滴滴上市再掀造富運動，38歲程維身家300億

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"歷經9年創業長跑，滴滴終於上市了。"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"滴滴上市，又一場財富盛宴"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"北京時間6月30日晚，成立9年的滴滴正式在紐交所掛牌上市，股票代碼爲 “DIDI”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"本次IPO，滴滴發行價定爲14美元，位於13-14美元\/ ADS的發行區間上限。滴滴發行3.17億股ADS，比原計劃的2.88億股多10%。以14美元的發行價計算，滴滴此次至少募資44億美元。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"對於募資用途，滴滴計劃將約 30% 的募資金額用於擴大中國以外國際市場的業務；約 30% 的募資金額用於提升包括共享出行、電動汽車和自動駕駛在內的技術能力；約 20% 用於推出新產品和拓展現有產品品類以持續提升用戶體驗；剩餘部分可能用於營運資金需求和潛在的戰略投資等。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"滴滴上市開盤價18美元，較14美元的發行價上漲28.6%。截至7月1日美股收盤，市值達到680.8億美元（約合4395億元人民幣）。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這次滴滴上市頗爲低調，上市現場沒有敲鐘儀式。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但資本市場對滴滴的熱情很高，據知情人士透露，自遞交招股書以來，滴滴已獲得10倍超額認購，即獲得超過400億美元訂單，提前超額完成原計劃40億美元的募資目標。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"有意思的是，6月30日晚，叮咚買菜股價較開盤價格上漲了78.98%。著名投資人經緯中國創始管理合夥人張穎在朋友圈發文表示，好像美國有些投資人把叮咚買菜的股票代碼當成滴滴的了。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/55\/97\/55cb2b0cc7b85e8fab43811f0f4ea397.jpg","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"伴隨着這一網約車巨頭的上市，無疑又將迎來一次造富盛宴。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"據招股書顯示，程維在滴滴持股爲7%，聯合創始人、總裁柳青持股比例1.7%。但按照同股不同權機制，程維、柳青合計擁有超過48%的投票權。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"按滴滴目前的680億美元估值測算，程維7%股權價值約爲47.6億美元（約307億元人民幣），柳青1.7的股權價值約爲11.56億美元（約74.6億元人民幣）。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"據AI財經社計算，滴滴上市後，程維的身家僅相當於黃崢450億美元淨資產值的10%，以及王興255億美元淨資產值的18%左右。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"此外,滴滴的其他股東中，軟銀願景基金持股比例爲22.2%，Uber持股比例爲12.0%，騰訊持股比例爲6.4%，滴滴高級副總裁朱景士、滴滴CTO張博等8名高管合計持有1.8%的股份。按此計算，軟銀願景基金持股價值150億美元，Uber持股價值81億美元，騰訊持股價值43億美元，滴滴8名高管持股價值爲12億美元。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"截至 2020 年 12 月 31 日，滴滴在全球共 15914 名全職員工，其中研發員工 7110 名，研發員工佔比 44.7%。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"招股書顯示，截至2021年5月底，員工和顧問共計持有4808萬股普通股的期權，持股比例約爲4.267%，授予時間從2015年3月至2021年4月。如果按照680億美元估值計算，這部分股票價值將約29億美元（約187億元人民幣）。招股書中並未提及員工持股平臺的人數。如果按照全員持股計算，約平均每人超過117萬元。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"上市隱憂：仍在持續虧損，去年剛實現盈利"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"6 月 11 日，滴滴遞交的 IPO 招股書顯示，截至 2021 年 3 月，滴滴在包括中國在內的 15 個國家約 4000 多個城鎮開展業務，提供網約車、出租車、順風車、共享單車、共享電單車、代駕、車服、貨運、金融和自動駕駛等服務。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"對於上述衆多業務背後的商業生態，滴滴在招股書中歸納爲“四個核心戰略版塊”，“三大業務”以及“雙飛輪”。其中，被滴滴定義爲 構建出行未來的“四個核心戰略版塊”分別是共享出行平臺、車服網絡、電動車以及自動駕駛。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"而“三大業務”代表了滴滴的收入構成，分別是中國出行業務（中國網約車、出租車、代駕和順風車等業務）、國際業務（國際出行和外賣等業務）和其他業務（共享單車和電單車、車服、貨運、自動駕駛和金融服務等業務）。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在截至 2021 年 3 月 31 日的 12 個月裏，滴滴全球年活躍用戶爲 4.93 億，全球年活躍司機 1500 萬。其中，自 2020 年 3 月 31 日至 2021 年 3 月 31 日，滴滴在中國擁有 3.77 億年活躍用戶和 1300 萬年活躍司機。2021 年第一季度，滴滴中國出行擁有 1.56 億月活用戶，中國出行業務日均交易量爲 2500 萬次。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"從單量和交易額來看，在截至 2021 年 3 月 31 日的 12 個月裏，滴滴全球平均日交易量爲 4100 萬單，全平臺總交易額爲 3410 億元人民幣。2018 年 1 月 1 日至 2021 年 3 月 31 日的 3 年時間內，平臺司機總收入約 6000 億元人民幣。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在營收方面，2020 年，滴滴三大業務 — 中國出行業務、國際業務和其他業務收入分別是 1336 億元、23 億元和 58 億元人民幣。其中，中國出行業務和國際化業務的平臺收入從 2018 年的 187 億元人民幣，增長到 2019 年的 242 億元人民幣，並進一步增長到 2020 年的 347 億元人民幣，年均複合增長率爲 36%。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在盈利表現上，中國出行業務 2019 年實現調整的息稅前利潤 38.4 億元人民幣，2020 年 39.6 億元人民幣，2021 年一季度 36.2 億元人民幣。此外，2020 年中國網約車業務息稅攤銷前利潤率爲 3.1%。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"滴滴上市仍有隱憂，多年來，滴滴一直深陷虧損泥沼中。2018 年，程維在一封內部信中表示，滴滴 2012 年成立以來從未盈利。有數據顯示，滴滴 6 年累計虧損高達 390 億元。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"直到去年，滴滴纔剛剛宣佈首次盈利。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"去年5月，滴滴總裁柳青在接受 CNBC 採訪時表示，滴滴的核心業務 — 網約車業務已經在疫情前實現盈利。“我可以和大家分享，我們的核心業務已經盈利或者說小幅盈利。”不過柳青並沒有透露具體的數據和盈利指標，她表示，盈利是一種戰略選擇。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這是滴滴首次對外宣稱實現盈利。創始人程維在 2017 年底定下的 2018 年“整體微盈利”小目標，延遲了 1 年多實現。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"而之所以持續虧損，官方曾解釋虧損主要是由於補貼投入巨大，從司機訂單中所獲得的抽成收入也幾乎悉數投入到了補貼上。據悉，2018 年上半年，滴滴對司機補貼、獎勵、乘客優惠等各項總補貼返還金額已達 117 億。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"唯一堅持投入自動駕駛的出行公司"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"雖然互聯網大廠對於“造車”、“自動駕駛”等話題頗有興趣，但這一戰略已經漸漸被出行公司放棄。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"今年 4 月份，Lyft 宣佈與豐田下屬研究機構 Woven Planet 簽署協議。Lyft 將把名爲 Level 5 的自動駕駛部門出售給 Woven Planet，後者主要任務就是推進自動駕駛汽車技術。這筆交易價值 5.5 億美元，這也意味着 Lyft 決定放棄自研自動駕駛技術。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"更早之前，Uber 公司宣佈 以40 億美元的價格將其自動駕駛部門 Uber 先進技術集團（ATG）出售給自動駕駛汽車初創公司 Aurora Innovation，這筆交易以股票形式進行。Uber 自 2015 年開展自動駕駛業務以來，5 年間已燒了 25 億美元。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"持續燒錢加之疫情對業務的影響，Uber 和 Lyft 均放棄了對自動駕駛的研究。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"反觀滴滴，滴滴自動駕駛團隊成立於 2016 年。2019 年 8 月 5 日，滴滴出行宣佈旗下自動駕駛部門升級爲獨立公司, 專注於自動駕駛研發、產品應用及相關業務拓展。據瞭解，自動駕駛領域目前的熱門選擇——RoboTaxi， 也是滴滴自動駕駛公司主要發展的業務之一。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"此次招股書中，滴滴明確將滴滴自動駕駛定義爲四大核心戰略版塊之一，將繼續在自動駕駛領域加強投入。而目前，滴滴持有自動駕駛公司 70.4% 股份，掌握了絕對控股權。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"滴滴自動駕駛團隊自組建以來，在整車系統工程、傳感器硬件、自動駕駛算法等方面都取得了長足的發展。滴滴自動駕駛團隊投入了大量資源訓練這個整個系統。對於自動駕駛，最真實的“訓練場”莫過於現實中的道路環境。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"然而，道路測試面臨着安全、成本、時效、規模等諸多方面的巨大挑戰。因此，團隊開發了仿真測試系統 — 在虛擬的三維環境中，輸入預定義的交通場景，通過軟件的方式來模擬自動駕駛汽車的行爲以及和周圍環境的互動，並且自動評估其表現、性能，以發現問題，指導研發。在軟件仿真的幫助下，研發工程師可以回放道路測試中暴露的問題；無需上路，就可以反覆迭代算法。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"此外，工程師還能創建任意的虛擬場景，以測試自動駕駛程序在特定環境下的表現。同時，仿真測試也成爲了軟件版本準出流程中不可或缺的一環。滴滴自動駕駛仿真團隊的目標是打造一套高性能、可靠、易用的仿真系統，將其融入到研發工具鏈中，提高算法工程師的工作效率，並在自動駕駛軟件上路前及時發現其中的潛在隱患。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"38歲程維9年創業長跑"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"職場遇貴人"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"成立6年來，程維帶領滴滴一路高歌猛進，成爲網約車行業的“霸主”，估值超4300億。滴滴也成爲繼BAT之後新的互聯網巨頭。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"年僅38歲，便掌舵一家估值4300億的巨頭公司，程維的人生令人羨慕，要知道同樣在這個年紀，馬雲、李彥宏等大佬纔剛開始自己的創業之路不久。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"83年的程維，出生在江西上饒鉛山縣的一個普通家庭，父親是公務員，母親是一位數學老師。程維打小就是一個學霸，但沒想到高考，因爲做數學時遺漏了卷子後面三道大題，嚴重影響了高考成績，導致他沒有考上理想中的名校，最終去了一所不是很出名的211、985院校北京化工大學讀行程管理專業，"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"畢業之初，程維在找到一份穩定的工作前，經歷了長達一年多的“試錯期”。他賣過保險，但屢屢碰壁。之後又嘗試了6、7份工作，但事業一直沒什麼起色。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2005年，程維終於等來了自己職場上的“貴人”—阿里。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"他來到阿里巴巴旗下位於上海一家B2B公司的前臺“自薦”，對方沒有趕他走，而是客氣的招呼“我們需要像你這樣的年輕人”，這讓程維很是感動。之後他順利通過了面試，成爲一名銷售，底薪1500元。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"好不容易得來的工作機會，程維很是珍惜，工作起來十分賣力。有一次，馬雲來上海分公司開會，當時會議缺一個主持人，程維又一次毛遂自薦，這次積極表現讓他得到了領導的賞識，第二年，他就被提拔到了銷售主管，成爲阿里最年輕的銷售主管。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"之後在不到一年的時間裏，程維帶領底下人，一路將業績衝到了全國前10強，這讓程維晉升爲阿里巴巴B2B部門最年輕的區域經理，2010年，程維坐上了支付寶B2C事業部副總經理的位子，這是他加入阿里的第8個年頭。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"開始創業"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如此快的晉升速度，令很多人羨慕不已。但程維似乎有些不安分，他萌生了創業的想法。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"程維出來創業這件事，美團創始人王興也間接助推了一把。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在支付寶工作期間，因爲業務關係，程維結識了王興，他僅比王興小4歲，但王興早已創業好幾次了。王興也常常鼓勵他，要出來做一些事情，程維很是心動，但他比較謹慎。在辭職創業之前，他用了9個月的時間來思考，該從什麼領域下手比較好？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"他回想起自己之前“痛苦”的n次打車經歷，因爲工作需要上海杭州兩地奔波的程維，經常遇到因爲打不到車誤機的情況，經過一番調研，他意識到，在中國，打車難，是大衆出行的痛點。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"於是，程維鎖定了在出行領域創業，他帶着自己積攢的10萬元以及老領導王剛的70萬投資，踏上了創業之路。這一年，程維29歲。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"對於初創企業來說，有一個能打硬仗的團隊是創業能否成功的關鍵。在阿里浸淫多年的程維深諳此道，對於滴滴初創期的人才戰略儲備，他做了兩件正確的事。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"即便在賬上資金並不充裕的情況下，程維花掉了240萬買回了不太合適的CTO 30%的股權，讓他離開，並挖來了百度的張博接任，張博補齊了滴滴在技術上的短板，成爲公司的一員悍將。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"第二個正確的決定是，程維成功挖來了柳青。柳青的加入爲這個草根創業團隊增添了不少明星光環，之後程維和柳青成爲一對絕佳拍檔，在滴滴打車與快的打車合併案、蘋果10億美元投資及收購Uber中國等一系列滴滴重大事件中發揮了關鍵的主導作用。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"天天都在打仗"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"滴滴的初創期並不順利。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"曾在一次採訪中，程維坦言，自己的創業歷程就像是“橋段豐富的韓劇”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"滴滴是一家富有狼性文化的企業，因爲從它出生到成長的每一步，都面臨高度激烈的競爭，前有“猛虎”，後有“追兵”，歷經的困難數不勝數。程維也被媒體評價爲“土狼”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"滴滴首席技術官張博說，“三年來，幾乎天天都在打仗”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"小仗不斷，大仗驚險。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2013年，滴滴、快的、大黃蜂之間的“三角戰爭”打的格外激烈。快的和滴滴幾乎在同一時期成立，快的成長迅速，是佔據長三角地區最大的打車公司，在全國開通30多個城市。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"上海是滴滴和快的初期正面交戰的主戰場之一。一段時間的你爭我奪後，雙方基本打成了平手。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"就在雙方激戰之時，一個新的強勁對手—大黃蜂出現了。滴滴最終靠魔術布戰略（大黃蜂打哪裏我就哪裏強，它不打的地方我不打）成功鉗制住了大黃蜂。2013年11月，大黃蜂被快的收購。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"彼時，滴滴市場佔有率已過半數，居行業第一，而快的也近50%。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"戰事繼續在滴滴和快的之間展開，這一回合則是一個新的玩法—補貼大戰。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"雙方的燒錢大戰實質上是互聯網巨頭騰訊和阿里的較量，滴滴背後站着騰訊，快的背後站着阿里。補完乘客補司機，這場燒錢大戰一直持續到2015年5月份才告一段落，戰事慘烈，據統計，滴滴打車補貼規模超14億，快的打車補貼近10億。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"兩家公司燒了20多億，投資人表示很“肝兒疼”，他們非常希望雙方結束戰事，通過合併節省成本，另一方面，出行領域正在面臨着被Uber、易到等公司的蠶食，在這樣的背景下，滴滴和快的最終選擇了合併，這個具有歷史意義的時間定在2015年2月14日情人節。當時，程維給員工的內部信中寫道“打則驚天動地，合則恩愛到底”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"合併之後，滴滴在打車領域一家獨大。但大舉進入中國的Uber希望快速打破壟斷局面，甚至想要“滅”了滴滴。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Uber早已趁滴滴和快的交戰正酣時，迅速出擊，在短短几個月內就佔領了中國打車市場近1\/3的份額，在技術和實力方面，Uber遠超滴滴。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"程維快速整合市場、業務、PR、HR和財務成立“狼圖騰”項目組（快車）迎戰Uber，緊接着，滴滴又上線順風車、代駕、巴士等業務，試圖用多元化業務線遏制Uber擴張勢頭。當然，最關鍵的手段還是降價、補貼，總之仍舊是燒錢。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這張持續3年的戰事最終以Uber因爲某些原因退出中國而暫告一段落。Uber累計燒了20億美元，滴滴燒的錢數恐怕只多不少。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"此戰過後，滴滴儘管也內耗頗大，但出行行業的頭把交椅算是坐穩了。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"高歌猛進與“急剎車”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null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— 合規和安全問題，已經徹底暴露。順風車下線，對滴滴的打擊巨大。畢竟它是滴滴唯一規模盈利的業務線。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"之後，安全成爲滴滴的重中之重，公司提出了ALL in 安全戰略。滴滴成立了安全指揮部、由程維親自坐鎮指揮，他給所有高管下的KPI是達到 0 死亡率。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在經歷了一系列的整頓措施，包括人員收縮、對非主業進行“關停並轉”、嚴推合規制度後，滴滴終於首次實現了盈利，也終於從過去這近2年的危機狀態中抽離了出來。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如今成功上市，也意味着滴滴到達了一個新巔峯。但創業這場“馬拉松”還遠遠沒有到達終點，滴滴將有怎樣的未來，仍需要時間的檢驗。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"},{"type":"size","attrs":{"size":10}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"參考文章："},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"size","attrs":{"size":10}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MzU1NDA4NjU2MA==&mid=2247537858&idx=1&sn=de8811008c9fb122e7283fdc685240de&chksm=fbeaed0dcc9d641b4fb5b1ffc1d03af4ec5d00ef161ef200708747ceed912c799d94a8f9a1f1&scene=21#wechat_redirect","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"《滴滴出行正式遞交IPO招股書！全球唯一堅持投入自動駕駛的出行公司》"}]}]}]}