随着新冠疫情蔓延全球，免洗消毒液的销量飞涨。它能用在无法洗手的场合，而且携带方便，因而受到追捧。其实，免洗消毒液的历史只有短短的几十年。
The history of hand sanitizer
by Tom Huddleston Jr.
Panic buying over the coronavirus pandemic（大流行病） has led to a variety of household products flying off the shelves at grocery stores. That includes one product that's only been commercially available for a few decades, but which many people clearly now view as a necessity: hand sanitizer.
panic /ˈpænɪk/ n. 恐慌
coronavirus /kəˈrəʊnəˌvaɪərəs/ n. 冠状病毒
lead to 导致
household /ˈhaʊshəʊld/ n. 住户、家庭
grocery /ˈɡrəʊs(ə)ri/ store 食品杂货店
commercially /kəˈmɜːʃ(ə)li/ adv. 商业上（由commercial加后缀-ly变成副词）
decade /ˈdekeɪd/ n. 十年
view /vjuː/ v. 看待
necessity /nəˈsesəti/ n. 必需品
hand sanitizer /ˈsænɪtaɪzə(r)/ 免洗消毒液
Purchases of the disinfecting gel have skyrocketed in the U.S. ever since the first case of COVID-19 hit the country. Supermarkets and pharmacies across the country have sold out of hand sanitizer, leaving only empty shelves where disinfectant products would normally be found.
purchase /ˈpɜːtʃəs/ n. 购买、购买的物品
disinfect /ˌdɪsɪnˈfekt/ v. 消毒（由infect加上表示否定的前缀dis-）
gel /dʒel/ n. 粘稠的膏状液体（就像洗发水、洗洁精等）
skyrocket /ˈskaɪˌrɒkɪt/ v. 飞涨、急剧上升
COVID-19 是新冠肺炎的正式名称
hit /hɪt/ v. 到达
pharmacy /ˈfɑːməsi/ n. 药店
sell out 卖完、售罄
disinfectant /ˌdɪsɪnˈfekt(ə)nt/ adj. 消毒的（由disinfect加后缀-ant变成形容词）
Modern hand sanitizer can be traced back to Goldie and Jerry Lippman, the married couple that developed a waterless hand cleaner in 1946 for rubber plant workers. The product, which they called Gojo, is a mix of petroleum jelly, mineral oil and less than 5% alcohol. It's still used today by workers to clean off substances like grease（油脂） and oil.
trace /treɪs/ v. 追根溯源
waterless /ˈwɔːtələs/ adj. 无水的（由water加上表示否定的后缀-less并变成形容词）
cleaner /ˈkliːnə(r)/ n. 清洁剂（由clean加上表示人或物的后缀-er）
rubber /ˈrʌbə(r)/ n. 橡胶
plant /plɑːnt/ n. 工厂
petroleum jelly 凡士林
mineral /ˈmɪn(ə)r(ə)l/ adj. 矿物的
substance /ˈsʌbst(ə)ns/ n. 物质
Over the following decades, Gojo continued selling their products as industrial cleaners. Then, in 1988, the company invented the hand gel Purell, which consists of 70% ethyl alcohol as its primary ingredient. It took some time for stores to carry the product that most everyday customers weren't really asking for. As such, Gojo did not release Purell onto the consumer market until 1997.
industrial /ɪnˈdʌstriəl/ adj. 工业的（由industry加后缀-al变成形容词）
consist /kənˈsɪst/ of 由…组成
ethyl alcohol 乙醇（是酒精的化学名称）
primary /ˈpraɪm(ə)ri/ adj. 主要的
ingredient /ɪnˈɡriːdiənt/ n. 配料、成分
everyday /ˈevrideɪ/ adj. 普通的、平常的
as such 严格意义上、严格来说
release /rɪˈliːs/ v. 发布（新产品）
consumer /kənˈsjuːmə(r)/ n. 消费者
Hand sanitizer sales did not start taking off until the 2000s. It was 2002 that the CDC first revised its hand hygiene guidelines to recommend alcohol-based hand sanitizer as a possible alternative for both health care personnel and the average person looking to eliminate germs when soap and warm water are not available, or as a time-saving solution. Throughout the 2000s, hospitals around the world started the widespread practice of placing hand sanitizer pumps throughout medical facilities.
sales /seɪlz/ n. 销售量、销售额
take off 起飞、快速成功
CDC 疾控中心
revise /rɪˈvaɪz/ v. 修订
hygiene /ˈhaɪdʒiːn/ n. 卫生
guideline /ˈɡaɪdlaɪn/ n. 指导方针、指南
-based 后缀，意思是“基于”
alternative /ɒlˈtɜːnətɪv/ n. 替代品、另一种选择
health care 健康照护、医疗卫生
personnel /ˌpɜːsəˈnel/ n. 人员
eliminate /ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt/ v. 消除、清除
germ /dʒɜːm/ n. 微生物、致病菌
throughout /θruːˈaʊt/ prep. 从…的开始到结束、遍及
widespread /ˌwaɪdˈspred/ adj. 分布广的、普遍的
practice /ˈpræktɪs/ n. 做法
pump /pʌmp/ n. 水泵（这里指按压式包装瓶，就像配图中的那种）
medical /ˈmedɪk(ə)l/ adj. 医疗的
facility /fəˈsɪləti/ n. 设施
For the average American consumer, who hopefully doesn't have to worry about finding clean water and soap, and isn't facing a time crunch that an emergency room doctor might have to deal with, hand sanitizer is an attractive option, especially now, for on-the-go situations where they might not be able to duck into a bathroom to wash their hands.
face /feɪs/ v. 面对、面临
time crunch /krʌntʃ/ 时间紧张
emergency /ɪˈmɜːdʒ(ə)nsi/ n. 紧急情况（emergency room就是急诊室）
on the go 忙个不停
duck /dʌk/ v. 溜走
"For example, you're out and about in New York City, or maybe you're somewhere where you just don't have a chance to wash your hands. Hand sanitizer is a good alternative for hand-washing in those situations," says Dr. Anjali Bharati, an emergency medicine physician at New York City's Lenox Hill Hospital.★
physician /fɪˈzɪʃ(ə)n/ n. 内科医生
★ 注：这里说在纽约市的时候要用免洗消毒液，是因为纽约市现在是美国疫情的重灾区。
Meanwhile, even though health officials have certainly come around to the benefits of alcohol-based hand sanitizers over the past two decades, they also remain adamant（坚决的） that the best method for avoiding germs is washing your hands thoroughly with soap and water. "The physical act of hand-washing and running water really does remove a very, very large percentage of bacteria, dirt and grime（污垢）, something that hand sanitizer does not do," says Dr. Bharati.
meanwhile /ˈmiːnwaɪl/ adv. 与此同时
official /əˈfɪʃ(ə)l/ n. 官员
come around 改变看法
thoroughly /ˈθʌrəli/ adv. 全面地、彻底地（由thorough加后缀-ly变成副词）
physical /ˈfɪzɪk(ə)l/ adj. 身体的
act /ækt/ n. 行为、举动
run /rʌn/ v. （液体）流动
percentage /pəˈsentɪdʒ/ n. 百分比
bacterium /bækˈtɪəriəm/ n. 细菌（bacteria /bækˈtɪəriə/ 是复数）
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