不懂Java SPI机制，怎么进大厂

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#40A9FF","name":"blue"}}],"text":"真正的大师永远怀着一颗学徒的心","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":1},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"引言","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在日常的项目开发中，我们为了提升程序的扩展性，经常使用面向接口的编程思想进行编程。这不仅体现了程序设计对于修改关闭，对于扩展开放的程序设计原则，同时也实现了程序可插拔。那么本文所阐述的SPI机制正是这种编程思想的体现。今天就和大家聊聊","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"SPI","attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"到底是个什么鬼。顺便和大家一起看下","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Seata","attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"框架中是怎么使用","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"SPI","attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"机制来实现框架扩展的。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":1},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"什么是SPI","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在一般的开发逻辑中，都是服务提供方进行接口定义以及不同实现，服务调用方通过","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"API","attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"的方式完成一次业务调用。但是这种方式对于服务调用方来说缺乏灵活性，不能根据自己的需要进行不同的实现加载。那么有没有一种机制可以赋予调用方更大的决策权呢？这个时候今天的主角SPI就隆重登场了。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"SPI（Service 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Interface）","attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"，即服务提供者接口。听上去有点不明觉厉，不知道表达什么意思。按照我的理解，它就是一种服务发现机制。其本质就是将接口与实现进行解偶分离。区别于由服务实现方提供接口定义的","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"API","attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"方式，","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"SPI","attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"需要服务调用方进行接口声明，具体实现由第三方进行实现。简单来说，","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"SPI","attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"就是生活中的甲方，你们这些乙方想要和我合作就必须按照我的要求来干活。通过这种方式调用方拥有了更大的灵活性，可以根据自身实际需要加载符合条件的实现。从而提升了程序的可扩展性，让服务提供方可以面向接口编程。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"这么棒的扩展机制怎么使用呢？我们只需要在","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"jar","attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"包的","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"META-INF/services/","attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"目录里同时创建一个以服务接口命名的文件。该文件里就是实现该服务接口的具体实现类的名称。而当外部程序装配这个模块的时候，就能通过该","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"jar","attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"包","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"META-INF/services/","attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"里的配置文件找到具体的实现类名，并装载实例化，完成实现类的的加载注入。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"使用方提供规则说明，实际服务提供方完成具体实现。其实这种思想和","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Spring","attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"中的组件扫描是类似的，都是先指定好规则，服务提供方根据规范让框架自动进行服务发现。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/f0/f0fd51814e38e0c248cc02f6ebbcc947.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"重点来了，知识点来了，敲黑板了。自此我们可以发现，无论是本文谈到的","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"SPI","attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"，还是","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"SpringBoot","attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"中的自动配置原理，实际都是一种约定大于配置的开发思想，通过事先约定好的内容，进行具体实现，从而提升程序的扩展性。所以希望大家在看一项技术时，除了关注技术细节，进行纵向了解，也要关注横向技术对比，从而找到这些技术的共通之处，了解其背后的设计思想，我一直觉得这个是非常重要的，毕竟招式一直都是在变化，但是内功修炼可以催生出新的招式。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":1},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"SPI实现分析","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"SPI使用","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"以","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Mysql","attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"的驱动加载为例，首先定义好需要进行扩展的模板接口，即为","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"java.sql.Driver","attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"接口。各个数据库厂商可以更具自身数据库的特点进行对应的驱动开发，但是都要遵从这个模板接口。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/52/525ffe03684da39d7ec5d516ccd99a46.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在Mysql的驱动二方包中，在其 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Classpath","attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"路径下的","attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" META-INF/services/ 目录中，创建一个以服务接口完全名称一致的的文件，在这个文件中保存的内容是模板接口具体实现类的完全限定名。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/7a/7a3f9229b737b81d095dc2b73cfaa7c4.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在对应的目录中进行具体的类实现，这些实现类都实现了","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"java.sql.Driver","attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"接口。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/29/293334bfdd8b558c02829c4ddeefa763.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"具体的代码实现，通过","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"ServiceLoader","attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"加载对应的实现类，完成类的实例化操作。当然这个ServiceLoader也可以自己定义，像","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Dubbo","attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"、","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Seata","attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"这样的框架都自己定义类加载器。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"text"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"public final class ServiceLoader\n implements Iterable\n{\n \n private static final String PREFIX = \"META-INF/services/\";\n ...\n public static ServiceLoader load(Class service,\n ClassLoader loader)\n{\n return new ServiceLoader<>(service, loader);\n }\n\n public static ServiceLoader load(Class service) {\n ClassLoader cl = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();\n return ServiceLoader.load(service, cl);\n }\n\n private ServiceLoader(Class svc, ClassLoader cl) {\n service = Objects.requireNonNull(svc, \"Service interface cannot be null\");\n loader = (cl == null) ? ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader() : cl;\n acc = (System.getSecurityManager() != null) ? AccessController.getContext() : null;\n reload();\n }\n ...\n}\n","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我们一起来分析下这个服务加载器的工作流程，首先通过","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"ServiceLoader.load()","attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"进行加载。先获取当前线程绑定的 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"ClassLoader","attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"，如果当前线程绑定的 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"ClassLoader","attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"为","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"null","attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"，则使用","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"SystemClassLoader","attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"进行代替，而后清除一下","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"provider","attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"缓存，最后创建一个","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"LazyIterator","attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"。 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"LazyIterator","attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"的部分源码如下：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"text"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"private class LazyIterator implements Iterator\n {\n\n Class service;\n ClassLoader loader;\n Enumeration configs = null;\n Iterator pending = null;\n String nextName = null;\n\n\n ...\n \n public boolean hasNext() {\n if (acc == null) {\n return hasNextService();\n } else {\n PrivilegedAction action = new PrivilegedAction() {\n public Boolean run() { return hasNextService(); }\n };\n return AccessController.doPrivileged(action, acc);\n }\n }\n ...\n \n private boolean hasNextService() {\n if (nextName != null) {\n return true;\n }\n if (configs == null) {\n try {\n //key：获取完全限定名\n String fullName = PREFIX + service.getName();\n if (loader == null)\n configs = ClassLoader.getSystemResources(fullName);\n else\n configs = loader.getResources(fullName);\n } catch (IOException x) {\n fail(service, \"Error locating configuration files\", x);\n }\n }\n while ((pending == null) || !pending.hasNext()) {\n if (!configs.hasMoreElements()) {\n return false;\n }\n pending = parse(service, configs.nextElement());\n }\n nextName = pending.next();\n return true;\n }\n ...\n\n\n}\n","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"key","attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"：通过预定好的目录地址以及类名来指定类的具体地址，类加载器根据这个地址来加载具体的实现类。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"大致的SPI加载过程如下所示：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/4f/4f9cbfddd21b9c476fb49fe7ec9948d4.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":1},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Seata如何使用SPI","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Seata","attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"是一个分布式事务的框架，具体的使用这里不再赘述，有时间可以出专门写它的文章。本节主要关注Seata是如何利用SPI的方式进行框架能力扩展的。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Seata","attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"框架中使用 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"EnhancedServiceLoader","attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 实现服务载入，通过名称我们可以知道他是一种增强型的","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"ServiceLoader","attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"。那么相对于JDK自身的","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"ServiceLoader","attrs":{}}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"，他到底强在哪里呢？","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"由下图可知， 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