終於！Fuchsia OS正式公開可用，谷歌邁出了五年來最關鍵的一步

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"5 月 25 日，谷歌邁出了重要的一步。"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在研發計劃曝光數年之後，谷歌終於向市場推出了 Fuchsia OS：從 Nest Hub 開始，谷歌的操作系統可以在實際的消費類設備上運行了。據 9to5Google 報道，谷歌已經向其確認，Fuchsia OS 將向 2018 年發佈的初代 Nest Hub 智能顯示器推出。更新後的 Nest Hub 將不會有功能改變，但系統底層將由基於 Linux 的 Cast OS 變更爲 Fuchsia OS。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"谷歌 Fuchsia OS 項目技術負責人 Petr Hosek 在推特上慶祝了新平臺的發佈：“今天是個重要的日子，我們發佈新操作系統啦！”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/wechat\/images\/31\/315962191f96060150ceae5eb7348a30.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nest Hub 基於 Fuchsia OS 的更新會在未來幾個月內陸續推出，考慮到界面和體驗將保持不變，用戶可能不會有直接的感知。自 2016 年以來 Fuchsia 的發展一直備受關注，從實驗性的用戶界面開始，一直到運行至一些內部測試設備，包括谷歌智能家居和 Chromebook 系列的全部產品。如今，谷歌宣佈將在幾個月內爲初代 Nest Hub 智能顯示器用戶推送 Fuchsia OS，這表明它已經準備好在個人設備上提供服務。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/wechat\/images\/29\/2935f02e815585221c478c67bba20000.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"不過，Fuchsia 不只是智能顯示操作系統。彭博社（Bloomberg）於 2018 年發佈的一份報告迄今都完全命中 Fuchsia 的發佈計劃，其中提到谷歌希望“在三年之內”首先在聯網的家用設備上發佈該操作系統。該報告還指出了 Fuchsia 的下一步措施，包括計劃在 2023 年大規模擴張到智能手機和筆記本電腦。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"谷歌在 Fuchsia OS 上投入了數百人，經過五年多的發展，Fuchsia OS 已經開始引起其他行業巨頭的關注。最近，三星開始與谷歌合作開發該項目。很多人猜測 Fuchsia OS 未來可能會全面取代 Android 與 Chrome OS，而三星可能會成爲最先拋棄 Android 改用 Fuchsia OS 的手機廠商。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"谷歌 Fuchsia OS 是什麼？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Fuchsia 是一套全新的操作系統，其項目定位一直在發展變化。"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"作爲一套新的操作系統，Fuchsia 最初於 2016 年首次亮相於谷歌代碼庫與 GitHub，該項目完全開源："},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/fuchsia.googlesource.com\/%E3%80%82%E6%9B%B4%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E7%9A%84%E6%98%AF%EF%BC%8CFuchsia","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/fuchsia.googlesource.com\/。更重要的是，Fuchsia"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 並非基於 Linux 內核，而 Linux 內核又恰恰是 Android（谷歌打造的移動操作系統）與 Chrome OS（谷歌臺式機與筆記本電腦操作）的核心基礎。很明顯，Fuchsia 承載着谷歌更大的野心。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"谷歌 Android 工程副總裁 Dave Burke 在 2017 年接受採訪時如何介紹 Fuchsia：“Fuchsia 是一個早期實驗項目。大家可能都知道，我們在谷歌籌劃過不少非常酷炫的早期項目。我認爲最有趣的點在於 Fuchsia 直接開源，每個人都可以查看成果並做出評論。與其他早期項目一樣，Fuchsia 也會不斷髮展變化。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"時間到了 2018 年，Fuchsia 開發者 Travis Geiselbrecht 通過公共 Fuchsia IRC 頻道強調，這套操作系統絕不是“玩具”，於是情況變得更加撲朔迷離。他證實稱，Fuchsia 的開發進度已經頗爲可觀，而且參與其中的谷歌開發人員可以隨意進行興趣化探索。在他看來，Fuchsia“絕不是那種用掉就丟的垃圾項目。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"之後的兩年 Fuchsia 蜇伏了起來，直到 2020 年穀歌再次推動宣傳，希望通過平臺開放爲其吸引更多軟件開發支持者。2021 年初，先是項目的 F1 分支，之後又有 F3 分支，隨着一個個重要代碼開發步驟的落地，Fuchsia 的面貌及發展方向也開始愈發清晰，事實證明這套操作系統已經達到了一系列重要發展里程碑。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"谷歌 Fuchsia OS 的意義何在？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Fuchsia 只是一套內核。谷歌可能想用 Fuchsia 證明自己對未來的探索。"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"與基於 Linux 的 Android 或 Chrome OS 不同，Fuchsia 基於 Zircon（原名 Magenta）構建而成。該內核開始時使用的是 C ++ 代碼，爲了實現其安全目標，現在正朝着 Rust 發展（現在已經達到 50％）。一年前谷歌還向 Fuchsia 添加了對 Swift 的支持。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"目前比較流行的觀點是，Fuchsia 應該代表一款新型操作系統，未來用於將 Chrome OS 與 Android 統一在同一套系統之下（自 2015 年以來始終存在此類傳聞）。但根據最近浮出水面的說明文檔、代碼以及 UI 來看，這套操作系統好像並不是 Android 與 Chrome OS 的融合體、甚至不屬於任何完整操作系統。目前，它還只是個內核項目——也就是操作系統的核心所在。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"谷歌公司在內部文檔中指出，Fuchsia 主要面向採用“高速處理器”加“低內存容量”的“現代手機與個人計算機平臺”。文檔還明確提到，“Fuchsia 不是 Linux”。Fuchsia 的 GitHub 頁面上出現了兩位頂尖嵌入式系統開發者的姓名，一位是谷歌高級軟件工程師、另一位則是前 Android TV 與 Nexus Q 項目工程師。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"此外，卡片化設計的早期用戶界面 Armadillo 內置於谷歌的 Flutter SDK 之內，而後者專門用於創建可在多種設備及操作系統上運行的跨平臺代碼。使用 Armadillo，用戶可以隨意拖動不同卡片實現屏幕拆分、或者在選項卡式界面中使用。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"同時，Fuchsia OS 的核心獨立於硬件規格，使用模塊化方法，這意味着它將不再是一大堆代碼，而是將其分割成多個構建塊或“包”，製造商能夠根據設備選擇 Fuchsia 的功能。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/wechat\/images\/56\/56d4e7952139a1f5b5c545126faa985d.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Fuchsia OS 中的模塊化，來源: 9to5Google"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Fuchsia 的模塊化框架帶來的另一個優勢是，它可能僅通過安裝更新的組件就可以添加新功能。從實際出發，模塊化不僅可以解決系統更新時可能出現 Bug 的問題，而且還可以加快應用程序的更新速度。這種模塊化方法對於 Fuchsia 所提供的統一體驗至關重要。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"因此有猜測，未來我們可能會看到 Fuchsia 與其他新興技術融合在一起，發展成爲一個集合的、相互連接的設備系統，這樣操作系統就不會單獨運行在每個設備上。取而代之的是，可以在每個設備上以分散化的實例形式運行這個無所不包的 OS，所有這些實例都可以協同工作。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"谷歌 Fuchsia OS 會取代 Android 嗎？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"新系統確實能解決 Android 中的不少問題。但 Android 已經全面鋪開，何必重新發明輪子？"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Android 最初是爲帶有 QWERTY 鍵盤的智能手機設計的，後來逐漸適配觸摸屏控制。並且有說法是 Android 在設計時並未考慮虛擬現實或增強現實。鑑於它已經有十年曆史了，因此如果谷歌希望應對下一個十年的挑戰，那麼比起修改 Android 代碼，也許重新開始設計一個新操作系統纔是更好的辦法。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Android 本身的碎片化問題仍然很嚴重，根源當然是幾十家手機制造商推出的數百款設備都在使用不同的自定義 Android 版本。另外，由於 Android 系統爲開源項目，所以在更新方面也有不少衝突。谷歌爲 Android 制定了年度更新發布時間表，但要真正向整個生態系統推開還需要一段時間。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"目前，谷歌仍然只能將 Android 新版本交付給 OEM 廠商和電信運營商，再由他們安裝並加載至目標硬件上，這種無法由谷歌直接控制的體系必然導致碎片化加劇。另外，Android 還基於 Linux 內核，而後者目前不僅面臨諸多法律問題的困擾，而且內核還經歷了一番全面調整，極大提升了出現 bug 及安全漏洞的可能性。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"也許一套全新操作系統平臺能幫助谷歌解決以上所有問題，同時也將有效迴避昂貴的專利許可成本。由於從零開始構建而成，這套現代化操作系統將更安全、更可靠且優化度更高。另外，新系統既可以採用模塊化設計、也可以強調統一性，保證更全面地覆蓋各類設備。但無論如何展望，我們都需要回答最核心的靈魂拷問：Android 已經全面鋪開，何必還要重新發明輪子？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"延伸閱讀："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/9to5google.com\/2021\/05\/25\/google-releases-fuchsia-os-nest-hub\/amp\/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/9to5google.com\/2021\/05\/25\/google-releases-fuchsia-os-nest-hub\/amp\/"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.pocket-lint.com\/laptops\/news\/google\/138518-google-fuchsia-os-what-s-the-story-so-far","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.pocket-lint.com\/laptops\/news\/google\/138518-google-fuchsia-os-what-s-the-story-so-far"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}}]}