伯克利谈Serverless：服务器的存在，是云计算的大问题

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/6d\/6d702c8074b736cd1bcb30c73f0855bd.png","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"大家好，我是Johann Schleier-Smith，今天我非常期待向你们分享 Serverless计算以及我关于Serverless对云计算未来影响的看法 —— 它的影响将非常深远。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/d0\/d0abbb0fd4f42c655228cb3ed4f28f95.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"首先，我将从一个简短的自我介绍开始，包括我的背景、我的经验以及 Serverless 计算相关的工作。然后，我将深入讲解，Serverless计算从何而来，其中体现了哪些核心概念和理念？我将会从有点学术的角度来讲，但我真的希望你能从中学到一些东西。随后，我将讨论当前的一些研究趋势，最后是总结。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/d1\/d1c566a22fb20e5a84782de555fe46ba.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"首先，简单介绍一下我自己。在相当长的时间里我都是一名企业家，我曾在硅谷的社交网络行业工作。我从2003年开始，就在想办法解决注册用户的使用产品的各种问题，以及在非常竞争激烈的环境中，保持高可用性，保持快速创新步伐。我曾经是Tagged的创始人兼CTO。后来，我们收购了一家名为hi5的公司，合并成了一家公司。最后，公司被一家上市公司Meet集团收购。在我多年从业经历中面临如此多的挑战，让我真的很想从更根本的层面深入探究。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"于是，我转向了学术领域，目前我在加州大学伯克利分校从事机器学习博士项目的研究。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在 riselib 从事研究，是一个非常棒的机会，可以和很多非常棒的人一起工作，向他们学习。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/b1\/b101ef163a90ec89c9bbbb998070afb2.png","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"所以，我今天要讲述的内容，很大程度上受到了很多的合作伙伴的影响。我们已经发表了一些论文，我推荐大家去看看这里展示的作品，你可以读到更多的信息。有很多人对此领域做出贡献，例如 Ion Stoica、Joseph Hellerstein、Joseph Gonzalez、Rocha Popa （音译）等优秀的教员。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我想说，今天我将代表我自己的立场来分享。也就是说，我可能会说一些有争议的话题，我将会为自己的观点负责。我也要感谢 riselib 的赞助商，riselib 的研究是通过政府和企业资助实现的。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/cf\/cf261287864710b09df884174db3a296.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Now Serverless ."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Serverless 广受关注，这张图表展示了人们对它的兴趣有多大，增长的速度有多快 —— 这是人们在 Google 上搜索 Serverless次数的变化趋势。你可以看到，自从AWS lambda在2015年面世以来，出现了飞快的增长。当你看到这些图表时，可能你会说，这里一定发生了一些非常有趣的事情，让我更多地了解一下为什么会这样。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/c3\/c3bc3df35f3e9f71feb9942ebedb9be5.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在 Serverless 产品方面，我想你可能有了一些了解。比如腾讯云已经提供的 FaaS 产品服务，Serverless 云函数（SCF）。这些产品允许你在云中运行代码和计算任务，而不需要考虑基础架构，也不需要考虑运维，这确实是促使人们对 Serverless 感兴趣的原因。稍后我会详细介绍这一点，但我想强调一下， Serverless 不仅仅与计算有关，还有 Serverless 存储，例如腾讯的云对象存储（COS），还有 Serverless 数据库服务，比如 TcaplusDB。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/95\/95a3a4dd2c89e0d4f8683d3222908ced.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Serverless的共性，是你使用它的方式 —— 这正是我喜欢它的地方。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"你编写代码时，你可以选择任何你喜欢的编程语言。然后你将代码上传到云，接下来你会说：“云服务商，请去运行这个代码”。在这之后，一切都正常运行了。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"运维方面的事情也为你安排好了。如果需要更多的底层基础设施容量，那么它将自动为你扩容，反之也会自动缩容。假如发生任何故障，也会很快得到解决。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"你唯一需要关心的问题，是实际使用了多少资源，云服务商为你分配了多少计算和存储，以满足您的服务和产品 —— 而这就是你的付费方式，超级简单、实用的按用量计费方式。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/e1\/e1e9851a832467aacdd22d66602b160d.png","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"这简直不要太美好 —— 所以我们认为，Serverless Land 是个神奇的地方，到处都是你能吃到的糖果，到处都是彩虹和独角兽，可真棒啊！"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/32\/32b71b152f3f09e314d02b24df792990.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但是我想你一定要问的是：这么美好的东西可能是真的吗？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/21\/213608e2de66e6d2af53f60028778b9c.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"事实上，会存在一些捣蛋的“怪兽”，Serverless 也会遇到各种各样的挑战。这些是对 Serverless 计算的一些常见反对观点："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"有一些人说，你所运行云函数它们实际上是无状态的，所以当你的程序运行结束时，数据就会被清除；还有一些人抱怨它有点贵；还有反对的观点说这可能造成效率降低，因为你正在将计算和状态分开；另一个挑战的点是，有时会被认为缺乏对 GPU 等硬件加速器的支持；还有人会说，我搞的这些应用程序，他们都无法使用Serverless的方式运行；还有人说，也许 Serverless 听起来很简单，但实际落地起来却很困难。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如果从学术界的角度，我可以给你们一些成果的展示，几乎所有这些反对观点描述的问题，都取得了重大进展。但仍有一个还在坚持 ... Serverless 这个名字不好。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/57\/571e8c9aeff83c6601f74e1ebd06bcd2.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"对于这个名字有一些普遍的反对意见。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“服务器还在那里，你怎么能称它为无服务器呢？”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“另一个问题是，如果没有服务器，那有什么呢？”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"这听起来不像是用词不当吗？既然如此，人们为什么还要这么命名它呢。但我要告诉你，这实际上非常重要。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/2e\/2ed2185c2417eb2c8bff03275fbacdd0.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"还有人可能会说，为什么不给它起个别的名字？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"比如就叫它云函数吧？我想说，它不仅仅是云函数；或者称之为托管服务？这概念已经有很长一段时间了；云原生？是另外一个很好的新名词，也许我们应该称之为超级自动伸缩。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"随便叫什么，你可以给 serverless 想出各种各样的其他名字来。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/0b\/0b8b42fea1767b516e9cb9f2d843e456.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"现在我的观点是，Serverless 其实是一个很有意义的名字，最关键的点是你没有服务器。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"它描述了云计算目前正在发生的最关键的事情，这一巨大的变迁即将到来。如果我们理解为什么这是一个好名字，我们就会理解趋势，也会理解云计算的发展方向。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/66\/667943cbf39037c1c71f62637eba9bef.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我们开始下一节，Why Serverless？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/ac\/ac8032809cf3967ed8f53926fc802aa5.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我要带你们回到大概2,400年前，这是伟大的哲学家亚里士多德所在的希腊时代，哲学家们倾向于深入思考事物，一些观念在归纳总结后仍与当今社会十分相关。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/40\/40e76fcf6937a4c62c4bda7755dbf293.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"让我来问你这是什么？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"你可以说它是一把椅子，或一把红色椅子。如果请你稍微描述一下？你会说它是圆的，你会看到一个圆圈有四条腿，也许是用木头做的。好的，你已经告诉了我很多关于那个东西的属性。现在我可以问：关于你的描述的物体，它的本质属性是什么呢？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"所以在这个问题下，我们可以说：它们的表面是平坦的，适合坐着。这就是它真正成为凳子的原因。当然它还有很多偶然属性——它是红色的、它有座椅、椅腿、它的材质等等，这些都不是本质属性。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/72\/724a5b5ecffa4c970cc12ae85427b0b3.png","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"一把凳子可能有不同的属性。我们可以看到我这里有很多例子，很多不同类型的凳子，有些有三条腿，有些只有一条腿。但它们都是凳子，它们有相同的用途和功能，但它们的工作机制各不相同。所以你可以看到每个凳子，本质属性都被保留了下来，而那些偶然属性则有所不同。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/d1\/d12eff6754de1974c0d14d64b261c1d4.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"现在，请允许我再讲解得深入些 —— 我保证这些都跟计算机领域相关。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"请看这是什么，这是一座桥梁。它是一座横跨溪流的桥梁，它有相当多的属性。这是架在水上的干燥路面，它连接着两岸上面铺装了原木，它有四根支撑，两端都有斜坡，中间的部分很平整。"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"这些是用来创造桥梁的技术，你明白它的作用是什么"},{"type":"text","text":"，连接河岸两端的能力也有很多属性。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/3b\/3b9d2e254dcb9ef0061147e6426be9f8.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我们再看一座桥的不同案例，可能是一套不同的造桥技术，我们会发现有一套不同的属性来实现这座桥。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/42\/42d18dd085e7671bb06b1a94607d388b.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"继续下一个案例，这个是悬挂绳子的桥梁。它不是平坦的，它有点下沉，它由岸上的四根柱子支撑着。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/b9\/b93d2cd0024deb837e8af8d41438f8e8.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"再看看这座桥。这个桥在中间稍高了一些，有这十根柱子连接上下导轨。这个可能是金属做的，所以它采用了不同的技术，但归根结底都是一样的，它们都提供的了桥的功能。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/f4\/f438cd0d227778a98097ac1439011722.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如果我们仔细研究每个问题，就需要研究哪些属性是本质的，哪些属性是偶然的，我们可以继续探究一下。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/e9\/e9b8d792ed51ad65e5dcb576b59d622c.png","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我们把它们都列出来，可以看到在屏幕上所有属性放在一起：哇，这是多么难懂的一团乱七八糟的东西！接下来，我们把所有偶然属性都拿走，把重点放在提供一座桥梁的本质属性上。就像你现在看到的，一切都变得简单得多。记住，这是理解 Serverless 计算的关键，这要求我们要排除大量的偶然复杂度。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/84\/842c9afd73019e1bd572069043c76513.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"云计算工作方式的实质，让我们专注于应用程序中最本质的部分——核心业务逻辑，这是每个应用中必不可少的、差异化的部分。所以你看着那台服务器，你可能会问：服务器是云计算的本质属性，还是偶然属性？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/12\/12793a4c40dffbf0da246d3e55a60da5.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"为了让大家更好的理解，我将再次倒转时光，不是回到几千年前，而是回到1967年。这是IBM System 360大型计算机，它是一台非常令人印象深刻的机器。当时为这些机器写的代码，如今仍在很多公司运行。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/91\/91f610a26214eee1125217149ccaffd3.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"它是一个大型计算机，意味着是一个支持许多用户的集中式资源。在1960年代，这是一项巨大的进步，能够真正有效地将公司一台大型计算机的资源和时间进行共享，分配给各个团队使用。现在你看到这个大型计算机，实际上会意识到，在20世纪60年代，在这些大型计算机上正在实现的许多东西，与我们今天在云计算和 Serverless 计算中追求的价值非常相似。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/d3\/d391a6a2d4e302a9ded811b119e7f502.png","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Fred Brooks 是 System 360 的主要领导者之一，他领导了操作系统和许多硬件团队，后来他成为一位非常杰出的教授和图灵奖获得者。1980年代后期，他撰写了开创性的文章，在其中他区分了计算机程序的复杂度，并且提出了与你的应用业务有关的是本质复杂度。也许业务本质复杂度是很有限的，但是计算机带来了复杂度，这就是业务功能的技术实现细节。就像那座桥，取决于我们用的是绳子、钢材还是木头，我们会有很多不同的技术实现细节。这些技术细节实际上非常重要，正是因为这些技术让事情变得可行，但它们与你应用程序的业务逻辑并没有关系，与解决方案的最终结果也无关。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在我所目睹的技术里，使用汇编语言编写程序的过程中，就有太多的偶然复杂度。而现在的高级编程语言已经变得如此之好，以至于可以使用它们做任何的事情。这样对于我们可以用计算机做什么来说，这是一次巨大的变革。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"本质复杂度和偶然复杂度的理论，真的是一种伟大的见解，是我们从几千年前哲学家得到的启发，最近几十年里确实是具有非凡的意义。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/6a\/6ae1e362292156390bb0d6bf9bb685bf.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"为了更深入地了解这一点，再了解几种通常与 System 360 一起使用的编程语言。Fortran 用于数值计算，Cobol 用于商业应用程序，PL\/1 作为一种通用的编程语言。而对于那些真正需要高性能的应用程序，需要通过 System 360 汇编语言实现。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/49\/49e92c4a7300b9b85c56738ae0f9112c.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我想，任何一个曾经使用过各种不同语言和系统的人都会很熟悉这种权衡，一方面是编程的体验，另一方面是性能和开销。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/f0\/f0dd42cba70ecf49dc4f69b1532d5c06.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在此我想展开讲一下，给你们一个具体的例子，以便对 System 360 有更清晰的认识。这是校验信用卡号码的 Luhn 算法，一个简单但古老的算法。如果想要查看该信用卡号码是否有效，可以采用一个简单的方法 —— 实际就是一种校验和。从卡号的末尾开始偶数位都乘以2，如果结果是大于10的数字，则将个位和十位相加即得到一位数字，把所有数字相加得到总和。如果可以被10整除，就是一张有效的信用卡。超级简单的算法，对吧？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/3b\/3b5922d9ac641c7455edf88a17178ff6.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"事实上，如果我们使用像PL\/1这样的编程语言。这代码看起来可能你们大多数人都不认识，当你看到它，可能你会说这可能是2020年最新最伟大的新语言，就这么简单。右读一些输入，得到该数字，颠倒它，然后对奇数位和求和，然后对一些偶数和求和，并根据需要执行判断逻辑，看看它是否被10整除，如果是则通过测试，否则就不通过。这个很十分简单。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/ec\/ec3b1bb6b7f5fa248906cc89d6cd1a94.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"现在让我们来看一下汇编语言实现。代码去掉了注释 —— 即使注释在其中，也真的很难分析。我花了一些时间来分析，了解这段程序在做什么。我会省去大部分的细节，会给你们一个高度概括的介绍。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/0d\/0d1d1c6576fa061564ed42213b8d151c.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"此处从寄存器的操作开始。什么是寄存器呢？我们知道在CPU内部有固定数量的存储单元，这些存储单元用于基本操作、算术运算、访问内存单元、加载和存储等。如果你准备编程，必须弄清楚你要如何使用这些寄存器。这只是复杂度的一部分，你还必须在编程时考虑，如何确保你空间足够使用。这些操作与计算信用卡号码的校验和无关，这只是当你用汇编语言编程时，必须要发生的一些工作。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/f5\/f55ce11e7a32ceb4e265e685d30e143a.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"这是字符串长度。你会注意到，上面没有名字，没有卡号，以及诸如此类的东西。它只是一堆寄存器，你必须跟踪你的程序中交叉引用，你还必须做出决定将使用哪个寄存器来计算字符串的内存地址，并将字符串所有内容存储在那个内存地址。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/fb\/fb1a1698d390b30b73869a1f4294e66c.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"反转字符串也是类似操作。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/e6\/e6d131fcddbfe7974dd8a6c1633d4d73.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我不会再深入讨论了，这是一堆详细的指令、逻辑和判断，和你要做的事情没有任何关系。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/88\/882dea950bddef75d617012a466c2398.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"通过这个高度概述的介绍，不难发现用汇编语言的代码要比 PL\/ 1长得多，寄存器名称也不含什么信息，直接暴露了这台机器的很多工作原理。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/0f\/0f1135ecf93e21bdcc66fd885d91b694.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"这是那台机器的示意图，有浮点寄存器、定点寄存器、16位通用寄存器，需要对特定内存单元、特定存储地址进行读写操作。我并不是对汇编持完全否定的态度，汇编语言编程的好处是，你可以用很少的资源获得非常好的性能。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/08\/085b93c8dd985fcb483e63ddd58dec12.png","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"这是 Margaret Hamilton 的照片，还有一堆阿波罗制导计算机的汇编语言代码的打印件，我认为这真的是个很酷的东西。她是该项目的首席软件开发人员，在1969年编写了火箭载着宇航员导航到月球的程序，使用的技术比我们今天要原始得多。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/91\/91efeee5ce8919afd17b6b7feddb30fe.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"这是一张阿波罗制导计算机的照片，它的运行频率是 2MHz，可能比你今天拥有的最慢的计算机或手机慢一千倍。不仅如此，这里还有一件非常有意思的事——资源是如此的有限！真的，这导致用汇编语言编程的人们需要详细地思考，如何去使用这 2,048 个字节的内存，这就是你能使用的全部内存，需要以非常谨慎地使用内存的每一个字节。记住，我们要去月球的时候，火箭上有一百五十种不同的装置需要去控制，而我们只需要使用这么一点点内存就可以做到。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/fe\/fe03bb589a728cd02115daa92e0aafed.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"汇编语言编程需要考虑的事情，包括如何使用每个寄存器？如何安排内存中的数据？如果我要切换程序，我该怎么做？等等。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/e1\/e1539f50a1f918e62f2786673a1aba8b.png","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"现在我们来到2020年，当你想到云计算的时候，您会遇到很多类似的问题！"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"那么，我应该如何使用每一个服务器呢？"},{"type":"text","text":" 我需要多大的一个服务器实例？如何知道何时需要分配更多服务器？其中一个服务器是否出现故障时，我该如何应对这种情况？即便我知道需要备份我的数据，但是我应该备份多少次？如何保证数据的一致性？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"所以这些都是挑战，真正的挑战，艰难的挑战，它们与你正在交付的应用程序没有任何关系。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/1b\/1b38d3c6c15d02d8231ecf49e47706af.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"那么汇编语言的复杂度，是如何解决的呢？解决办法其实很简单，编译器会做生成机器代码的工作。编译器是如此出色，以至基本没人再需要使用汇编语言进行编程，除非是非常特殊应用程序。"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"我认为依赖服务器的编程，就是当今的汇编语言编程。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/d3\/d31e2c8a6432cb754843d14bf6bd540c.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"为了说的更加具体，我就像这样对比一下。用汇编语言编程，要处理寄存器的名称，要处理特定的内存单元和地址。当你使用高级编程语言时，这些东西就消失了对吗？你永远也看不到寄存器，编译器会完全处理它，将其隐藏起来，包括内存地址。在一些不那么高级的语言 （如C语言） 中你还会看到这些。但可以肯定的是，一旦你使用了像 Java 这样的语言，内存地址就完全消失了。如果谈及云服务，也会有服务器地址，我的观点是这不属于云，它将消失！"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/7c\/7ca109fabbc8a42d8620a5d5a26691cf.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"所以我的观点是，Serverless 是一个精确的命名，它表明了当今基于云编程的问题所在，暴露在编程模型中的服务器，就像暴露寄存器或特定内存单元一样有问题。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"现在最关键的是将过去对我们有效控制编程复杂度的方法，应用到云服务中，将它们应用于消除服务器、固定地点、固定资源、固定地址，改变我们基于云编程的方式。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/6d\/6d5e8655f29980e13808d1261fe076be.png","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/b2\/b265a56eca19c97c16f6358d7414ff52.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"接下来，我想对目前的一些研究做一个简要的概述。我会偏向伯克利分校的视角，目前整个学术界都在进行Serverless研究，并且一直在加速发展。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/69\/69804251f39e620c8954bb7929807efb.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"让我们来逐一过一下已经完成的一些工作吧， 来针对性的解决这些对Serverless的反对观点。至于名字不好这件事，我们已经聊过了，不再多说。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/1e\/1e9038c2fe23710b79f1bf46cd8f0f17.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"第一个是无状态计算的限制。在伯克利我们开发了一个名为cloudburst的系统，它将高性能K-V存储与FaaS运行时集成在一起，允许数据缓存与主机放在一起，在 Serverless的环境中实现了高性能计算。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/6c\/6ccc93aa7814ea860af00408b5abc387.png","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"还有其他的反对意见认为， Serverless 太贵，或效率低下。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/c9\/c9d0b48caabff5cf1df8b027bff07b17.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如你所见，CloudBurst 解决了延迟，这里我们对比了一个函数调用另一个函数的场景，只是进行一系列简单的操作。我们看到与目前公共云的相比，这里的延迟大大减少了。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/66\/663ceb8fd544f2a665c1953831707790.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我们还在努力将GPU等硬件加速集成到Serverless计算中，这实际上非常有意思，因为可以想出不同的方法来做到这一点。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/21\/211aa57eae7a69721300ab89e7a75683.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"例如，一种选择是让每个云函数都附带一个GPU。所以如果你有很多云函数在运行，你会得到很多的GPU和CPU。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/03\/030e64b75a4b10d2801944bf553d6417.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"另一种选择是将计算单元进行拆分，这样你就可以有一个 GPU-only 的函数（或许也用到一点 CPU），这样在扩展该资源方面会获得更大的灵活性。你可以独立于CPU资源和内存资源，来扩展GPU资源，这也是我们一直在研究的。另外，在传输数据等方面也存在一些挑战，但这是一个非常令人兴奋的研究领域。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/fc\/fce5c8a79b20d4eeff59b903869ce0b6.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"对Serverless的另一个反对意见是：人们会说，它不支持我现有的一些应用程序，比如一些遗留应用程序。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/5e\/5e504a7a085eeed4a6c2414e433868e3.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"例如，直到最近还没有共享文件系统的支持，没有 FaaSFS 这样的文件系统可以与云函数一起使用。AWS 已在几个月前发布了一款产品，但与传统本地文件系统相比，在性能方面还存在一些瓶颈。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/15\/15aafae2d6c225b666ed2bc805e9bea0.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"为了解决这个问题，我们构建了一个共享文件系统，称之为 FaaSFS 。提供了集成事务机制的缓存，能够确保数据非常靠近算力，可以非常快地访问，并且保持了数据的全局一致性。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/9a\/9af94de16e7ab30cb8fc60c28b443a10.png","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"最后，人们有时会有的另一种抱怨：Serverless 听起来很简单，但实践起来却很难。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/10\/10436af125a619f840b593d0886d5069.png","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我只想回到我之前提出的论点，也就是说，在过去的五六十年里，我们有大量的复杂度计算。可以看到在语言领域已经发生了很多事情，产生了巨大的变化，例如一些编译工具。对于云计算来讲，现在还为时尚早，伯克利的人们已经在此领域开展了很多基础性的工作，我非常兴奋能在我们前进的过程中与他们一起工作。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/8f\/8fc6fcac191a0a0faf276cd5b813850e.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/3b\/3b24f9306137131a1ed1e47194ff5f53.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"虽然对 Serverless 计算仍有不少反对声音。我不会说我今天在这里已经解决了所有这些问题，但我要说的是，这些问题正在一个接一个的被解决。学术界和人力资源行业的研究人员，都在非常积极地攻克几乎所有的障碍。所以我们对Serverless计算很有信心，这个梦想真的可以应用于广泛的应用程序中。我们所有人很快就能真正享受到这一点。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/86\/86943f65d82b11c1e203d0f67fc732c3.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Serverless 计算的本质是：云计算的 Serverless 阶段，驯服了基于云编程的偶然复杂度，让您专注于本质复杂度（业务本身）—— 那些你的业务应用中真正有价值的部分。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/cb\/cb92b540da0441f8d7dbe375d6afc2d7.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"就像一开始在那个桥的例子中，把所有其他让你分心的东西拿走，摆脱它们，然后专注于最最重要的事情。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/0b\/0bb46c02d75dcefa7b3b538e40e01b1d.png","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"总结一下，服务器是造成云应用程序偶然复杂度的根本原因，不接受反驳。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"思考一下，只需想想一下今天我们编程模型所不存在的那些东西，寄存器名称、内存单元、以及服务器地址，这些也很快就会消失不见。要使 Serverless 应用于每一个应用场景，仍然面临着各种各样的挑战，同时研究人员正在积极地向前迈进，解决所有这些挑战。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/07\/07fafecf28e4d775d54fd954acb5ce12.webp","alt":"Image","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}}]}