因濫用Android市場主導地位被罰1.77億美元，谷歌稱將上訴

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"據韓媒"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/en.yna.co.kr\/view\/AEN20210914003800320","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"報道"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，韓國公平委員會對Alphabet旗下谷歌開了約1.77億美元的罰單，因爲谷歌"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"涉嫌濫用其Android操作系統的市場主導地位，阻礙競爭對手發展"},{"type":"text","text":"。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在公平委員會看來，谷歌要求三星電子、LG電子等廠商簽署的反碎片化協議（AFA）（不允許廠商自己開發、安裝 Android 分支系統）限制了競爭對手進入移動操作系統領域，扼殺了智能手機新操作系統的開發和創新。此前，在沒有簽署 AFA 的情況下，手機廠商則不能簽署移動應用程序分發協議（MADA），該協議允許廠商在自家的設備上安裝谷歌應用商店、谷歌搜索和 YouTube。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"委員會通過透露 LG 曾經爲亞馬遜開發 Fire 平板電腦（運行 Android 分支系統的設備）的案例說明谷歌這些協議帶來的寒蟬效應。當初在原型開發出來後，LG 意識到 AFA 和 MADA 協議可能對其自有品牌設備訪問 Android 帶來風險，因此停止了相關工作，該產品也從未上架。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"委員會還指出，三星首次嘗試打造智能手錶的時候也遭到谷歌的阻撓，結果它被迫開發 Tizen 操作系統——儘管它缺乏第三方應用的生態系統，而谷歌當時甚至沒有用於可穿戴設備的操作系統。頗具諷刺意味的是，谷歌前陣子“"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.theregister.com\/2021\/05\/19\/google_samsung_merge_wearable_oses\/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"放棄"}]},{"type":"text","text":"”了 WearOS 並將其與 Tizen 合併。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"類似的例子還有 AFA 在 2018 年限制了LG 智能音箱和亞馬遜智能電視的推出。總的來說，委員會認爲谷歌的行爲損害了許多產品的創新。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"除了罰款之外，韓國監管機構還命令谷歌不能再強制設備製造商簽署所謂的反碎片化協議，並且要對已簽好的協議進行修改。同時，該公平委員會也在調查谷歌應用商店的規則、應用內購買以及廣告方面的公正交易問題。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"對此，谷歌在發給媒體的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2021-09-14\/south-korea-fines-google-for-abusing-smartphone-dominance?sref=10lNAhZ9","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"聲明"}]},{"type":"text","text":"中稱，谷歌將就韓國公正交易委員會的這項決定"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"提起上訴"},{"type":"text","text":"。"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"谷歌發言人稱，Android 的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/source.android.com\/compatibility\/overview","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"兼容性計劃"}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"其實加速了創新並改善了用戶體驗"},{"type":"text","text":"，對於包括韓國廠商在內的許多公司都是有益的。而韓國監管機構忽略了這些益處。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“Android 的目的是構建一個開放平臺，供開發者打造創新應用。”官方對Android的願景如此描述。Android 兼容性計劃由三個關鍵部分組成：Android 開源項目的源代碼；兼容性定義文檔 (CDD)，介紹兼容性的“政策”；兼容性測試套件 (CTS)，介紹兼容性的“機制”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"雖然韓國對谷歌罰款1.77億美元，但谷歌的季度數據相比，該罰款數額只是“一筆小錢”。谷歌 2020 年的收入爲 1469 億美元，淨收入已經突破 400 億美元。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"事到如今，谷歌在移動軟件領域的主導地位也很難因此受到撼動，更無法拯救LG的手機業務。今年4月，LG正式宣佈退出智能手機業務。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"此前，韓國還在8月下旬"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/e5jqptqbffe8homzgnxi","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"批准了一項法案"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，要求無論是谷歌的 Google Play，還是蘋果的 App Store，都不可再強制要求開發者使用平臺唯一的支付系統。此舉使韓國成爲世界上第一個制定此類法律的國家。"}]}]}