华为回应多个热门话题：自动驾驶做的比特斯拉好，只要养得起海思就继续养

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“2020年，华为为了求生存，解决制裁下的供应连续和面向未来的可持续发展，进一步加大了研发投入，全年研发支出人民币1418.9亿元，占销售收入的15.9%。”4月12日，2021华为全球分析师大会在深圳举办，华为轮值董事长徐直军在会上分享了公司经营情况并阐述了未来五项关键战略举措。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"去年，大会开幕式演讲的主题为“跨过时艰，向未来”，今年则是“乱云飞渡仍从容”。对于在过去两年经历了数次制裁的华为来说，最艰难的时刻或许已经过去，但又或者还未到来，前方也许还有更大的困难在等着。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但我们可以确认的是，华为生存下来了。迫于无奈，这两年华为一次又一次地面对严峻的挑战然后想方设法去解决，久而久之，华为似乎已经习惯了这种“战时状态”。虽然现在的形势并没有比被制裁前好，但InfoQ从大会现场感受到，华为变得更从容了。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"谈华为云调整、芯片等问题"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"据介绍，华为2021年有五大战略举措，分别是：优化产业组合，增强产业韧性；推动5G价值全面发挥，定义5.5G，牵引5G持续演进；以用户为中心，打造全场景无缝的智慧体验；通过技术创新，降低能源消耗、实现低碳社会；努力解决供应连续。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/dc\/f2\/dc11afc4298714c72ca51d6c13581bf2.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“2018年底，董事会通过了一个决定 ，投资20亿美元提升软件能力，在5年周期内，软件工程能力再提升一个台阶。通过软件提升，来减少对芯片的依赖，打造差异化，我们也在看软件方面的机会，加大投入，提升软件和服务的收入。”在讲解优化产业组合时，徐直军重点提及软件方面的强化。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"他表示，强化软件主要从两点入手，第一点就是上面提到的提升软件工程能力，第二点是研究在软件产业方面还有哪些机会，一旦找到这些机会，就会加大投资，提升软件与服务的收入占比。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"过去几个月，华为云业务组织架构经历了多次调整。最近的一次调整在4月9日，华为发文对云业务进行了新的人事任命。在此次任命中，华为轮值董事长徐直军被任命华为云董事长，华为消费者BG CEO余承东被任命为华为云CEO，同时Cloud BU新增两个副主任，彭中阳和陶景文分别负责企业业务和流程IT。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"对于这次调整，徐直军表示，华为认为云的核心是软件，希望以此强化软件方面的组织，使得它和硬件不要有太多的牵连。他进一步解释道：“华为云的商业模式，是线上的业务，是订阅的商业模式。所以华为云一直是端到端、相对闭环运作的一个独立的BU。"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"我们成立云与计算BG的时候，希望能够把服务器、存储跟华为云协同运作，但协同运作的时候又发现一些问题，反而消耗了我们云团队的精力。"},{"type":"text","text":"所以我们现在又把服务器、存储还回去，让云BU集中精力发展云服务。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"对于芯片的库存储备以及美国制裁，徐直军直言，伤害还会持续显现。华为到底还有多少库存？对于这个被广泛关注的问题，徐直军给出的答案还是与年报会议上的一致，即满足To B客户的需求没问题，但也不是永远没问题。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"他进一步表示，应对芯片问题有两个要点："},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一是利用库存支持华为尽可能活更长的时间"},{"type":"text","text":"，为此，华为现在会更加聚焦一些区域市场和客户。第二，华为是全球半导体芯片和器件的采购大户，原来在全球排名第三，仅次于苹果和三星，需求巨大。同时，中国是个巨大的芯片市场，每年有近4000亿美金的采购额，很多中国企业担心会受到和华为类似的打压，而他们也有类似华为的需求。"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"既然有这么大的需求，那么总会有企业愿意去投资，看能不能找到既能符合美国的管制规则，又能满足华为和其它中国企业需求的办法。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“如果我们的库存消耗恰好和这个衔接上了，那我们的问题也就解决了。我相信这一天会到来。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"徐直军表示，华为或将会长期处于实体清单中，现在整体战略和具体的举措都是围绕着这一前提来制定。"},{"type":"text","text":"对于拜登政府的上台，华为有在关注，但华为不能在假设和幻想下去制定公司的战略，因此对被移出实体清单是不抱任何幻想的。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"他还提到了基于ARM生态的计算产品鲲鹏，现在没有企业给华为代工芯片，这在短期内无法解决。但他称华为会坚定不移发展鲲鹏生态。ARM最新推出的ARM V9，也不受美国出口管制的限制，双方可以合作。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"另一方面，美国对华为的制裁造成了“芯片荒”，全球企业恐慌性备货，演变成全球、全行业供应短缺的问题。徐直军表示，未来是否会引发全球性经济危机也未可知。“解铃仍须系铃人，要让半导体产业回归正常的秩序，避免更大的危机，根本的答案是共同重建全球信任，尽快恢复全球产业链的合作。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"当被问及海思团队的情况，徐直军表示只要养得起，就会养着这支队伍继续向前，这支队伍还是可以不断地做一些研究、技术的积累，为未来做准备。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"持续加大汽车赛道投资，未来不一定有6G"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在这次的分析师大会上，徐直军重点提及了华为对汽车赛道的重视。华为认为，"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"汽车产业是未来十年内可见的最具颠覆性的产业之一。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"徐直军称，"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"华为将持续加大智能汽车部件产业的投资，尤其是自动驾驶软件。"},{"type":"text","text":"不管是无人驾驶、自动驾驶、智能网联汽车，还是汽车的四化，核心是自动驾驶软件能不能真正让汽车实现自动驾驶，并在未来进一步实现无人驾驶。华为希望通过强力投资自动驾驶软件来推动汽车行业的网联化、智能化、电动化和共享化，推动汽车行业和ICT行业走向融合，为华为带来长期持续的战略机会。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"他强调，"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"华为的定位是汽车的增量部件提供商"},{"type":"text","text":"，战略是帮助车企造“好车”，“造好”车。他还提到，最近余承东也在尝试怎么帮助车企卖好车。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"徐直军表示，华为目前已经与三家车企合作伙伴进行深度合作推出带有“Huawei Inside”标识的汽车子品牌，包括北汽的ARCFOX极狐，以及重庆长安和广汽，但后两家名字还没想好。华为合作的品牌不会很多，今年第四季度打上“华为inside”标识的智能汽车将陆续推出。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“我们为‘华为inside’模式设计了一个品牌logo叫‘HI’，代表Huawei Inside。未来看到HI这个logo，就证明是华为跟这个伙伴一起打造的车。但不是所有华为提供部件的车都能够标上HI的logo，只有用了我们自动驾驶解决方案的车，才可以标上HI的logo。”徐直军说。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"对于为什么华为不自己造整车，徐直军称，华为做这个决策是经过了多年的讨论和慎重考虑，从2012年开始调研和研究，直到2018年华为管理团队在三亚的一次会议上决定华为不造车，这个决策到现在都没有改变。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"他进一步表示，智能汽车BU是除了消费者BG之外功能最完整的BU。今年在智能汽车部件的研发投资超过10亿美金。现在做的每一个部件都已经推向市场，正在逐步获得应用。“我们的团队告诉我：他们是做得最好的，能够做到在市区1000公里无干预的自动驾驶，这比特斯拉好多了。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"徐直军也对5G发展现状以及6G技术准备进行了回应。在5G业务方面，徐直军表示，全球5G进展超预期，截止到2020年底，全球共发布了超过140张5G网络，5G用户数超过了3.3亿，但要想实现5G的商业成功还是需要5G To C，因此要加大5G To C的发展力度，加快消费者用户数的发展，加快用户从4G向5G的迁移，让5G网络承载更多的流量。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"另外，还要加快完善5G To B的解决方案。目前5G 2B的市场主要还是在中国市场，华为参与了其中大多数，包括钢铁、煤矿等行业。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"同时，华为提出5.5G愿景，希望5G再向下走一步。5G原来主要针对的是三个场景：一是大带宽，二是多连接，三是低时延，5.5G在此基础上进一步扩展应用场景，分别是UCBC（上行超宽带）、RTBC（宽带实时通信）和HCS（通信感知融合）三个新场景。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“6G应该是在2030年左右推向市场，但我们现在还不知道6G是什么。”徐直军表示，“虽然我们憧憬6G，但不一定有6G。不过，我们还是要为6G有可能的到来做准备、做研究、做投资。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"未来十年的技术挑战和发展方向"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"大会上，华为董事、战略研究院院长徐文伟发布了迈向智能世界2030的九大技术挑战与研究方向。他表示，下一个十年，联接数量将达到千亿级，宽带速度每人将达到10Gbps，算力实现100倍提升、存储能力实现100倍提升，可再生能源的使用将超过50%。围绕信息和能量的产生、传送、处理和使用，技术需要不断演进。"}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/03\/5c\/039003f256a9372ed965a61768075f5c.jpeg","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"基于这些预测与假设，华为提出了未来十年的挑战和发展方向："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"numberedlist","attrs":{"start":1,"normalizeStart":1},"content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":1,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"定义5.5G，支撑未来千亿规模的多样性联接，也就是万物互联的挑战。"},{"type":"text","text":"不仅要联接所有的人，还要联接海量的物，而连接物的需求是多种多样的。当前5G定义的三大场景很难支撑多样性的物联场景需求。必须从5G场景“三角形”变成5.5G场景“六边形”，从支撑万物互联到使能万物智联。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":2,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"在纳米尺度上驾驭光、实现光纤容量指数级增长。"},{"type":"text","text":"5G联接的挑战在数量，而光纤联接的挑战在容量。关键技术方向包括薄膜型高带宽调制器、接近量子极限的光放、微腔光频梳等，在更远的未来，还需要研究SDM（空间分割多路复用）等新型光纤和光系统，实现单纤容量百倍增长。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":3,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"走向产业互联，网络协议必须优化。"},{"type":"text","text":"今天，网络支撑的主体是百亿级的消费互联。2030年，网络支撑的主体是万亿级的产业互联，网络协议面临三个考验：确定性、安全性、灵活性。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":4,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"通用算力远远跟不上智能世界的需求，必须打造超级算力。"},{"type":"text","text":"面向2030，算力需求将增长100倍。但当前，单核CPU性能每年提升率已从50%下降到10%，并且，通用计算在特定领域效率低下，如何打造超级算力，这是一个巨大的挑战。模拟计算将在特定领域展现优势。光子计算将应用于信号处理、组合优化、机器学习等领域，尤其是针对无线Massive MIMO和光通信领域将有极大应用场景。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":5,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"从海量多模态的数据中高效地进行知识提取，实现行业AI的关键突破。"},{"type":"text","text":"智能世界离不开AI， AI应用碎片性与AI的可信问题不可回避。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":6,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"突破冯诺依曼限制，构建百倍密度增长的新型存储。"},{"type":"text","text":"存储面临的两大问题是“存得下”、“用得好”。未来存储系统要突破新型大容量低时延内存技术，突破DNA存储、高维新型光存储等超大容量介质技术，突破超大存储空间模型和编码技术，打破容量墙。未来存储系统要突破冯诺依曼架构的限制，从以CPU为中心，转向以内存为中心、以数据为中心，从搬移数据转向搬移计算，打破性能墙。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":7,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"将计算与感知结合，实现多模交互的超现实体验。"},{"type":"text","text":"超现实体验，需要虚拟世界与真实世界的无缝融合，并能够准确的感知和还原世界，在虚实结合的世界中理解用户的意图。需要将用户所处的环境整体作为一个超级计算机对待，依托语言、触觉、光感、脑机等多模传感器进行信息采集和传输，识别用户意图，并通过裸眼3D、全息投影、AR隐形眼镜、数字嗅觉和数字触觉等技术呈现给用户。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":8,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"通过连续性的健康监测实现主动健康管理。"},{"type":"text","text":"人口老龄化带来了更多慢性病。据统计，85%的死亡是由于慢性病，而慢性病必须进行实时检测。必须攻克需要医疗级水平的可穿戴设备，如无创血糖，连续血压，连续心电等车辆。结合云服务和人工智能技术，为个人打造一个完整个人健康大数据平台，实现主动健康管理。通过脑机接口、肌电接口、可穿戴机器人等，从被照顾到自主管理，提升老年人的幸福感。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":9,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"构建智慧能源互联网，实现绿色发电、绿色储电和绿色用电。"},{"type":"text","text":"当前“碳达峰、碳中和”加速向新能源转型，同时也带来了发电、储能以及用电的新挑战。因此，必须构建一张智慧的能源互联网，实现绿色发电、绿色储能和绿色用电，这涉及几个关键技术："}]}]}]},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"第一，管理技术。大数据、AI、云等ICT技术与能源互联网融合，通过能源云+能源网，实现比特管理瓦特。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"第二，控制技术。通过电力电子能源路由器，实现能量双向流动和功率智能分配，构建能源网络的智能控制器。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"第三，储能技术。发展新型储能技术，如新型电化学、氢能等，满足不同场景的能量存储需求。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"第四，电力电子基础技术。新型化合物功率半导体，包括面向中高压的SiC\/金刚石和面向中低压的GaN技术，实现能源部件进一步高效和小型化。"}]}]}]}