Serverless 崛起背後的五大挑戰

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"衆所周知，雲計算的出現改變了傳統 IT 架構和運維方式，而以容器、微服務爲代表的技術更是在各個層面不斷升級雲服務的技術能力，它們將應用和環境中的很多通用能力變成了一種服務。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/a7/a7b95af8d4db051894cc4d3440122fed.jpeg","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"​Serverless 架構的出現，同樣帶來了跨越式的變革。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2018年，Gartner 報告將 Serverless Computing 列爲十大未來將影響基礎設施和運維的技術趨勢之一。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"KBV 研究公司 2020 年發佈的《全球 Serverless 架構市場》報告中同樣顯示，全球Serverless 架構市場的規模預計到 2024 年將達到 140 億美元，在這段預測期內將以 23.4% 的年複合增長率增長。​","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如今，Serverless 已扛起了變革傳統 IT 架構的大旗，成爲企業數字化轉型革新架構的首選。​","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/69/69cbf1af02d96d427ee68cb038a73cde.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":1},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Serverless 發展如火如荼","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"​","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Serverless 並不是字面意義上指代的那樣再也不需要服務器，而是指計算資源作爲服務而不是服務器的概念出現。​","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"儘管 Serverless 並沒有官方權威的定義，但可以肯定的是，它是構建和管理基於微服務架構的完整流程，允許在服務部署級別而不是服務器部署級別來管理應用部署，甚至可以管理某個具體功能或端口的部署，從而讓開發者快速開發軟件。​","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這是因爲它是由函數即服務（FaaS）和後端即服務（BaaS）的架構組成，可以給企業提供直接的運行環境。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"對於開發者和使用者來說，不用感受服務器，就可以調用函數平臺完成函數運行，服務器的邏輯和狀態也是由服務提供方管理，開通即可服務，恰好符合當前硬件軟件化、軟件服務化的技術趨勢。​","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這樣的特徵和酷炫的功能讓 Serverless 可以解決大多數用戶和開發者最關心的問題—— 降低運維成本，縮短開發週期，並專注於業務邏輯的開發整合，因而成爲雲計算中一股厚積薄發的力量，獲得無數開發者青睞。​","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Serverless 最早的框架產品源於 2014 年亞馬遜推出的 AWS Lambda，它爲雲中運行的應用程序提供了一種全新的系統體系架構。​","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在這之後，Serverless 也從概念、願景逐步走向落地，在各企業、公司應用開來，衆多 IaaS 及 Pass 廠商相繼入局。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"從 Forrester 報告可以看到，如今 Serverless 已出現四大陣營，分別是雲計算巨頭、傳統 IT 大廠、創新企業和開源工具平臺。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在雲計算巨頭陣營，AWS、微軟、阿里雲、騰訊雲、谷歌雲等都在提供 Serverless 的計算服務，分別居於領導者和強勁表現者象限。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Serverless 技術首先由 AWS 提出，並率先推出雲服務，其他企業基本上是跟隨者。在傳統 IT 大廠陣營，以 IBM、Oracle 等企業爲代表，正在從雲市場轉入 PaaS 市場，提供 Serverless 創建平臺、工具。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在創新企業陣營，Nimbella、Cloudflare 等企業提供 Serverless 創建工具，可以輕鬆構建、管理、測試、監控用戶的無服務器應用架構。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"儘管各個廠商都在大力推廣自己的 Serverless 服務、產品，但是開發者普遍還是會擔心被廠商綁定，因此出現了開源陣營，即具備一定規模的組織會基於開源方案，搭建自己的 Serverless 平臺。​","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"而一旦某個開源方案成爲主流，雲廠商就會主動去兼容開源標準並增大社區投入。目前，Serverless 開源項目很多，如：目前 GitHub Star 數最高的 Serverless 框架，與主流雲廠商集成得很好。​","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Knative 就是由 Google 所發佈的基於 Kubernetes 的 Serverless 框架。分佈式無服務器平臺 OpenWhisk 最開始由 IBM 和 Adobe 驅動，後來捐給 Apache 基金會，並於2019 年 7 月晉升爲頂級項目。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":1},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Serverless 落地面臨五大挑戰","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"​","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"巨大的市場空間之下是無限的潛力，Serverless 的優勢顯而易見，但任何事物都有侷限性，Serverless 作爲一項相較新潮的技術也不能免俗。目前 Serverless 的落地情況如何？","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2020 年 O’Reilly 的調查報告顯示，超過 2/3 的受訪者表示，由他們組織的 Serverless 落地都是十分成功的，Serverless 已經超越“炒熱度”的階段，成爲了一種實際可行的基礎架構選擇。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在國內，雲原生產業聯盟發佈的《中國雲原生用戶調研報告（2020年）》顯示，隨着 Serverless 技術顯著升溫，近 3 成用戶已在生產環境中應用。​","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"其中，16% 的用戶將 Serverless 技術用於核心業務的生產環境，12% 的用戶用於非核心業務的生產環境，僅有 36% 的用戶尚未使用 Serverless 技術。​","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"儘管 Serverless 技術的價值已被很多用戶認可，然而 Serverless 的落地問題卻往往很棘手，在應用 Serverless 時依然存在很多挑戰。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"挑戰一：部署成本","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"​","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"據《中國雲原生用戶調研報告（2020年）》顯示，在採納 Serverless 技術前，部署成本成爲用戶選擇 Serverless 技術前最主要考慮因素，49% 的用戶考慮部署成本的問題，35% 的用戶考慮技術知識庫完備程度。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"挑戰二：供應商鎖定","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"​","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這是一個大家都會擔心的問題，某個供應商平臺編寫的代碼是不是能夠遷移到其它平臺。由於 Serverless 還是一個新興市場，所以關於供應商之間的可移植性問題還處於探索階段。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"挑戰三：工具集不完備","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"​","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在應用 Serverless 化部署的過程中，由於現階段平臺產品的調試工具尚不完備，用戶在 Serverless 化部署的過程中仍面臨諸多挑戰。​","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"《中國雲原生用戶調研報告（2020年）》顯示，51% 的用戶在應用上線調試方面問題凸顯，41% 的用戶認爲動態變化的 Serverless 環境監控存在問題，32% 的用戶在在線、離線測試以及配套測試工具方面存在問題。​","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"對於 Serverless 架構而言，測試是複雜且勞動密集型的工作，需要處理更多的場景，同時需要依賴環境不同，集成也是一個需要解決的問題。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"挑戰四：技術框架和標準繁多","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Serverless 框架繁多，其中以兼容 Kubernetes 生態的框架更受用戶關注。根據《中國雲原生用戶調研報告（2020年）》顯示，30% 的用戶基於 Knative 搭建Serverless 化應用，23% 的用戶選用 Kubeless，23% 的用戶選用 OpenFaaS。​","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"值得注意的是，目前提供 Serverless 技術服務的不同服務商都有各自的標準，在函數調用、事件觸發、函數的黃金變量的定義等方面，都擁有各自一套封閉的標準，缺乏開源的規範和開源的生態支持，這也會給用戶落地 Serverless 帶來難度。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"挑戰五：人才培養","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"​","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Serverless 還是一個比較新的技術，很難找到標準、正式的培訓，所以企業必須形成特定的文檔培訓員工，同時需要根據實踐案例不斷更新文檔。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"另外，由於 Serverless 處於高速發展階段，各大供應商也在不斷推出新功能，這也給企業培訓員工增加了不少難度。​","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/2a/2a03923c73736b32c3ead80f43661084.jpeg","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":1},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"結語","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"作爲一項新興技術，Serverless 在發展和落地過程中會遇到很多難題。但不可否認的是，隨着用戶心智的建立，產品本身能力的完善，用戶在很多場景下使用Serverless架構，能夠在可靠性、成本和研發運維效率等方面獲得顯著的收益。​","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2019年，UC Berkeley 發表了一篇論文，“Cloud ProgrammingSimplified: A Berkeley View on Serverless Computing”，預言 Serverless 將主導下一個十年雲的發展，產業的發展是螺旋式上升，Serverless 的誕生和興起邏輯早已蘊含其中。相信下一個十年， Serverless 將重塑企業創新的方式，幫助雲成爲社會發展的強大動力。​","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"（文章轉自科技雲報道 | ITCloud-BD)","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}}]}