
UUID=58adea0f-0cad-4f43-90c2-8cc6f310fdef /boot ext4    $NAMEdefaults        1 2
/dev/mapper/cl-swap     swap                    swap    $NAMEdefaults        0 0
[root@centos8 /]# NAME=wang;sed -rn "/default/s/(defaults)/$NAME\1/p" /data/fstab
/dev/mapper/cl-root     /                       xfs     wangdefaults        0 0
UUID=58adea0f-0cad-4f43-90c2-8cc6f310fdef /boot ext4    wangdefaults        1 2
/dev/mapper/cl-swap     swap                    swap    wangdefaults        0 0
[root@centos8 /]# NAME=wang;sed -rn '/default/s/(defaults)/'''$NAME'''\1/p' /data/fstab
/dev/mapper/cl-root     /                       xfs     wangdefaults        0 0
UUID=58adea0f-0cad-4f43-90c2-8cc6f310fdef /boot ext4    wangdefaults        1 2
/dev/mapper/cl-swap     swap                    swap    wangdefaults        0 0
[root@centos8 /]#

實例1：利用sed 取出ifconfig命令中本機的IPv4地址

#centos7.8可用
[root@centos8 ~]# ifconfig eth0 | sed -n '2s/^.*inet //p' | sed -n 's/netmask.*//p'
192.168.100.200
[root@centos8 ~]# ifconfig eth0 | sed -n '2s/^.*inet //;s/ netmask.*//p'
192.168.100.200
[root@centos8 ~]# ifconfig eth0 | sed -rn '2s/(.*inet )([0-9].*)(netmask.*)/\2/p'
192.168.100.200

#centos6.7.8通用寫法
[root@centos8 ~]# ifconfig eth0 |sed -nr "2s/[^0-9]+([0-9.]+).*/\1/p" 
192.168.100.200
[root@centos8 ~]# ifconfig eth0 |sed -rn '2s/^[^0-9]+([0-9.]+) .*$/\1/p'
192.168.100.200

實例2：取基名和目錄名

1、取網卡的目錄名和基名
#取目錄名
[root@centos8 ~]# echo /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33 |sed -rn 's#(.*)/([^/]+)/?#\1#p'
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts
[root@centos8 ~]# echo "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33" |sed -r 's#(^/.*/)([^/]+/?)#\1#'
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/

#取基名
[root@centos8 ~]# echo /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33 |sed -rn 's#(.*)/([^/]+)/?#\2#p'
ifcfg-ens33
[root@centos8 ~]# echo "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33" |sed -r 's#(^/.*/)([^/]+/?)#\2#'
ifcfg-ens33

2、處理/etc/fstab路徑，使用sed命令取出其目錄名和基名   

[root@centos8111 ~]# echo "/etc/fstab" |sed -r 's#(.*)/([^/]+)/?#\1#'
/etc
[root@centos8111 ~]# echo "/etc/fstab" |sed -r 's#(.*)/([^/]+)/?#\2#'
fstab

實例3：將非#開頭的行加

[root@centos8 /]# cat /data/fstab
...省略...
/dev/mapper/cl-root     /                        xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=58adea0f-0cad-4f43-90c2-8cc6f310fdef /boot  ext4    defaults        1 2
/dev/mapper/cl-swap     swap                     swap    defaults        0 0
[root@centos8 /]# sed -rn '/^[^#]/s/(.*)/#\1/p' /data/fstab
#/dev/mapper/cl-root     /                       xfs     defaults        0 0
#UUID=58adea0f-0cad-4f43-90c2-8cc6f310fdef /boot ext4    defaults        1 2
#/dev/mapper/cl-swap     swap                    swap    defaults        0 0

[root@centos8 /]# sed -rn 's/^[^#]/#&/p' /data/fstab            #同上
[root@centos8 /]# sed -rn 's/^[^#](.*)/#\1/p' /data/fstab       #同上
[root@centos8 /]# sed -rn '/^#/!s@^@#@p' /data/fstab            #空行也加上了#
#
#/dev/mapper/cl-root     /                       xfs     defaults        0 0
#UUID=58adea0f-0cad-4f43-90c2-8cc6f310fdef /boot ext4    defaults        1 2
#/dev/mapper/cl-swap     swap                    swap    defaults        0 0

實例4：將#開頭的行刪除

#1）將#開頭的行，只刪除#
[root@centos8 /]# sed -ri.bak '/^#/s/#//' /data/fstab
[root@centos8 /]# cat /data/fstab

 /etc/fstab
 Created by anaconda on Sat Nov  7 05:25:08 2020

 Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk/'.
 See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info.

 After editing this file, run 'systemctl daemon-reload' to update systemd
 units generated from this file.

/dev/mapper/cl-root     /                       xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=58adea0f-0cad-4f43-90c2-8cc6f310fdef /boot ext4    defaults        1 2
/dev/mapper/cl-swap     swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
[root@centos8 /]#

#2）將#開頭的行刪除
[root@repo8-server ~]# sed -r '/^#|^$/d' /data/fstab
/dev/mapper/cl-root     /                       xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=58adea0f-0cad-4f43-90c2-8cc6f310fdef /boot ext4    defaults        1 2
/dev/mapper/cl-swap     swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
[root@repo8-server ~]#

實例5：刪除/etc/fstab文件中所有以#開頭，後面至少跟一個空白字符的行的行首的#和空白字符

[root@centos8111 ~]# sed -rn '/^#/s/# +//p' /etc/fstab
/etc/fstab
Created by anaconda on Mon Nov 16 06:50:47 2020
Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk/'.
See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info.
After editing this file, run 'systemctl daemon-reload' to update systemd
units generated from this file.

實例6：取分區利用率

[root@centos8 ~]# df | sed -nr '/^\/dev\/sd/s# .*([0-9]+)%.*# \1#p'
/dev/sda2 9
/dev/sda5 1
/dev/sda1 3
#備註：
/^\/dev\/sd/          #查找/dev/sd開頭的行
空格.*([0-9]+)%.*     #從空格開始+任意字符到+多個數字%+任意字符
空格\1                #查找到的內容替換爲"空格+分組1"

[root@centos8 ~]# df | sed -nr '/^\/dev\/sd/s#.*([0-9]+)%.*#\1#p'
9
1
3
#備註：
.*([0-9]+)%.*    #查找.*+數字%+任意字符，即匹配的整行
\1               #替換成分組1，即數字

實例7：修改內核參數

[root@centos8 ~]# sed -nr '/^GRUB_CMDLINE/s/"$/ net.ifnames=0"/p' /etc/default/grub.bak
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="resume=UUID=4c77e17e-4a42-4f9b-b8c8-b8e4d3f821e8  rhgb quiet net.ifnames=0"

[root@centos8 ~]#sed -rn '/^GRUB_CMDLINE/s@(.*)"$@\1 net.ifnames=0"@p'/etc/default/grub.bak
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="resume=UUID=4c77e17e-4a42-4f9b-b8c8-b8e4d3f821e8  rhgb quiet net.ifnames=0"

[root@centos8 ~]# sed -rn '/^GRUB_CMDLINE/s@"$@ net.ifnames=0"@p' /etc/default/grub
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="resume=UUID=4c77e17e-4a42-4f9b-b8c8-b8e4d3f821e8 net.ifnames=0 rhgb quiet net.ifnames=0"

#備註：
#/^GRUB_CMDLINE/ 查找匹配只能使用/，不能用#或@等符號，而替換時可以用#或@符號。

實例8：查看httpd.conf配置文件

#刪除以“空格或#或空行”開頭的行
[root@centos8111 ~]# sed -r '/^( |#|$)/d' /etc/httpd/httpd.conf
ServerRoot "/apps/httpd"
Listen 80
LoadModule authn_file_module modules/mod_authn_file.so
...省略...
<IfModule ssl_module>
SSLRandomSeed startup builtin
SSLRandomSeed connect builtin
</IfModule>

[root@centos8111 ~]# sed -r '/^ |^#|^$/d' /etc/httpd/httpd.conf|wc -l
58
[root@centos8111 ~]# sed -r '/^( |#|$)/d' /etc/httpd/httpd.conf|wc -l
58

yum倉庫的創建並編譯安裝httpd軟件和sed用法詳解

1、yum倉庫

1.1 CenOS7系統yum倉庫配置

1）自建centos7本地源

2）自建centos7網絡源

1.2 CenOS8系統yum倉庫配置

1）centos8自建本地源

2）CentOS8配置網絡源

1.3 實現私用 yum倉庫

實例1：centos7系統創建局域網的基於Base和extras的私有yum源

實例2：centos8系統創建局域網的基於Base的私有yum源

1）centos8系統創建局域網的本地源

2）下載阿里雲的extras源，製作私有yum源

3）下載阿里雲的EPEL源，製作私有yum源

2、安裝編譯httpd

2.1 源代碼編譯安裝過程

2.2 編譯安裝準備

2.3 編譯安裝

2.4 安裝後的配置

實例1：CentOS 8 編譯安裝 cmatrix

實例2：centos 編譯安裝 httpd-2.4.46

實例3：腳本編譯安裝http2.4，實現可以正常訪問

3 文本處理三劍客之 sed

3.1 sed 工作原理

3.2 sed 基本用法

實例1：利用sed 取出ifconfig命令中本機的IPv4地址

實例2：取基名和目錄名

實例3：將非#開頭的行加

實例4：將#開頭的行刪除

實例5：刪除/etc/fstab文件中所有以#開頭，後面至少跟一個空白字符的行的行首的#和空白字符

實例6：取分區利用率

實例7：修改內核參數

實例8：查看httpd.conf配置文件

yum倉庫的創建並編譯安裝httpd軟件和sed用法詳解

KVM常見問題問題彙總

【揭祕】“場外95折”即將崩盤，告訴你此盤是怎麼走7個月的！詳細解讀！

Tinymce富文本編輯器實現步驟

ITer你有工作壓力和職業倦怠感嗎？

https://yachay.unat.edu.pe/blog/index.php?comment_area=format_blog&comment_component=blog&comment_co

linux以太網驅動總結

yum倉庫的創建並編譯安裝httpd軟件和sed用法詳解

1、yum倉庫

1.1 CenOS7系統yum倉庫配置

1）自建centos7本地源

2）自建centos7網絡源

1.2 CenOS8系統yum倉庫配置

1）centos8自建本地源

2）CentOS8配置 網絡源

1.3 實現私用 yum倉庫

實例1：centos7系統創建局域網的基於Base和extras的私有yum源

實例2：centos8系統創建局域網的基於Base的私有yum源

1）centos8系統創建局域網的本地源

2）下載阿里雲的extras源，製作私有yum源

3）下載阿里雲的EPEL源，製作私有yum源

2、安裝編譯httpd

2.1 源代碼編譯安裝過程

2.2 編譯安裝準備

2.3 編譯安裝

2.4 安裝後的配置

實例1：CentOS 8 編譯安裝 cmatrix

實例2：centos 編譯安裝 httpd-2.4.46

實例3：腳本編譯安裝http2.4，實現可以正常訪問

3 文本處理三劍客之 sed

3.1 sed 工作原理

3.2 sed 基本用法

實例1：利用sed 取出ifconfig命令中本機的IPv4地址

實例2：取基名和目錄名

實例3：將非#開頭的行加

實例4：將#開頭的行刪除

實例5：刪除/etc/fstab文件中所有以#開頭，後面至少跟一個空白字符的行的行首的#和空白字符

實例6：取分區利用率

實例7：修改內核參數

實例8：查看httpd.conf配置文件

2）CentOS8配置網絡源