突发！美商务部将7个中国超算实体列入实体清单，制裁或许没有华为严重

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"美国再“拉黑”7个中国超算实体，这是拜登政府上任后，美国政府第一次增加对华实体清单名单。"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"7个超算实体被美列入实体清单"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"北京时间4月8日晚，美国商务部"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.commerce.gov\/news\/press-releases\/2021\/04\/commerce-adds-seven-chinese-supercomputing-entities-entity-list-their?fileGuid=V8wyJCJ8qjc6h9yh","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"官网"}]},{"type":"text","text":"显示，美国商务部工业和安全局(BIS)已将7家中国超级计算机实体列入实体名单，理由是，它们从事违反美国国家安全或外交政策利益的活动。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"这7家被添加到实体清单的超算实体分别是：天津飞腾信息技术有限公司、国家高性能集成电路（上海）设计中心、申威微电子公司、国家超级计算济南中心、国家超级计算深圳中心、国家超级计算无锡中心、国家超级计算郑州中心。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/2b\/dc\/2b9b105400b8ffea8b3afec8f5a3e2dc.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"美国商务部认为，这些实体参与建造超级计算机，并供中国军方使用，用于其不稳定的军事现代化工作。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"美国商务部长Gina M. Raimondo 在一份声明声称，“超级计算能力对于许多乃至几乎所有现代武器和国家安全系统的发展都至关重要，如核武器和高超音速武器。商务部将竭尽全力阻止中国利用美国的技术来支持这些破坏稳定的军事现代化努力。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"据《华盛顿邮报》报道，这七家公司都与中国建造下一代百亿亿次级超级计算机的意图有关。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"百亿亿次级计算机，是高性能计算的下一个前沿，能够用于开发现代武器系统。一个百亿亿次计算机可以每秒处理一百万万亿次计算，这是更精确地模拟高超声速飞行器的热阻所需的速度。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Gina M. Raimondo称上述实体符合列入《出口管理条例》第744.11条所列实体清单的标准。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"被加入“黑名单”后，影响几何？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"这7家实体被添加到实体清单后所适用的制裁限制将于2021年4月8日生效。清单规定了适用于所有受《出口管理条例》（EAR）约束的项目的许可要求，并排除了向这些实体出口、转口或(境内)转让的任何许可证例外情况。在申请向这些实体出口的任何许可证时，国际清算银行都将采用拒绝推定的许可证审查政策。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"被列入实体清单，意味着，上述7家公司在与美国公司开展业务之前，必须获得美国政府的许可，美国意图从根本上禁止这些公司获得美国开发的几乎所有先进技术。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"值得一提的是，彭博社的报道称，针对这些超级计算实体的限制并不像之前针对华为的限制那么严重。"},{"type":"text","text":" 在针对华为的制裁行动中，美政府应用了所谓的“外国直接产品规则”，限制华为利用台积电等公司为其生产芯片的能力。一位知情人士表示，美国商务部的举措不会阻止天津飞腾信息技术公司继续向台积电采购。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"天津飞腾信息技术公司和申威微电子公司是知名国产CPU供应商。官方资料显示，天津飞腾信息技术公司致力于飞腾系列国产高性能、低功耗通用计算微处理器的设计研发，飞腾CPU产品目前主要包括高性能服务器CPU（腾云S系列）、高效能桌面CPU（腾锐D系列）和高端嵌入式CPU（腾珑E系列）三大系列，为从端到云的各型设备提供核心算力支撑。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"华盛顿邮报在报道中称，飞腾微处理器已经被用于中国最大的空气动力学研究中心的超级计算机，该研究中心正在进行高超音速武器的研究。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"CPU和SOC，包括用于超级计算机的CPU和SOC，均是使用电子设计自动化(EDA)以及美国开发的其他工具和技术来设计的，如果没有这些工具和技术，飞腾或申威微电子几乎不可能开发他们的处理器。华盛顿邮报称，目前尚不清楚台积电或中芯国际等半导体代工企业是否真的能为飞腾或申威生产芯片。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在接受《华盛顿邮报》采访时，向中国顶尖芯片制造商销售电子设计自动化软件的上海咨询师Stewart Randall表示:“我在中国十年来，没有遇到一家既不使用Synopsys也不使用Cadence的芯片设计公司。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"美国再打击中国超算领域"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"这次BIS还将中国四个超级计算机站点列入了黒名单 — 国家超级计算济南中心、国家超级计算深圳中心、国家超级计算无锡中心、国家超级计算郑州中心。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"这是美国政府再一次打击中国超算领域。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"早在2015年，在奥巴马政府执政期间，美国商务部开始制裁与中国军方高性能计算相关的实体。当年，美国商务部将中国国防科技大学和位于天津的国家超级计算中心列入了实体名单。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"值得注意的是，这两家公司都与飞腾微密切相关。在被列入黑名单前，天津超级计算实验室在其超级计算机“天河一号”(Tianhe 1)中使用了英特尔的芯片。有分析人士认为，被列入实体清单后，英特尔无法再为其提供芯片，因此，该实验室转而与飞腾合作。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"就在本周三，天津飞腾信息技术公司正式更名为飞腾信息技术有限公司。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2019年，美国商务部列出了第二批参与军方开发百亿亿次超级计算机的中国公司和实验室。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"这次飞腾等7家超算实体被列入实体清单，也是拜登政府上任后，美国政府第一次增加对华实体清单名单。截止目前，已有约300家中国实体被美国列入实体清单。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"据悉，在商务部这一政策公布的前一天，Gina M. Raimondo 在新闻发布会上表示，拜登政府“正忙于”评估其对华政策，官员们“正在积极地工作”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"实体清单计划自特朗普政府开始实施，现在该计划由继任的拜登政府继续推行。此前外界曾猜测，拜登政府上任后，对中国科技企业的打压政策是否有缓和趋势，现在看来，打压势头或将更加猛烈。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"},{"type":"size","attrs":{"size":10}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"参考链接："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/national-security\/biden-administration-slaps-export-controls-on-chinese-firms-for-aiding-pla-weapons-development\/2021\/04\/07\/0c45bf0a-97f6-11eb-b28d-bfa7bb5cb2a5_story.html?fileGuid=V8wyJCJ8qjc6h9yh","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/national-security\/biden-administration-slaps-export-controls-on-chinese-firms-for-aiding-pla-weapons-development\/2021\/04\/07\/0c45bf0a-97f6-11eb-b28d-bfa7bb5cb2a5_story.html"}],"marks":[{"type":"italic"},{"type":"size","attrs":{"size":10}}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.commerce.gov\/news\/press-releases\/2021\/04\/commerce-adds-seven-chinese-supercomputing-entities-entity-list-their?fileGuid=V8wyJCJ8qjc6h9yh","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"https:\/\/www.commerce.gov\/news\/press-releases\/2021\/04\/commerce-adds-seven-chinese-supercomputing-entities-entity-list-their"}],"marks":[{"type":"italic"},{"type":"size","attrs":{"size":10}}]}]}]}