指數之美

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"什麼是指數？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"用經濟學的概念來理解，任何兩個數值對比形成的相對數都可以稱之爲指數，比如用天氣的溼度比上溫度得出來一個數值，我們取個名字叫溫溼比，對這個數值進行監控就得到了一個指數的趨勢變化。當然，實際上的指數不僅僅包含這兩個指標，可能會有很多，比如營商指數，就包含近1400個指標。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"指數在不同領域都有應用，上面說的溫溼比是天氣指數中的重要因子，在零售行業上應用比較廣泛。舉個例子，溫度和溼度會影響蚊蟲幼卵的孵化，在一定程度上會直接影響小區周邊便利店內花露水的銷量，因此很多諮詢公司都會參考天氣指數爲零售公司提供解決方案。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"瞭解了指數的基本概念之後，我們來看一下指數都有哪些類型。首先如果按照指數所代表的範圍不同，我們可以將指數分爲個體指數和總體指數。"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"個體指數就是針對單獨某一個個體，可以是某個商品的價格或者某個產品的質量，都可以叫做個體指數；當個體不足以反映整體系統變化的情況時，就需要將個體融合然後用一個總體指數來代表整個系統的狀態，這個就是總指數，如居民消費價格指數。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"既然總體指數是將個體指數融合之後得到一個數值，那麼如何將個體指數加工整理成總體指數，最終得到我們想要的能夠代表整個系統狀態的一個值呢？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"以營商環境指數爲例，基本流程是這樣的："}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/9d\/9d5f07c2a39f6a8944f3375e31393f67.png","alt":"圖片","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這裏面可能有的人會問了，每個個體都代表不同的方向，比如企業開辦流程個數、辦結時間、所需費用，個體的計量單位都不一樣，怎麼能放到一起做加減乘除的運算呢。其實，這裏就用到統計學的知識“數據標準化”的過程。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"數據標準化的核心是通過某種規則去掉不同的計量單位，讓這些指標在同一個標準規則下進行基本運算，這樣一來時間、個數和費用就可以直接進行加減了。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"是不是很神奇，那麼這麼神奇的標準化過程是怎麼處理的呢？其實很簡單，其中有一種處理方法就叫做"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"前沿距離法（Distance to Frontier,DTF)，前沿距離通俗的理解就是：當前水平與最好和最差水平的差別。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"舉個例子，比如一個班上的期中考試成績出來了，小明得了65分，父親知道後非常生氣，數落了小明一頓，怎麼剛剛及格；這個時候小明告訴父親，班裏最高分70，最低分15，父親頓時氣就消了一大半；我們看下，65分距離最好的僅差了5分，距離最差的高出了整整50分；按照前沿距離來看下小明的成績指數情況，成績指數=(65-15)\/(70-15)=91分！"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"相信大家已經大概瞭解前沿距離是怎麼回事了，其核心就是通過水平與距離的相對數將計量單位歸一成分值，而這個分值總會在0-100之間，具體的公式如下："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"正向指標："}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/ad\/adb30b65a5c1862d43b6b85d74381226.png","alt":"圖片","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"負向指標："}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/14\/14c4467952c35549c6a30d5cc02da833.png","alt":"圖片","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"正向指標的得分越大說明整體向好，比如企業開辦的便利度，得分越高說明企業開辦的便利程度越高；而負向指標則正好相反，數值越高越不利於整體指數的向好發展，比如辦理納稅中的納稅次數、納稅時間等，但是通過前沿距離的轉化，最後會將負向指標轉換成得分，得分越高說明負向指標的數值越小，這樣一來就可以統一通過得分來評價該指標的好壞。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"上面介紹瞭如何將不同計量單位的指標統一轉化爲得分的過程，下一步就是將這些得分進行彙總，最終生成一個總指數；就像我們拿到了數學、語文、英語的成績，要算最終的總成績一樣，不過區別在於，考試成績可以直接加和進行排名的對比，而總指數則需要通過加權處理，加權處理就是把每個個體指數的得分賦予一個權重，然後通過得分與權重的加成最終得到總體指數，總體指數是將所有信息壓縮成一個0-100範圍內的最終得分；這個過程有幾種方法：算數平均法、幾何平均法、加權平均法等等，每種計算權重的詳細過程會在下一篇中詳細介紹，不是本篇的主要內容。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"熟悉了指數的加工過程，我們來看下指數最終的應用。經濟領域和國家政務領域對指數十分重視，如道瓊斯指數、消費物價指數、行業景氣指數等，這些指數不僅會影響市場經濟活動，也同時爲國家制定相關政策提供重要參考；除此之外，市場中也出現了很多頭部企業開始挖掘指數的價值。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"頭部企業引領某個行業或領域的發展，因爲其所從事的業務框架複雜程度非常高，而且創新已經沒有可參考的對象；而指數作爲風向標，最能夠代表某個行業或領域的整體發展情況，因此很多頭部公司推出了指數的產品化應用。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"應用比較廣泛的指數化產品，如："}]},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"1.百度指數"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"百度指數的理想是“讓每個人都成爲數據科學家”，以百度海量網民行爲數據爲基礎，通過搜索某個關鍵詞來查看一段時間內的漲跌態勢以及相關的新聞輿論變化，幫助用戶優化數字營銷活動方案。"}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/95\/955c45014101640faf403da586e24a01.png","alt":"圖片","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2.阿里指數（針對電子商務平臺市場動向的數據分析平臺）"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"阿里指數是瞭解電子商務平臺市場動向的數據分析平臺，包括市場行情、熱門行業、企業分析等功能，阿里指數將會順利成爲中國電子商務市場的一個關鍵的晴雨表。"}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/3e\/3ee2b7b9134dd2e970a2e9477790f1b8.png","alt":"圖片","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"3.360指數"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"360指數是基於其海量用戶數據爲基礎的大數據展示平臺,可通過搜索關鍵詞,快速獲取熱度趨勢、理解用戶真實需求、瞭解關鍵字搜索的人羣屬性。"}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/c5\/c5479d0d060a31dfbe0302bdf5b9fd4a.png","alt":"圖片","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"4.搜狗指數"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"搜狗指數平臺是以搜狗搜索海量網民行爲數據爲基礎的數據分析統計平臺,可以查看全網熱門事件、品牌、人物等查詢詞的搜索熱度變化趨勢,掌握網民需求變化。"}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/e0\/e015f691c69f8bd4e28d7a11caa69fa7.png","alt":"圖片","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"寫在最後"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"政務領域的業務複雜度遠高於市場活動，國家會通過編制一些指數來評價某個方向的整體情況，比如用來評價放管服改革、六穩六保等效果的營商環境指數；從另外一個層面來理解，如果我國的營商環境得分在世界範圍內都佔有很大優勢的話，其實也從側面證明中國的制度體制上的先進性。單從這一點上來看，也不難理解爲何國家層面如此重視營商環境的治理了，因爲它已經不僅僅代表經濟領域的優劣排名，更是帶有一種政治戰略，爲中國在國際社會上的影響力添磚加瓦。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"本文轉載自：金科優源匯（ID：jkyyh2020）"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"原文鏈接："},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s\/tc4HUjiGigh1fo3xb6nu0g","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"指數之美"}]}]}]}