庫克親自出庭迴應“蘋果稅”質疑：收取30%佣金是應該的

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"由於蘋果公司CEO蒂姆·庫克（Tim Cook）親自出庭作證，遊戲開發商Epic Games訴蘋果壟斷案於當地時間5月21日開展的庭審備受關注。外媒報道指出，法官伊馮·岡薩雷斯·羅傑斯（Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers）對庫克提出了一些比較尖銳的問題，直言蘋果公司收取30％的應用內購買抽成“令人不安”，並質詢蘋果爲消費者提供其他購買選擇到底有什麼問題。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這起訴訟源自去年Epic Games在熱門遊戲《Fortnite》（堡壘之夜，又名：要塞英雄）中給用戶提供了繞過App Store的付費選項，違反了開發協議，作爲迴應，蘋果將遊戲下架。Epic Games隨後起訴蘋果公司，指控該公司濫用其對開發商的權力，強迫他們使用蘋果應用內支付技術。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"庫克在這次庭審中駁斥了Epic Games有關App Store是壟斷業務的說法。他還指出蘋果在研究、隱私和安全方面的投資高達數百億美元，這是蘋果對應用內購買收取30%佣金的原因之一。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"法官質疑App Store商業模式"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"雖然庫克在庭審中受到法官的尖銳質詢，但許多關鍵問題並未得到直接回應。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"比如岡薩雷斯法官問庫克，爲什麼開發人員不能使用其他付款方式來銷售“應用內購買”的商品，或者至少告訴用戶他們可以在其他地方進行交易。庫克則說道：“我認爲他們有選擇。他們可以在iPhone和許多不同Android手機之間進行選擇，而從安全性、保密性到隱私性，iPhone背後都有一定的原則。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“如果他們想去買便宜一點的Battle Pass或V-Bucks（遊戲貨幣），但他們不知道自己有這個選擇，那麼蘋果給他們這個選擇有什麼問題呢？” 岡薩雷斯法官提出允許Epic Games這樣的公司將應用鏈接到瀏覽器進行交易，而不是強迫用戶使用蘋果的應用內購買機制的方案。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“如果我們允許開發者繞過規則，從本質上講，等於放棄我們的（知識產權）回報。”庫克直言。蘋果一直以來反覆強調其在維護App Store和iOS平臺方面所做的工作，並指責像Epic這樣的公司只想免費“搭便車”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"庫克表示蘋果的許多免費應用程序吸引了廣大用戶，這遠遠超過了開發人員自身所能獲得的。 “蘋果在知識產權上的投入需要有回報。我們擁有15萬個由我們創建和維護的API，並提供無數的開發工具，以及處理這些交易的客戶服務。”他說。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但是岡薩雷斯法官聽起來沒被說服。她問蘋果：“您不向富國銀行收費，對嗎？美國銀行也不收費對嗎？但是您要向遊戲玩家收費，讓他們補貼富國銀行。”在法官看來，遊戲產業似乎爲蘋果公司創造了與所獲服務“不成比例”的收入，而銀行App每年交給蘋果的就只有開發者年費而已。法官想知道的是，究竟是不是遊戲在“補貼”其它免費App。庫克則迴應稱這是蘋果專門爲數字商品銷售所收取的費用，而遊戲玩家在平臺上進行了交易。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"岡薩雷斯法官還說，蘋果最近改變收費標準、App Store抽成價格下降的動機不純——只是出於對法規和訴訟的恐懼。 “100萬美元的小型企業計劃，至少目前爲止在我看來，這不是源於競爭的結果。” 蘋果官方在推出該計劃時則提到此舉是在疫情期間幫助小企業的方式。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"當被問及蘋果是否從《堡壘之夜》的銷售中獲得超過1億美元的佣金，庫克對此表示，蘋果專注於爲用戶提供最好的服務，而不是獲得任何經濟利益。他說：“用戶被夾在兩家公司之間，這與錢無關。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"總的來說，法官認爲App Store商業模式“非常有利可圖”，但庫克亦沒妥協，堅持收取佣金的合理性。法庭預計會在下週一進行結案陳詞，但岡薩雷斯法官表示裁決還需要一段時間，希望在8月中旬能夠有結果。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"強調安全和隱私"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“對蘋果公司來說，用戶就是一切。”庫克在庭審中討論了蘋果公司對安全和隱私的承諾，這是他熟悉的主題，他相信第三方開發者沒有那麼大的動力，在它們自家的應用商店裏爲用戶提供與蘋果應用商店相同級別的保護。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"他對用戶安全和隱私提出了呼籲。“從我們的角度來看，隱私是本世紀最重要的問題之一，安全性是建立隱私的基礎。” “技術具有從人們那裏收集各種數據的能力，我們希望爲人們提供規避這些數據的工具。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"庫克還談到了應用商店“隱私標籤”對保護用戶的重要性。2020年12月，蘋果要求應用程序開發者添加“隱私標籤”，爲的是在每款App的產品頁面上，用戶能瞭解到該App可能收集的某些數據類型，以及該數據是否會關聯到他們或對其進行跟蹤。但其中許多標籤都是虛假的，美國衆議院曾致函蘋果，敦促其改進隱私標籤功能。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"他指出，蘋果公司每週評估約10萬個應用程序，因各種原因拒絕的約4萬個。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"那爲什麼不在iOS上採用跟macOS相同的App Store模式？這是法官日前在庭審中對蘋果提出的疑問。而在蘋果自己看來，macOS生態的確存在着問題，目前Mac用戶可以下載未經蘋果官方審查的軟件。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“現在 Mac 上的惡意軟件已經到了令人無法接受的地步。”蘋果軟件工程高級副總裁克雷格·費德里吉（Craig Federighi）坦誠，如果把Mac上的安全技術應用到iOS生態圈裏，要面對那麼多設備、那麼高的價值，最終的（惡意軟件）情況會比現在的Mac還要糟糕。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"庫克在這次庭審中也表示，他不會信任蘋果以外的任何公司對軟件進行審查。當被問及是否會允許第三方分析應用商店上的應用程序時，他給出了否定答案。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"目前蘋果在全球範圍面臨着多起訴訟，當地時間4月30日，歐盟首次對蘋果公司提起反壟斷訴訟，這可能導致蘋果公司被處以相當於其全球營收10%的罰款。蘋果2020財年營收爲2745.15億美元。該指控主要涉及蘋果利用其平臺地位，限制競爭對手的市場地位。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"歐盟監管機構對流媒體平臺Spotify投訴蘋果限制競爭的案件進行調查後初步認爲，蘋果濫用市場主導地位，扭曲了音樂流媒體市場的競爭。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"蘋果公司稱相關指控是“與公平競爭相違背”的。該公司在一份聲明中說：“ Spotify已成爲世界上最大的音樂訂閱服務商，他們希望獲得App Store的所有好處，但不必爲此付出任何代價。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"3月，英國競爭與市場管理局也表示正在調查蘋果公司涉嫌違反競爭法的行爲，並將與歐盟委員會密切合作展開調查。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"延伸閱讀："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"《"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/FR77KY3i3dYdMZQyyMlp","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"被圍剿的“蘋果稅”，還能撐多久？"}]},{"type":"text","text":"》"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.law360.com\/articles\/1387151\/apple-ceo-tim-cook-gets-tough-questions-from-epic-judge"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2021\/5\/21\/22448023\/epic-apple-fortnite-antitrust-lawsuit-judge-tim-cook-app-store-questions"}]}]}