滴滴上市再掀造富运动，38岁程维身家300亿

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"历经9年创业长跑，滴滴终于上市了。"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"滴滴上市，又一场财富盛宴"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"北京时间6月30日晚，成立9年的滴滴正式在纽交所挂牌上市，股票代码为 “DIDI”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"本次IPO，滴滴发行价定为14美元，位于13-14美元\/ ADS的发行区间上限。滴滴发行3.17亿股ADS，比原计划的2.88亿股多10%。以14美元的发行价计算，滴滴此次至少募资44亿美元。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"对于募资用途，滴滴计划将约 30% 的募资金额用于扩大中国以外国际市场的业务；约 30% 的募资金额用于提升包括共享出行、电动汽车和自动驾驶在内的技术能力；约 20% 用于推出新产品和拓展现有产品品类以持续提升用户体验；剩余部分可能用于营运资金需求和潜在的战略投资等。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"滴滴上市开盘价18美元，较14美元的发行价上涨28.6%。截至7月1日美股收盘，市值达到680.8亿美元（约合4395亿元人民币）。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"这次滴滴上市颇为低调，上市现场没有敲钟仪式。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但资本市场对滴滴的热情很高，据知情人士透露，自递交招股书以来，滴滴已获得10倍超额认购，即获得超过400亿美元订单，提前超额完成原计划40亿美元的募资目标。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"有意思的是，6月30日晚，叮咚买菜股价较开盘价格上涨了78.98%。著名投资人经纬中国创始管理合伙人张颖在朋友圈发文表示，好像美国有些投资人把叮咚买菜的股票代码当成滴滴的了。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/55\/97\/55cb2b0cc7b85e8fab43811f0f4ea397.jpg","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"伴随着这一网约车巨头的上市，无疑又将迎来一次造富盛宴。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"据招股书显示，程维在滴滴持股为7%，联合创始人、总裁柳青持股比例1.7%。但按照同股不同权机制，程维、柳青合计拥有超过48%的投票权。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"按滴滴目前的680亿美元估值测算，程维7%股权价值约为47.6亿美元（约307亿元人民币），柳青1.7的股权价值约为11.56亿美元（约74.6亿元人民币）。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"据AI财经社计算，滴滴上市后，程维的身家仅相当于黄峥450亿美元净资产值的10%，以及王兴255亿美元净资产值的18%左右。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"此外,滴滴的其他股东中，软银愿景基金持股比例为22.2%，Uber持股比例为12.0%，腾讯持股比例为6.4%，滴滴高级副总裁朱景士、滴滴CTO张博等8名高管合计持有1.8%的股份。按此计算，软银愿景基金持股价值150亿美元，Uber持股价值81亿美元，腾讯持股价值43亿美元，滴滴8名高管持股价值为12亿美元。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"截至 2020 年 12 月 31 日，滴滴在全球共 15914 名全职员工，其中研发员工 7110 名，研发员工占比 44.7%。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"招股书显示，截至2021年5月底，员工和顾问共计持有4808万股普通股的期权，持股比例约为4.267%，授予时间从2015年3月至2021年4月。如果按照680亿美元估值计算，这部分股票价值将约29亿美元（约187亿元人民币）。招股书中并未提及员工持股平台的人数。如果按照全员持股计算，约平均每人超过117万元。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"上市隐忧：仍在持续亏损，去年刚实现盈利"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"6 月 11 日，滴滴递交的 IPO 招股书显示，截至 2021 年 3 月，滴滴在包括中国在内的 15 个国家约 4000 多个城镇开展业务，提供网约车、出租车、顺风车、共享单车、共享电单车、代驾、车服、货运、金融和自动驾驶等服务。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"对于上述众多业务背后的商业生态，滴滴在招股书中归纳为“四个核心战略版块”，“三大业务”以及“双飞轮”。其中，被滴滴定义为 构建出行未来的“四个核心战略版块”分别是共享出行平台、车服网络、电动车以及自动驾驶。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"而“三大业务”代表了滴滴的收入构成，分别是中国出行业务（中国网约车、出租车、代驾和顺风车等业务）、国际业务（国际出行和外卖等业务）和其他业务（共享单车和电单车、车服、货运、自动驾驶和金融服务等业务）。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在截至 2021 年 3 月 31 日的 12 个月里，滴滴全球年活跃用户为 4.93 亿，全球年活跃司机 1500 万。其中，自 2020 年 3 月 31 日至 2021 年 3 月 31 日，滴滴在中国拥有 3.77 亿年活跃用户和 1300 万年活跃司机。2021 年第一季度，滴滴中国出行拥有 1.56 亿月活用户，中国出行业务日均交易量为 2500 万次。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"从单量和交易额来看，在截至 2021 年 3 月 31 日的 12 个月里，滴滴全球平均日交易量为 4100 万单，全平台总交易额为 3410 亿元人民币。2018 年 1 月 1 日至 2021 年 3 月 31 日的 3 年时间内，平台司机总收入约 6000 亿元人民币。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在营收方面，2020 年，滴滴三大业务 — 中国出行业务、国际业务和其他业务收入分别是 1336 亿元、23 亿元和 58 亿元人民币。其中，中国出行业务和国际化业务的平台收入从 2018 年的 187 亿元人民币，增长到 2019 年的 242 亿元人民币，并进一步增长到 2020 年的 347 亿元人民币，年均复合增长率为 36%。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在盈利表现上，中国出行业务 2019 年实现调整的息税前利润 38.4 亿元人民币，2020 年 39.6 亿元人民币，2021 年一季度 36.2 亿元人民币。此外，2020 年中国网约车业务息税摊销前利润率为 3.1%。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"滴滴上市仍有隐忧，多年来，滴滴一直深陷亏损泥沼中。2018 年，程维在一封内部信中表示，滴滴 2012 年成立以来从未盈利。有数据显示，滴滴 6 年累计亏损高达 390 亿元。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"直到去年，滴滴才刚刚宣布首次盈利。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"去年5月，滴滴总裁柳青在接受 CNBC 采访时表示，滴滴的核心业务 — 网约车业务已经在疫情前实现盈利。“我可以和大家分享，我们的核心业务已经盈利或者说小幅盈利。”不过柳青并没有透露具体的数据和盈利指标，她表示，盈利是一种战略选择。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"这是滴滴首次对外宣称实现盈利。创始人程维在 2017 年底定下的 2018 年“整体微盈利”小目标，延迟了 1 年多实现。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"而之所以持续亏损，官方曾解释亏损主要是由于补贴投入巨大，从司机订单中所获得的抽成收入也几乎悉数投入到了补贴上。据悉，2018 年上半年，滴滴对司机补贴、奖励、乘客优惠等各项总补贴返还金额已达 117 亿。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"唯一坚持投入自动驾驶的出行公司"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"虽然互联网大厂对于“造车”、“自动驾驶”等话题颇有兴趣，但这一战略已经渐渐被出行公司放弃。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"今年 4 月份，Lyft 宣布与丰田下属研究机构 Woven Planet 签署协议。Lyft 将把名为 Level 5 的自动驾驶部门出售给 Woven Planet，后者主要任务就是推进自动驾驶汽车技术。这笔交易价值 5.5 亿美元，这也意味着 Lyft 决定放弃自研自动驾驶技术。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"更早之前，Uber 公司宣布 以40 亿美元的价格将其自动驾驶部门 Uber 先进技术集团（ATG）出售给自动驾驶汽车初创公司 Aurora Innovation，这笔交易以股票形式进行。Uber 自 2015 年开展自动驾驶业务以来，5 年间已烧了 25 亿美元。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"持续烧钱加之疫情对业务的影响，Uber 和 Lyft 均放弃了对自动驾驶的研究。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"反观滴滴，滴滴自动驾驶团队成立于 2016 年。2019 年 8 月 5 日，滴滴出行宣布旗下自动驾驶部门升级为独立公司, 专注于自动驾驶研发、产品应用及相关业务拓展。据了解，自动驾驶领域目前的热门选择——RoboTaxi， 也是滴滴自动驾驶公司主要发展的业务之一。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"此次招股书中，滴滴明确将滴滴自动驾驶定义为四大核心战略版块之一，将继续在自动驾驶领域加强投入。而目前，滴滴持有自动驾驶公司 70.4% 股份，掌握了绝对控股权。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"滴滴自动驾驶团队自组建以来，在整车系统工程、传感器硬件、自动驾驶算法等方面都取得了长足的发展。滴滴自动驾驶团队投入了大量资源训练这个整个系统。对于自动驾驶，最真实的“训练场”莫过于现实中的道路环境。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"然而，道路测试面临着安全、成本、时效、规模等诸多方面的巨大挑战。因此，团队开发了仿真测试系统 — 在虚拟的三维环境中，输入预定义的交通场景，通过软件的方式来模拟自动驾驶汽车的行为以及和周围环境的互动，并且自动评估其表现、性能，以发现问题，指导研发。在软件仿真的帮助下，研发工程师可以回放道路测试中暴露的问题；无需上路，就可以反复迭代算法。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"此外，工程师还能创建任意的虚拟场景，以测试自动驾驶程序在特定环境下的表现。同时，仿真测试也成为了软件版本准出流程中不可或缺的一环。滴滴自动驾驶仿真团队的目标是打造一套高性能、可靠、易用的仿真系统，将其融入到研发工具链中，提高算法工程师的工作效率，并在自动驾驶软件上路前及时发现其中的潜在隐患。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"38岁程维9年创业长跑"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"职场遇贵人"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"成立6年来，程维带领滴滴一路高歌猛进，成为网约车行业的“霸主”，估值超4300亿。滴滴也成为继BAT之后新的互联网巨头。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"年仅38岁，便掌舵一家估值4300亿的巨头公司，程维的人生令人羡慕，要知道同样在这个年纪，马云、李彦宏等大佬才刚开始自己的创业之路不久。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"83年的程维，出生在江西上饶铅山县的一个普通家庭，父亲是公务员，母亲是一位数学老师。程维打小就是一个学霸，但没想到高考，因为做数学时遗漏了卷子后面三道大题，严重影响了高考成绩，导致他没有考上理想中的名校，最终去了一所不是很出名的211、985院校北京化工大学读行程管理专业，"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"毕业之初，程维在找到一份稳定的工作前，经历了长达一年多的“试错期”。他卖过保险，但屡屡碰壁。之后又尝试了6、7份工作，但事业一直没什么起色。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2005年，程维终于等来了自己职场上的“贵人”—阿里。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"他来到阿里巴巴旗下位于上海一家B2B公司的前台“自荐”，对方没有赶他走，而是客气的招呼“我们需要像你这样的年轻人”，这让程维很是感动。之后他顺利通过了面试，成为一名销售，底薪1500元。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"好不容易得来的工作机会，程维很是珍惜，工作起来十分卖力。有一次，马云来上海分公司开会，当时会议缺一个主持人，程维又一次毛遂自荐，这次积极表现让他得到了领导的赏识，第二年，他就被提拔到了销售主管，成为阿里最年轻的销售主管。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"之后在不到一年的时间里，程维带领底下人，一路将业绩冲到了全国前10强，这让程维晋升为阿里巴巴B2B部门最年轻的区域经理，2010年，程维坐上了支付宝B2C事业部副总经理的位子，这是他加入阿里的第8个年头。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"开始创业"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如此快的晋升速度，令很多人羡慕不已。但程维似乎有些不安分，他萌生了创业的想法。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"程维出来创业这件事，美团创始人王兴也间接助推了一把。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在支付宝工作期间，因为业务关系，程维结识了王兴，他仅比王兴小4岁，但王兴早已创业好几次了。王兴也常常鼓励他，要出来做一些事情，程维很是心动，但他比较谨慎。在辞职创业之前，他用了9个月的时间来思考，该从什么领域下手比较好？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"他回想起自己之前“痛苦”的n次打车经历，因为工作需要上海杭州两地奔波的程维，经常遇到因为打不到车误机的情况，经过一番调研，他意识到，在中国，打车难，是大众出行的痛点。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"于是，程维锁定了在出行领域创业，他带着自己积攒的10万元以及老领导王刚的70万投资，踏上了创业之路。这一年，程维29岁。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"对于初创企业来说，有一个能打硬仗的团队是创业能否成功的关键。在阿里浸淫多年的程维深谙此道，对于滴滴初创期的人才战略储备，他做了两件正确的事。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"即便在账上资金并不充裕的情况下，程维花掉了240万买回了不太合适的CTO 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