{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"當你從朋友圈點開這篇文章的標題，就已經在使用開源軟件提供的服務了。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"網頁運行的服務器操作系統是 GNU/Linux。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"你使用的手機是 Android 系統，你使用的 App 使用的是 Swift/Java 編程語言編寫的……","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"開源軟件如同空氣中的氧氣一樣，它是整個空氣中的一部分，而且是非常重要的一部分。空氣中沒有氧氣，生命就不會存在，軟件世界沒有開源軟件，計算機工業就不會發展得如此迅速。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"什麼是開源軟件？","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"什麼是自由/開源軟件運動？","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"開源軟件背後是哪些“天降猛男”在推動？","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"追根溯源，還是要從理查德斯托曼開始講起。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"所以本期開源人物誌，我們就來說一說關於自由軟件之父——理查德斯托曼的故事。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在開源青年公衆號後臺回覆“","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"自由故","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"”，即可獲得《若爲自由故：自由軟件之父理查德 斯托曼傳》的網頁版鏈接。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如果你是一名學生或者是未來想從事軟件行業的開發者，或者已經在軟件相關的專業就讀。請你一定要看下去。這些內容並不會提高你的編程技巧，但是卻能讓你瞭解每一位“天降猛男”背後的故事。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic","attrs":{}}],"text":"八歲的時候我已經在看微積分了","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"1953年3月，斯托曼出生於美國紐約一個猶太人家庭，他的母親愛麗絲·利普曼是一名教藝術的老師，父親丹尼爾·斯托曼是一名印刷機商人。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“斯托曼從小就在數學上就表現出強烈的天分。”斯托曼的媽媽回憶道。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"那是1961年，斯托曼的媽媽李普曼剛剛離異做了單親媽媽。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“那時我正在家裏翻着一期《科學美國人》雜誌打發時光” ","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"《科學美國人》雜誌有一個專欄叫做《數字遊戲》，那裏會有各種數學遊戲。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/76/7607a2c90cfd169048ef6134de0930b9.jpeg","alt":"理查德·斯托曼：我能發起“自由軟件”運動全靠那臺打印機（上）","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“其實，這些題目我做的不是很好，可是作爲藝術家，我發現它們可以幫助我緩解壓力，激發靈感。”","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“我剛開始做，就遇到了障礙，我正要扔開雜誌，放棄解答，這時候我發現，斯托曼正在輕拽我的衣袖。”","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“他跟我說，他已經知道這道題怎麼解了。那個時候他才八歲，我知道他很聰明，但是這次卻實實在在讓我見識了他究竟有多聰明。”","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“也是在八歲，斯托曼已經把微積分教材翻了透。”","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"斯托曼在數學上的天分初露鋒芒。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic","attrs":{}}],"text":"我要去哈佛上學","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"12歲那年，斯托曼上中學了，學校老師建議他參加“哥倫比亞科學之星計劃”。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“哥倫比亞科學之星計劃”旨在爲具有天賦的紐約中學生提供更多的學習機會。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"斯托曼聽從了老師的這個建議。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"他每週六都會趕去哥倫比亞大學，就這樣，每週都跟參加計劃的優秀學生一起，斯托曼難免會跟他們一樣，考慮以後的人生規劃。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“哥倫比亞科學之星計劃”的學生，大部分都會把未來的大學瞄準在這兩所常春藤學校：哈佛大學和麻省理工學院。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"媽媽李普曼知道他想去常春藤學校，可是眼下的斯托曼卻有那麼“億點點”的問題。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"他天天在學校和老師對着幹。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"斯托曼的美國曆史、化學、法語、代數成績都是 A，但是他拒絕寫作文，所以英語是 F。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這種特立獨行的性格放在麻省理工學院，也許就是一笑而過，可是如果是去哈佛，則是一個很嚴重的問題。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"爲了讓斯托曼能夠考上大學，媽媽李普曼給他換了學校，並要求他把英語成績提上去。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/80/80cd031726eb8d926b1cf653a7198775.jpeg","alt":"理查德·斯托曼：我能發起“自由軟件”運動全靠那臺打印機（上）","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"然後在畢業前的最後一個學期，斯托曼的英語拿了96分（滿分100分），其他學科成績依然遙遙領先，年級排名第四。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"他被哈佛大學數學系錄取。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic","attrs":{}}],"text":"與軟件結緣","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"斯托曼12歲的時候去參加一個科學夏令營，夏令營的顧問給了他一份 IBM7090 的手冊。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在那年的暑假結束的時候，斯托曼已經根據這份手冊，自己在紙上寫了一份程序（真“寫”程序）他迫不及待地希望有一天能夠在真正的機器上跑跑自己的程序。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"可以那會兒還是20世紀60年代，距離第一臺個人計算機還有15年的時間，他並沒有機會接觸到 IBM7090。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/b6/b6d6d144b2aef5fe0e504a57f46ec5d3.jpeg","alt":"理查德·斯托曼：我能發起“自由軟件”運動全靠那臺打印機（上）","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"IBM 7090 是第一臺晶體管計算機，使用穿孔卡片，由 IBM 製造。有 32K 內存，系統用 5K，用戶用 27K，用戶數據在內存和一臺磁鼓之間切換。運行着最爲著名的批處理系統 IBSYS。一臺 IBM 7090 大約要花 300萬美元。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"雖然沒有機會接觸到 IBM 7090，但是軟件這顆種子已經種下。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"斯托曼第一次使用計算機是在11年級（相當於中國的高二）結束的那個暑假。那個暑假斯托曼加入了 IBM 紐約科學研究中心，他寫下了他有生以來第一個跑在計算機上的程序 —— 一個使用 PL/I 語言編寫的預處理器。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但是最後越寫越大，計算機裏放不下，所以斯托曼就用匯編語言又重寫了一遍。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic","attrs":{}}],"text":"去麻省理工","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"哈佛大學數學系的學生都靠選修藝術類和歷史課來放鬆，斯托曼選擇跑去哈佛的機房緩解壓力。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"當年第一次在 IBM 紐約科學中心編程的經歷，誘使着斯托曼去了解更多。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“在哈佛學習快一年的時候，我開始跑去哈佛的幾個計算機實驗室，看看他們那裏有什麼新東西。剛到那裏，我就問他們能不能給我一份使用手冊。”","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在那個時候，儘管很多實驗室不允許讓斯托曼這種小孩子在電腦上操作，但是斯托曼除外，他們同意讓他運行自己的程序。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在哈佛的第一年快結束的時候，斯托曼聽說在麻省理工學院，有個特殊的實驗室。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"沒錯，就是咱們經常聽到的麻省理工人工智能實驗室。裏面有各種高級計算機和軟件。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"斯托曼被這個實驗室所吸引，決定去一探究竟。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"走在麻省理工學院的校園裏，斯托曼感慨道，麻省理工和哈佛是兩所校風迥異的大學，麻省理工是“五步一樓，十步一閣”。哈佛則顯得寬敞明亮，兩所大學一張一弛，一陰一陽。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"建築上的差異也體現在了校風上，麻省理工學院裏多是中學裏的怪才，愛開玩笑，喜歡惡作劇。而哈佛大學的學生更多是家裏有背景或是從小有政治抱負的青年。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"校風的差異延伸到計算機實驗室中，麻省理工的計算機實驗室是沒有門衛的，沒有人拿着小本本，記着等待使用終端的人，也沒有“禁止觸摸”標識。而哈佛大學恰恰相反。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"他在麻省理工的人工智能實驗室只看到了幾個沒有人使用的終端和機械臂。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"斯托曼在和麻省理工人工智能實驗室的僱員熟絡之後，僱員幫助他在麻省理工的人工智能實驗室安排了一份工作職位。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"到了1970年底，斯托曼週一到週四在哈佛上課，週五下午乘坐地鐵直奔麻省理工人工智能實驗室。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic","attrs":{}}],"text":"打印機事件","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"時間來到了1980年，斯托曼 27歲，他是麻省理工人工智能實驗室的一名程序員。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"1980年對於斯托曼來說非常不同，因爲“打印機事件”發生讓他和自由軟件運動緊緊地綁定在了一起。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"當時施樂公司會向麻省理工學院人工智能實驗室捐贈最新產品，麻省理工的人工智能實驗室這次收到的是一款最新的激光打印機，它也是激光打印的第一代產品。它工作速度很快，像素點很細小，確實不錯。但是缺點就是不太靠譜，有時一小時內它會卡機數次。它誕生於著名的施樂帕羅奧多研究中心（Xerox Palo Alto Research Facility）。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/75/75d1c8049eadd25cccd4a59a9f60cf20.jpeg","alt":"理查德·斯托曼：我能發起“自由軟件”運動全靠那臺打印機（上）","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"以太網、鼠標、圖形用戶界面全部來自於這裏。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"沒有人會想到，再過大約十年，世界將會發生一場打印機革命，那時，許多計算機廠商都會投身其中。而這款打印機則是這場革命的先行者。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這臺激光打印機不太靠譜的原因是，它是由上一代的複印機改造而來，複印機和打印機的人機交互模式是不同的，最顯而易見的就是複印的時候人總是在機器旁邊，而打印的時候人卻不會。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這種打印機卡紙的問題在斯托曼看來已經不新鮮了。他們的解決辦法就是——改驅動程序。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這點跟現在很不一樣，當時的購買硬件產品的時候，大部分會附送驅動程序的源代碼，注意是源代碼，並且可以隨意改動和再發布。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"爲什麼會附送源代碼呢？因爲當時的收益來自於被銷售的硬件，軟件並不能賺到錢。第二是因爲，當時各種型號的硬件很多，而廠商無法爲每一款硬件做適配，所以公佈源碼，讓“黑客”們自己去做適配吧。反正軟件不賺錢，你說是吧？","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"就算不附送，斯托曼也可以通過一些“特殊關係”——從哈佛的機房裏複製出源代碼。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"所以這對於斯托曼這些程序員來說，並不是什麼問題。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"對於20世紀70年代的程序員來說，把軟件複製來複制去，就好比從鄰居家借碗醬油那樣稀鬆平常。所不同的是，你從鄰居家那裏拿了多少醬油，鄰居家就少了多少，複製一個程序出來，並不影響其他人繼續使用那個程序。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"斯托曼做的改動也很簡單，就是在卡紙的時候，在計算機上提醒打印文件的人：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“機器卡紙了，請去維修”。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但是這臺激光打印機很不一樣，因爲只有一臺機器。因爲施樂公司這次並沒有公開源代碼，斯托曼也想：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“也是，人家都白送機器過來了，我們何必還找人要驅動的源代碼呢？”","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"負責開發施樂這臺打印機的是卡耐基梅隆大學的人工智能實驗室的一位教授，碰巧斯托曼獲得了一次訪問該大學的機會，他想聯繫這位教授要源代碼，但是教授卻說：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“我簽署了保密協議，我答應了公司不能泄漏代碼”","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"那個時代的大背景是，美國提供的國家經費逐漸減少，爲了能夠尋求到更多的資金，實驗室和大學都開始轉向私人領域。到了1980年，包括很多黑客在內的實驗室大部分成員都同時參與研究項目與商業項目。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"源代碼正在被知識產權法所保護，參與項目的開發人員也會和公司簽署保密協議。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"斯托曼當時氣炸了，親自拜訪同行可謂是一種充滿誠意的方式了，但是他卻吃了一個閉門羹","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“我當時非常生氣，都不知道怎麼表達”","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這個事件被斯托曼稱爲他人生的轉折點。這次事件後，實驗室中發生了一些更令人不愉快的事情：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"實驗室中分離出一個“Symbolics”的公司，幾乎僱走了所有實驗室的黑客，程序和機器沒有人修。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"實驗室中的 LISP 計算機最初作爲人工智能的一部分，實驗室中有人覺得這個項目做的這麼好，是時候成立一個公司，把它推廣到市場，並通過它盈利了。這個公司就是“Symbolics”","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"當“Symbolics”成立的時候，斯托曼突然從這個項目中消失了。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"辦公室的“人事變動”讓斯托曼開始思索腦海中由來已久的問題。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“軟件本該共享”","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"斯托曼說：“我以前有過一些初步的想法，認爲軟件本該共享。可當時還不知道怎麼表達。那時的想法還沒有清晰到可以用簡單的幾句話給別人介紹”。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"斯托曼決定要做點什麼事情了……","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic","attrs":{}}],"text":"站在巨人的肩膀上","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/理查德·斯托曼","attrs":{}}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_7090","attrs":{}}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"http://www.infosophy.net/wenxian/speech-paris-univ.htm","attrs":{}}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"《若爲自由故：自由軟件之父理查德 斯托曼傳》[美]SAM WILLIAMS 著 鄧楠 李凡希 譯","attrs":{}}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"《開源軟件文集：開源革命之聲》Chris DiBona,Sam Ockman,Mark Stone 編 洪峯 譯","attrs":{}}]}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}}]}
理查德·斯托曼：我能發起“自由軟件”運動全靠那臺打印機（上）
{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"當你從朋友圈點開這篇文章的標題，就已經在使用開源軟件提供的服務了。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"網頁運行的服務器操作系統是 GNU/Linux。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"你使用的手機是 Android 系統，你使用的 App 使用的是 Swift/Java 編程語言編寫的……","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"開源軟件如同空氣中的氧氣一樣，它是整個空氣中的一部分，而且是非常重要的一部分。空氣中沒有氧氣，生命就不會存在，軟件世界沒有開源軟件，計算機工業就不會發展得如此迅速。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"什麼是開源軟件？","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"什麼是自由/開源軟件運動？","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"開源軟件背後是哪些“天降猛男”在推動？","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"追根溯源，還是要從理查德斯托曼開始講起。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"所以本期開源人物誌，我們就來說一說關於自由軟件之父——理查德斯托曼的故事。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在開源青年公衆號後臺回覆“","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"自由故","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"”，即可獲得《若爲自由故：自由軟件之父理查德 斯托曼傳》的網頁版鏈接。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如果你是一名學生或者是未來想從事軟件行業的開發者，或者已經在軟件相關的專業就讀。請你一定要看下去。這些內容並不會提高你的編程技巧，但是卻能讓你瞭解每一位“天降猛男”背後的故事。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic","attrs":{}}],"text":"八歲的時候我已經在看微積分了","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"1953年3月，斯托曼出生於美國紐約一個猶太人家庭，他的母親愛麗絲·利普曼是一名教藝術的老師，父親丹尼爾·斯托曼是一名印刷機商人。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“斯托曼從小就在數學上就表現出強烈的天分。”斯托曼的媽媽回憶道。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"那是1961年，斯托曼的媽媽李普曼剛剛離異做了單親媽媽。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“那時我正在家裏翻着一期《科學美國人》雜誌打發時光” ","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"《科學美國人》雜誌有一個專欄叫做《數字遊戲》，那裏會有各種數學遊戲。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/76/7607a2c90cfd169048ef6134de0930b9.jpeg","alt":"理查德·斯托曼：我能發起“自由軟件”運動全靠那臺打印機（上）","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“其實，這些題目我做的不是很好，可是作爲藝術家，我發現它們可以幫助我緩解壓力，激發靈感。”","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“我剛開始做，就遇到了障礙，我正要扔開雜誌，放棄解答，這時候我發現，斯托曼正在輕拽我的衣袖。”","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“他跟我說，他已經知道這道題怎麼解了。那個時候他才八歲，我知道他很聰明，但是這次卻實實在在讓我見識了他究竟有多聰明。”","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“也是在八歲，斯托曼已經把微積分教材翻了透。”","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"斯托曼在數學上的天分初露鋒芒。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic","attrs":{}}],"text":"我要去哈佛上學","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"12歲那年，斯托曼上中學了，學校老師建議他參加“哥倫比亞科學之星計劃”。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“哥倫比亞科學之星計劃”旨在爲具有天賦的紐約中學生提供更多的學習機會。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"斯托曼聽從了老師的這個建議。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"他每週六都會趕去哥倫比亞大學，就這樣，每週都跟參加計劃的優秀學生一起，斯托曼難免會跟他們一樣，考慮以後的人生規劃。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“哥倫比亞科學之星計劃”的學生，大部分都會把未來的大學瞄準在這兩所常春藤學校：哈佛大學和麻省理工學院。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"媽媽李普曼知道他想去常春藤學校，可是眼下的斯托曼卻有那麼“億點點”的問題。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"他天天在學校和老師對着幹。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"斯托曼的美國曆史、化學、法語、代數成績都是 A，但是他拒絕寫作文，所以英語是 F。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這種特立獨行的性格放在麻省理工學院，也許就是一笑而過，可是如果是去哈佛，則是一個很嚴重的問題。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"爲了讓斯托曼能夠考上大學，媽媽李普曼給他換了學校，並要求他把英語成績提上去。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/80/80cd031726eb8d926b1cf653a7198775.jpeg","alt":"理查德·斯托曼：我能發起“自由軟件”運動全靠那臺打印機（上）","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"然後在畢業前的最後一個學期，斯托曼的英語拿了96分（滿分100分），其他學科成績依然遙遙領先，年級排名第四。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"他被哈佛大學數學系錄取。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic","attrs":{}}],"text":"與軟件結緣","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"斯托曼12歲的時候去參加一個科學夏令營，夏令營的顧問給了他一份 IBM7090 的手冊。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在那年的暑假結束的時候，斯托曼已經根據這份手冊，自己在紙上寫了一份程序（真“寫”程序）他迫不及待地希望有一天能夠在真正的機器上跑跑自己的程序。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"可以那會兒還是20世紀60年代，距離第一臺個人計算機還有15年的時間，他並沒有機會接觸到 IBM7090。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/b6/b6d6d144b2aef5fe0e504a57f46ec5d3.jpeg","alt":"理查德·斯托曼：我能發起“自由軟件”運動全靠那臺打印機（上）","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"IBM 7090 是第一臺晶體管計算機，使用穿孔卡片，由 IBM 製造。有 32K 內存，系統用 5K，用戶用 27K，用戶數據在內存和一臺磁鼓之間切換。運行着最爲著名的批處理系統 IBSYS。一臺 IBM 7090 大約要花 300萬美元。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"雖然沒有機會接觸到 IBM 7090，但是軟件這顆種子已經種下。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"斯托曼第一次使用計算機是在11年級（相當於中國的高二）結束的那個暑假。那個暑假斯托曼加入了 IBM 紐約科學研究中心，他寫下了他有生以來第一個跑在計算機上的程序 —— 一個使用 PL/I 語言編寫的預處理器。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但是最後越寫越大，計算機裏放不下，所以斯托曼就用匯編語言又重寫了一遍。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic","attrs":{}}],"text":"去麻省理工","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"哈佛大學數學系的學生都靠選修藝術類和歷史課來放鬆，斯托曼選擇跑去哈佛的機房緩解壓力。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"當年第一次在 IBM 紐約科學中心編程的經歷，誘使着斯托曼去了解更多。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“在哈佛學習快一年的時候，我開始跑去哈佛的幾個計算機實驗室，看看他們那裏有什麼新東西。剛到那裏，我就問他們能不能給我一份使用手冊。”","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在那個時候，儘管很多實驗室不允許讓斯托曼這種小孩子在電腦上操作，但是斯托曼除外，他們同意讓他運行自己的程序。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在哈佛的第一年快結束的時候，斯托曼聽說在麻省理工學院，有個特殊的實驗室。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"沒錯，就是咱們經常聽到的麻省理工人工智能實驗室。裏面有各種高級計算機和軟件。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"斯托曼被這個實驗室所吸引，決定去一探究竟。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"走在麻省理工學院的校園裏，斯托曼感慨道，麻省理工和哈佛是兩所校風迥異的大學，麻省理工是“五步一樓，十步一閣”。哈佛則顯得寬敞明亮，兩所大學一張一弛，一陰一陽。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"建築上的差異也體現在了校風上，麻省理工學院裏多是中學裏的怪才，愛開玩笑，喜歡惡作劇。而哈佛大學的學生更多是家裏有背景或是從小有政治抱負的青年。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"校風的差異延伸到計算機實驗室中，麻省理工的計算機實驗室是沒有門衛的，沒有人拿着小本本，記着等待使用終端的人，也沒有“禁止觸摸”標識。而哈佛大學恰恰相反。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"他在麻省理工的人工智能實驗室只看到了幾個沒有人使用的終端和機械臂。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"斯托曼在和麻省理工人工智能實驗室的僱員熟絡之後，僱員幫助他在麻省理工的人工智能實驗室安排了一份工作職位。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"到了1970年底，斯托曼週一到週四在哈佛上課，週五下午乘坐地鐵直奔麻省理工人工智能實驗室。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic","attrs":{}}],"text":"打印機事件","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"時間來到了1980年，斯托曼 27歲，他是麻省理工人工智能實驗室的一名程序員。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"1980年對於斯托曼來說非常不同，因爲“打印機事件”發生讓他和自由軟件運動緊緊地綁定在了一起。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"當時施樂公司會向麻省理工學院人工智能實驗室捐贈最新產品，麻省理工的人工智能實驗室這次收到的是一款最新的激光打印機，它也是激光打印的第一代產品。它工作速度很快，像素點很細小，確實不錯。但是缺點就是不太靠譜，有時一小時內它會卡機數次。它誕生於著名的施樂帕羅奧多研究中心（Xerox Palo Alto Research Facility）。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/75/75d1c8049eadd25cccd4a59a9f60cf20.jpeg","alt":"理查德·斯托曼：我能發起“自由軟件”運動全靠那臺打印機（上）","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"以太網、鼠標、圖形用戶界面全部來自於這裏。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"沒有人會想到，再過大約十年，世界將會發生一場打印機革命，那時，許多計算機廠商都會投身其中。而這款打印機則是這場革命的先行者。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這臺激光打印機不太靠譜的原因是，它是由上一代的複印機改造而來，複印機和打印機的人機交互模式是不同的，最顯而易見的就是複印的時候人總是在機器旁邊，而打印的時候人卻不會。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這種打印機卡紙的問題在斯托曼看來已經不新鮮了。他們的解決辦法就是——改驅動程序。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這點跟現在很不一樣，當時的購買硬件產品的時候，大部分會附送驅動程序的源代碼，注意是源代碼，並且可以隨意改動和再發布。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"爲什麼會附送源代碼呢？因爲當時的收益來自於被銷售的硬件，軟件並不能賺到錢。第二是因爲，當時各種型號的硬件很多，而廠商無法爲每一款硬件做適配，所以公佈源碼，讓“黑客”們自己去做適配吧。反正軟件不賺錢，你說是吧？","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"就算不附送，斯托曼也可以通過一些“特殊關係”——從哈佛的機房裏複製出源代碼。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"所以這對於斯托曼這些程序員來說，並不是什麼問題。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"對於20世紀70年代的程序員來說，把軟件複製來複制去，就好比從鄰居家借碗醬油那樣稀鬆平常。所不同的是，你從鄰居家那裏拿了多少醬油，鄰居家就少了多少，複製一個程序出來，並不影響其他人繼續使用那個程序。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"斯托曼做的改動也很簡單，就是在卡紙的時候，在計算機上提醒打印文件的人：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“機器卡紙了，請去維修”。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但是這臺激光打印機很不一樣，因爲只有一臺機器。因爲施樂公司這次並沒有公開源代碼，斯托曼也想：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“也是，人家都白送機器過來了，我們何必還找人要驅動的源代碼呢？”","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"負責開發施樂這臺打印機的是卡耐基梅隆大學的人工智能實驗室的一位教授，碰巧斯托曼獲得了一次訪問該大學的機會，他想聯繫這位教授要源代碼，但是教授卻說：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“我簽署了保密協議，我答應了公司不能泄漏代碼”","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"那個時代的大背景是，美國提供的國家經費逐漸減少，爲了能夠尋求到更多的資金，實驗室和大學都開始轉向私人領域。到了1980年，包括很多黑客在內的實驗室大部分成員都同時參與研究項目與商業項目。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"源代碼正在被知識產權法所保護，參與項目的開發人員也會和公司簽署保密協議。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"斯托曼當時氣炸了，親自拜訪同行可謂是一種充滿誠意的方式了，但是他卻吃了一個閉門羹","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“我當時非常生氣，都不知道怎麼表達”","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這個事件被斯托曼稱爲他人生的轉折點。這次事件後，實驗室中發生了一些更令人不愉快的事情：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"實驗室中分離出一個“Symbolics”的公司，幾乎僱走了所有實驗室的黑客，程序和機器沒有人修。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"實驗室中的 LISP 計算機最初作爲人工智能的一部分，實驗室中有人覺得這個項目做的這麼好，是時候成立一個公司，把它推廣到市場，並通過它盈利了。這個公司就是“Symbolics”","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"當“Symbolics”成立的時候，斯托曼突然從這個項目中消失了。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"辦公室的“人事變動”讓斯托曼開始思索腦海中由來已久的問題。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“軟件本該共享”","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"斯托曼說：“我以前有過一些初步的想法，認爲軟件本該共享。可當時還不知道怎麼表達。那時的想法還沒有清晰到可以用簡單的幾句話給別人介紹”。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"斯托曼決定要做點什麼事情了……","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic","attrs":{}}],"text":"站在巨人的肩膀上","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/理查德·斯托曼","attrs":{}}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_7090","attrs":{}}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"http://www.infosophy.net/wenxian/speech-paris-univ.htm","attrs":{}}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"《若爲自由故：自由軟件之父理查德 斯托曼傳》[美]SAM WILLIAMS 著 鄧楠 李凡希 譯","attrs":{}}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"《開源軟件文集：開源革命之聲》Chris DiBona,Sam Ockman,Mark Stone 編 洪峯 譯","attrs":{}}]}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}}]}
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