全世界下載量超100億，curl怎樣成爲影響世界的開源項目？

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"本文最初發佈於DANIEL STENBERG的個人博客，遵循"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/?fileGuid=VTYjN8XNNQsJxEFc","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"CC BY-SA 4.0許可"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，由InfoQ中文站翻譯並分享。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"作爲當今用途最廣的開源項目之一，curl在全世界有超過100億的安裝。從紅帽Linux、Debian再到Mac OS、Windows 10、iOS和Android，甚至包括任天堂Switch、Xbox和索尼PS5以及電腦遊戲、媒體播放器和機頂盒等，都不乏curl的身影。本文作者回顧了curl過去23年的發展歷程，揭示了一個小型開源項目怎樣保持生命力，發展成一個影響世界的存在。"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"curl的官方生日是1998年3月20日，這一天，第一個可構建出工具名爲curl的tar包發佈。之所以將其命名爲curl 4.0，因爲我保留了之前那個名字的版本號。準確的說，它是從3.12的基礎上過來的，而3.12是是舊名urlget的最後一個版本。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/b1\/b11bdd2cad7f1677a17f47a58e036867.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"當然，curl並非那天憑空產生的。其歷史可追溯到一年多以前：1996年11月11日發佈的名爲httpget的工具。它由Rafael Sagula開發，我發現這個項目並開始做貢獻。httpget 0.1是一個不到300行代碼的C文件。(對於這個項目，我現在擁有最早的源代碼是httpget 1.3，可以在"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"http:\/\/curl.se\/download\/archeology\/httpget-1.3.c?fileGuid=VTYjN8XNNQsJxEFc","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這裏"}]},{"type":"text","text":"找到)"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"之所以關注這個項目，是因爲我想有一個小工具可以定期從網站上下載貨幣匯率，這樣我就能在我的IRC bot貨幣兌換中提供它們。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"當時迅速做出的那些小決定，後來在很大程度上影響和塑造了我的生活。從那以後，curl一直是我的主要愛好之一——當然，從幾年前開始，它成了我的全職工作。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"就在1996年11月的同一天，"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/ftp.sunet.se\/mirror\/archive\/ftp.sunet.se\/pub\/www\/utilities\/wget\/old-versions\/?fileGuid=VTYjN8XNNQsJxEFc","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Wget的第一個版本"}]},{"type":"text","text":"發佈（1.4.0）。在發佈前，這個項目也以另一個名字存在——回想起來，我都不知道它，我使用httpget來完成任務。也可能我發現它了，然後因爲它太小又忽略了它。Wget 1.4.0的tar包只有171 KB。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"不久後，我承擔起httpget維護者一職，並進一步擴展它的功能。後來，我添加了Gopher和FTP支持，並將其重命名爲urlget（這是由於我發現貨幣匯率也託管在這些服務器上）。1998年春天，我還添加了對FTP上傳的支持，這個工具的名稱又一次產生誤導性，我需要重新給它命名。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"起名真的很難。我想要一個經典Unix風格的簡短名字。我沒有花太多時間，因爲我很快就想到了一個有趣的詞。該工具作用在URL上，而且是一個互聯網客戶端工具。' c '（客戶端）和URL使' cURL '看起來非常貼切有趣，而且簡短，還非常“unixy”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"那時，我就已經希望curl成爲Unix中使用管道和標準輸出這一傳統的一部分。我希望curl的工作方式像cat命令，但是針對URL，在默認情況下，它會將URL發送到終端的stdout。就像cat一樣。然後，我們就可以“看到”該URL的內容。字母C的發音是see，所以可以讀作“see URL”。我喜歡雙關語，這樣就很好了。（但我還是會把它讀成“kurl”！）"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/af\/affb916bbbb25492dc9ddf91dad909a0.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這是最初的Logo，由Henrik Hellerstedt在1998年創建"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我打包了curl 4.0，並在那個週五進行發佈。那時，它有2200行代碼。在我幾個月後發佈的curl 4.8版本中，感謝文件中提到7位貢獻者。我們花了將近7年的時間纔將貢獻者發展到100位。現如今，該文件列出了超過2300個名字，每年還要增加幾百個。這不是一個人的項目！"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"沒有什麼特別的事情發生"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"curl並沒有取得巨大的成功。一些人發現了它，在第一個版本發佈14天后，我上傳了4.1版本，其中有一些Bug修復，一個延續幾十年的傳統開始了：不斷髮布更新，修復Bug。“儘早且經常發佈”是我們一直堅持的口號。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"1998年年底，當發佈超過15個版本時，我們在網站上發佈了這樣一段精彩的聲明："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/29\/29c137b4e90ebefea71f3d7c0bfdf359.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"curl網站1998年12月的截圖"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"下載量300！"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"對於這個項目和工具，我從來沒有任何征服世界的想法或宏大願景。我只是希望它能有效、快速、可靠地進行互聯網傳輸，這就是我正在努力實現的。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"爲了更好地向世人提供良好的互聯網傳輸體驗，我們引入了libcurl庫，它在2000年夏天首次發佈，使項目躍升了一個層次。隨着時間的推移，libcurl已經發展成爲事實上的互聯網傳輸API。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"今天，在它23歲生日之際，這仍然是curl的重點，也是我在這裏所做的。我相信，如果curl取得了一定程度的成功，那主要是因爲一個特殊的品質。一個詞："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/50\/5036a2919782a81f67d4d4d359395338.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"堅持"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我們堅持、忍耐，不斷打磨。我們在這裏是爲了長遠利益。我花了2年時間，它才達到300次下載量。又過了10年左右，它才真正被廣泛使用。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2008年，curl網站每月的下載數據量約爲100GB。這個月，它的下載數據量爲15600GB——有趣的是，156個月的時間裏數據量增加了156倍！當然，大多數用戶不會從我們的網站上下載任何東西，他們是從他們的發行版或操作系統提供商那裏獲得curl。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"curl在1998年底被紅帽Linux採用，在1999年5月成爲Debian的一個軟件包，2001年8月，Mac OS X 10.1也提供了這個工具。如今，Windows 10、iOS和Android設備也默認安裝了這款軟件。不用說還有遊戲機，包括任天堂Switch、Xbox和索尼PS5。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"有趣的是，兩大主流的移動操作系統都在使用libcurl，但它們並沒有提供API，所以很多應用程序，包括很多非常大的應用程序都捆綁了自己的libcurl構建，包括YouTube、Skype、Instagram、Spotif、谷歌Photos、Netflix等。這意味着，如今大多數智能手機用戶的手機中都有許多不同的curl安裝。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"此外，libcurl還被許多電腦遊戲所使用：《俠盜飛車5》、《堡壘之夜》、《絕地求生》、《荒野大鏢客：救贖2》等等。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"libcurl還被用在了媒體播放器和機頂盒中，如Roku、Apple TV。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"curl和libcurl在幾乎所有的互聯網服務器上都可以使用，並且是PHP默認的傳輸引擎，而在全球近20億個網站中，有近80%使用了PHP。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"汽車現在已經聯網了。如今，libcurl幾乎被用於每一輛"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/daniel.haxx.se\/blog\/2018\/08\/12\/a-hundred-million-cars-run-curl\/?fileGuid=VTYjN8XNNQsJxEFc","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"現代汽車"}]},{"type":"text","text":"之間的數據傳輸。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"然後還有媒體播放器、廚房和醫療設備、打印機、智能手錶和許多“智能”的物聯網的東西。實際上，幾乎所有的連接互聯網的設備都在運行curl。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如果我說，curl在全世界超過100億個裝置中存在時，我並沒有誇大其詞。"}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/85\/8552a4d04ae2c9c35d810add20900cec.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"孤獨的強者"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在過去幾年裏，我嘗試了幾次，看看curl是否可以加入一個管理組織，但沒有一個人接受我們，我認爲這是最好的結果。我們是完全獨立的，獨立於任何組織和公司。我們想怎麼做就怎麼做，不用按別人的規矩來。在過去的幾年裏，"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/curl.se\/sponsors.html?fileGuid=VTYjN8XNNQsJxEFc","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"贊助"}]},{"type":"text","text":"和捐贈的速度確實加快了，我們的狀況很好，可以爲Bug Bounty計劃提供豐厚的獎勵。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我相信，我和wolfSSL合作提供的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/curl.se\/support.html?fileGuid=VTYjN8XNNQsJxEFc","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"curl商業支持"}]},{"type":"text","text":"只會讓curl變得更強大：它讓我可以花更多的時間在curl上，讓更多的公司覺得使用curl更有保障，最終讓我們所有人都受益。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"1996年底的"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"300"},{"type":"text","text":"行代碼到2021年3月已經增長到"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"17.2"},{"type":"text","text":"萬行。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"未來展望"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我們最重要的工作是“不要惹是生非”。在儘可能多的平臺上提供你能找到的最好、最可靠的互聯網傳輸庫。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但爲了保持吸引力，我們也需要與時俱進，適應新出現的協議和使用習慣。支持新的協議版本，支持更好的做事方式，並隨着時間的推移，以負責任的方式棄用不好的東西，同時避免對用戶造成傷害。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我認爲，在短期內，我們希望"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/http3-explained.haxx.se\/?fileGuid=VTYjN8XNNQsJxEFc","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"確保HTTP\/3能夠正常工作"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，讓"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/daniel.haxx.se\/blog\/2020\/10\/09\/rust-in-curl-with-hyper\/?fileGuid=VTYjN8XNNQsJxEFc","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Hyper後端"}]},{"type":"text","text":"變得非常出色，看看"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/daniel.haxx.se\/blog\/2021\/02\/09\/curl-supports-rustls\/?fileGuid=VTYjN8XNNQsJxEFc","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"rustls後端"}]},{"type":"text","text":"會如何發展。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"23年過去了，我們還是沒有任何宏大的願景或路線圖作爲指導。我們以互聯網和用戶爲引領。不斷向前，不斷攀登！"}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/fb\/fb24e617cd30988ef0a303a358281ab1.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"curl 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